Este estudo trata da mobilidade dos imigrantes sírios, libaneses e descendentes pela cidade de São Paulo. Ao chegarem ao município, a partir do final do século XIX, eles se dirigiram para a rua 25 de Março e adjacências, onde, a princípio, moravam e trabalhavam. À medida que progrediam e com a entrada de mais imigrantes da etnia, iniciou-se uma dispersão para outras áreas da cidade, o que não significou uma saída da 25 de Março e entorno. Esse movimento ocorreu, principalmente, em direção aos bairros do Paraíso, Vila Mariana, Brás e Ipiranga. Para compreender esta dinâmica, fundamentou-se a análise na história de São Paulo e da imigração síria e libanesa, nos conceitos de identidade, cotidiano, memória e no estudo do constante processo de mudanças e permanências ocorridas. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, realizou-se uma pesquisa participativa que incluiu o levantamento do comércio e das instituições culturais na área da 25 de Março e do Brás; das residências da família Jafet, no Ipiranga; e dos equipamentos culturais, no Paraíso e Vila Mariana. Também foram feitas dezessete entrevistas de história oral temática. A perspectiva de análise utilizada e a realização de uma ampla pesquisa de campo deram uma característica inovadora ao estudo e permitiram a compreensão dos caminhos trilhados pela etnia em São Paulo. / This study deals with the Lebanese, Syrian and descendants mobility through São Paulo city. When they arrived in the town, since the ending of XIX century, they went to rua 25 de Março and adjacencies, where, at first, they lived and worked. As they progressed and with more immigrants entrance, a dispersion to others areas of the city began, what doesnt mean an exit of 25 de Março and vicinity. This movement took place, mainly, in direction to Paraíso, Vila Mariana, Brás and Ipiranga districts. In order to understand this dynamics, the analysis was embased in São Paulo and Syrian and Lebanese immigration history, in identity, quotidian, memory concepts and in the study of the continuous changes and permanences process. Besides the bibliographical and documental survey, a participative research was done, which included an inventory of the commerce and cultural institutions in 25 de Março and Brás areas, of the Jafets family residences in Ipiranga and of the cultural establishments in Paraíso and Vila Mariana. There were also done seventeen interviews of thematic oral history. The analysis point of view and the large research that was done gave an innovating feature to this study and lead to a comprehension of the walked path by the ethnic group in São Paulo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho pretende analisar a constituiÃÃo de redes de sociabilidades entre imigrantes libaneses em Fortaleza nos Ãltimos anos do sÃculo XIX e inÃcio do XX; momento em que o crescimento comercial abria diversas oportunidades para investimentos e comerciantes adentravam importantes ramos mercantis, como tecidos, sapatarias, padarias, consignaÃÃes e/ou joalherias. Portanto, um contexto favorÃvel para os imigrantes (re)venderem mercadorias e abrirem suas prÃprias lojas. Com a noÃÃo de redes migratÃrias, a investigaÃÃo corre os laÃos associativos que permitiram aos libaneses deslocar-se atravÃs de contatos mantidos entre patrÃcios. Neste sentido, o comÃrcio ambulante parece ter sido a principal atividade inicial destes sujeitos, quando muitos se estabeleciam, conseguiam enriquecer e, muitas vezes, ajudavam os recÃm-chegados. Tal movimento ateve-se ainda as motivaÃÃes que permearam a escolha dos imigrados pelas ocupaÃÃes urbanas e pelo tipo de especializaÃÃo profissional: fazendas e miudezas. Neste intuito, procurei desenvolver questÃes sobre a organizaÃÃo social destes imigrantes na PraÃa mercantil de Fortaleza, ressaltando o papel das redes comerciais nas quais passaram a atuar e os meios pelos quais buscaram negociar suas posiÃÃes dentro da hierarquia comercial local. / This research intend to analyze the constitution of sociability networks between Lebanese immigrants in the Fortaleza, state of Cearà in Brazil, in the last years of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, when the growth of the commerce was opening a lot of possibilities for investments and a lot of traders were interesting in important sectors, for example: dresses, shoes and others jewel accessories. So, favorable contexts for the immigrants sell merchandises and get their own stores. The notion of migration networks helps us to study the associative binds where the Lebanese dislocated through of contacts sustained between patricians. In this way, the peddler was the principal activity of these fellows, when some of them enriched and helped fellow countryman/woman recently arrived. This movement was still linked the motivations about the choices of the Lebanese for the urban occupations and for the kind of professional specialization: cloths and sundries. Afterward, I also looked for to create some questions about social organization these immigrants in the commerce and how they negotiated their positions inside local hierarchy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarciaReginaCassanhoOliveira-1.pdf: 1143160 bytes, checksum: ba0e7250cd847e45b8f1652e3427c494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / This study had as aim to verify, in the economic and social cultural process, the adaptation of the immigrant Syrian-Lebanese group in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State. The research had its starting point in the Register Office Santos Pereira, from the year of 1906, that the birth documents of a daughter of the first Lebanese family. The study is an attempt to understand the main social, cultural and economic transformations, lived by generations of these immigrants, in the period f 1906 to 2009. It had tried to notice the processes of integration, the transmission of uses and standard costums of hospitality and the integration to the new nationality and the cultural dialogues resulted from the immigration. It implied in investigating, in the multiple and complex environment, cohabitated by distinct cultures, the degree of welcoming and openness, provided in the reception to these immigrants, since the foundation of Clube Libanês of Campo Grande at that time, still Mato Grosso State in1951.So that, it was relevant to know the historical and social context that provoked the emigration. It is a question of a documental fundamentally research, in the Register Offices in minutes and documents of Clube Libanês. At the same time, this research was exploited by interviews to arab immigrants and their decendents, such contribution, through evidences and narratives, it constituted of extreme importance to the achieving this work. It had noticed that the reality of the entire immigrant is marked by meetings and not meetings. The results of the research point alterations that have been introduced during the time in function of several factors, among them, the contact with the Brazilian standards; the different West life rhythm with reference to the East; the geographic distances and the available time. Furthermore, the life style and the values had changed along the time, becoming hybrid. The arab immigrants are, at the same time Brazilians and Syrian-Lebanese. However, even that inserted in the Brazilian society, the arabic people kept and reforced the conscience of the group through the family, the church, the Clube Libanês with their rituals and social festivities and ethnic parties besides keeping the publishings of newspapers and specialized magazines / Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar, no processo sócio-cultural e econômico, a adaptação do grupo de imigrantes sírio-libaneses na Cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. A pesquisa teve como ponto de partida um registro no Cartório Santos Pereira, do ano de 1906, que documenta o nascimento de uma filha da primeira família libanesa. O estudo é uma tentativa de se compreenderem as principais transformações sociais, culturais e econômicas vividas pelas gerações desses imigrantes, no período de 1906 a 2009. Procurou-se perceber os processos de integração, a transmissão de usos e costumes, os padrões de hospitalidade e de integração à nova nacionalidade e os diálogos culturais decorrentes da imigração. Isso implicou a investigação, no ambiente complexo e múltiplo coabitado por culturas distintas, do grau de acolhimento e de abertura proporcionado na recepção a esses imigrantes, a partir da fundação do Clube Libanês de Campo Grande - na época, ainda estado de Mato Grosso, em 1951. Para isso, foi relevante conhecer o contexto histórico e social que provocou a emigração. Trata-se de uma pesquisa fundamentalmente documental, em registros de cartórios e em atas e documentos do Clube Libanês. Paralelamente, esta pesquisa foi instrumentalizada por entrevistas a imigrantes árabes e descendentes deles, cuja contribuição, por meio de depoimentos e narrativas, constituiu-se de extrema importância para a consecução deste trabalho. Pôde-se constatar que a realidade de todo imigrante é marcada por encontros e desencontros. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam alterações que foram introduzidas no decorrer do tempo em função de vários fatores, dentre eles, o contato com os padrões brasileiros; a diferença do ritmo de vida no ocidente, em relação ao oriente; as distâncias geográficas e a disponibilidade do tempo. Além disso, o estilo de vida e os valores se alteraram ao longo do tempo, tornando-os híbridos. Os imigrantes árabes são, ao mesmo tempo, brasileiros e sírio-libaneses. Contudo, ainda que inseridos na sociedade brasileira, os árabes mantiveram e reforçaram a consciência de grupo através da família, da igreja, do Clube Libanês com seus rituais e festividades sociais e festas étnicas, além de manterem a publicação de jornais e revistas especializadas

The refugee crisis has been one of the main foci in western media the last years. Many European countries are raising their concerns on the refugees and how they are not able to help them. This thesis is a desk study which seeks to examine the Syrian refugee influx upon Lebanon.  Michael Brown’s book about reasons about internal conflicts have been the guideline to mark out any eventual internal conflicts a big refugee influx can eventually stir upon a country. The thesis will try to analyse and figure out if the refugee crisis will fuel the already existing sectarian tensions in the country. The do not clearly establish whether the refugee influx in Lebanon will potentially produce a new civil war or not. The refugee crisis has proven itself to be a burden for Lebanon within many of its internal sectors and the political tensions run higher now than earlier. The possibility for a renewed civil war is therefore not impossible but at the same time it might as well be avoided completely.

Les plantes ont longtemps été connues pour leur arsenal naturel, servant d'une source importante de substances nutritives et de composants thérapeutiques. Depuis il y a environ 600 000 ans, les hommes ont utilisé des plantes comme médicaments. Aujourd'hui, les médicaments issus des plantes sont largement présents dans le monde entier où environ 80 % de la population mondiale utilisent des plantes comme médicaments primaires. Cette valeur médicinale est principalement attribuée au fait que les plantes sont riches en composés phytochimiques bioactifs. Le Liban, en raison de son emplacement géographique et des caractéristiques environnementales importantes, est doté d'une flore riche. Des centaines de plantes libanaises ont été définies en termes de composition chimique et de valeur médicinale. Dans cette étude, nous avons caractérisé le contenu phytochimique de deux espèce de plantes libanaises, Crataegus azarolus L et Ephedra campylopoda. Des feuilles fraîches tirées de chaque espèce de plante, ont été dissoutes dans trois solvants différents : eau, éthanol et méthanol. La composition phytochimique des extraits a été examinée en utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC) et le contenu d'huile essentielle a été déterminé par la chromatographie gazeuse (GC) couplée avec la spectrométrie de masse (MS). Le radical DPPH a été utilisé pour évaluer le potentiel antioxydant. Le potentiel anti-inflammatoire a été évalué en mesurant les quantités sécrétées de la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) en utilisant la technique ELISA, aussi bien qu'en déterminant les niveaux d’expression d’ARNm de cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-, IL-ß et IL-6), de chimiokines (CCL3 et CCL4) et de COX-2 et iNOS par RT-PCR quantitative (qRT-PCR). Un essai de viabilité cellulaire par le test XTT a été effectué pour déterminer l'effet antiprolifératif de chaque extrait. Nous avons observé un contenu phytochimique important à partir des extraits alcooliques. En parallèle, nous avons mis en évidence des activités biologiques significatives avec ces extraits alcooliques exerçant in vitro des effets antioxydants, anti-inflammatoires et antiprolifératifs.En résumé, nos observations suggèrent un potentiel prometteur pour Crataegus azarolus L et Ephedra campylopoda pour le traitement de maladies associées au stress oxydatif, à un processus inflammatoire ou à une prolifération cellulaire non contrôlée. Cependant, in vivo, la caractérisation de ces effets est indispensable. / Plants have long been known for their natural arsenal, serving as an important source of nutrients and therapeutic components. Since about 600,000 years ago, humans used plants as medicines. Plant medicines correspond to the preparations issued from those plants. Today, plant medicines are widely worldwide where about 80% of the world's population uses herbs as primary medicines. This medicinal value is mainly attributed to the fact that plants are rich inbioactive phytochemicals. Lebanon, due to its geographical location and important environmental characteristics, is endowed with a rich flora. Hundreds of Lebanese plants have been defined in terms of their chemical composition and medicinal value where many other species are yet to be characterized.In this study, we aimed at characterizing the phytochemical content and therapeutic value of two Lebanese plant species, Crataegus azarolus L and Ephedra campylopoda. Fresh leaves, derived from each plant species, were dissolved in three different solvents distilled water, ethanol, and methanol. The phytochemical composition of different extracts issued from the two plant species was examined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the essential oil content was determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). DPPH radical scavenging and Fe2+ chelating activity assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential. Anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by measuring the secreted amounts of the pro-inflammatory mediator PGE2 using ELISA technique, as well as by assaying the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-α, IL-β and IL-6), chemokines (CCL3 and CCL4) and inflammation-sensitive COX-2 and iNOS using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). XTT viability assay was carried out to determine the anti-proliferative effect of each extract. For both plant species, we observed an important phytochemical content with thealcoholic (methanol and ethanol) extracts being more rich in bioactive molecules. In parallel, the two plant species exhibited significant biological activities with the alcoholic extracts exerting important, in vitro, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects.Collectively, our observations suggest a promising potential for Crataegus azarolus L and Ephedra campylopoda during treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress, aberrant inflammatory responses or uncontrolled cell proliferation. However, further in vivo characterization of these effects is indispensable.

Suite à l’utilisation massive et peu contrôlée des pesticides au LIBAN et conformément auxexigences des législations fixées par les réglementations nationales, européennes etinternationales sur la qualité de l’eau, des programmes de surveillances nationaux ont étéélaborés afin d’évaluer la qualité de l’eau dans les milieux aquatiques libanais et de jauger lesimpacts écologiques et sanitaires liés à la présence éventuelle de pesticides dansl’environnement au Liban.Dans le cadre de ces programmes de surveillance, des prélèvements périodiques ponctuelssont réalisés mais, le suivi permanant dans le temps d’une contamination étendue est trèsdifficile ce qui impose alors la multiplication des prélèvements dans le temps et dansl’espace. L’apparition récente des échantillonneurs intégratifs comme alternativesintéressantes aux techniques d’échantillonnage déjà existantes semblent relativement plusefficaces et mieux représentatifs du point de vue économique et environnemental. Ilspermettent d'effectuer un suivi moyenné sur de longues périodes d'observation allant dequelques jours à plusieurs semaines associé à une simplicité d'usage et une réduction descoûts.Le POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) est le type d’échantillonneur adoptédurant nos travaux de thèse afin d’étudier l’applicabilité de ces POCIS au dosage des résidusde pesticides dans les milieux aquatiques libanais. Cent-neuf molécules appartenant àdifférentes familles de pesticides fréquemment utilisés par les agriculteurs libanais ont étéretenues pour l’étude. Les cinétiques d’adsorption des molécules sur les POCIS et celle de ladésorption des composés références de performance « PRC » ont été suivies par calibrationin-situ ou au laboratoire soit en flux statique ou en flux continu sous différentes conditionsayant une influence sur la rétention des pesticides.Le coefficient d’échantillonnage Rs (L.j-1) spécifique à chaque molécule, nécessaire au calculde la concentration moyenne dans le milieu d’exposition du POCIS, a été déterminé dans lesdivers milieux d’étude : Eau minérale, eau de robinet et eau de rivière. Les cinétiquesd’adsorption des molécules ont également été élaborées afin d’évaluer la durée optimaled’implantation dans les différents milieux aquatiques.Après validation du système d’échantillonnage au laboratoire, son efficacité a été vérifiée surle terrain, les POCIS ont été testés in-situ sur divers sites appartenant aux différentes régionsagricoles libanaises (Estuaire de la rivière Ibrahim, Lac Qaraoun, et Rivière Hasbani). Lesconcentrations moyennes de la totalité des pesticides ciblés ont été estimées et leurs valeursont été comparées avec celles obtenues par prélèvements actifs. Cependant, pour le futur, desétudes élaborées devraient être entreprises afin de couvrir la majorité des molécules activesde pesticides employés au Liban; il faudrait également essayer d’améliorer la reproductibilitédes POCIS pour les analyses quantitatives par l’incorporation de nouveaux composésréférences de Performance (PRC) ou par calibration in-situ systématique pour les différentssites étudiés. / Following the massive uncontrolled use of pesticides in Lebanon and to satisfy therequirements of legislative frameworks and directives concerning water quality, nationalmonitoring programs have been developed in order to evaluate the water quality in theaquatic Lebanese media and to evaluate the environmental and health impacts associated withthe presence of these nominated pesticides in the Lebanese aquatic environment.In this context, monitoring programs rely on collecting discrete grab, spot or bottle samplesof water at a given time providing only a snapshot of the levels of pollutants at the time ofsampling. However, the continuous monitoring using active sampling of this widespreadcontamination is very difficult requiring the increase of sampling frequency which iseconomically, logistically and spatially difficult. Wherefore, the integrative samplers arerecently developed as alternative approach to the existing sampling techniques to berelatively more effective and more representative economically and environmentally. Theycan perform an averaged follow-up over long observation period from a few days to severalweeks associated with ease of use and low costs.The POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) is the type of sampler adoptedduring our thesis in order to study the applicability of this device to the evaluation ofpesticide residues levels in the Lebanese aquatic environments. One hundred nine moleculesbelonging to different families of commonly used pesticides by Lebanese farmers wereselected for the study. The kinetic adsorption constants of targeted pesticides and the kineticdesorption constants of Performance Reference Compounds "PRC" were estimated by POCISin-situ or laboratory (static or continuous flow) calibrations under different conditionsaffecting pesticides retention over POCIS receiving phase.To calculate the average concentration in the exposure media, the sampling rate (L/day),specific to each target pesticide was determined in different water studies: mineral, tap andriver water. The kinetic adsorption constants of molecules have also been determined toassess the optimal deployment duration in different aquatic environments.After validation of the sampling system in the laboratory, its effectiveness is tested in field.POCIS were tested in-situ at various sites belonging to different Lebanese agriculturalregions (Ibrahim Estuary River, Qaraoun Lake and Hasbani River). The mean concentrationsof total targeted pesticides were estimated and their values were compared with thoseobtained with active samples. However, further challenges are to cover the majority of activemolecules of pesticides used in Lebanon and to improve the reproducibility of these POCISfor quantitative analysis by incorporating new Performance Reference Compounds (PRC) orextending the implementation of in-situ calibration.

Le Liban a fait face à 15 ans de guerre civile qui ont détruit non seulement son économie et son infrastructure, mais aussi son image de communication. En effet, dans cette ère de mondialisation où la communication joue un rôle essentiel dans le tissage de liens sociaux et où les médias ont une place importante dans l’expansion des différentes cultures, les libanais perdent cette habilité et classent l’autre selon sa confession et son opinion politique. Les médias, en particulier les chaines télévisées locales (fondées par les différents leaders confessionnels ou politico-confessionnels), n’aident pas l’opinion publique à mieux connaitre l’autre. La cible la plus fragile est les jeunes Libanais nés après la guerre civile mais fortement influencés par ce que leurs parents ont vécu pendant la guerre. Ils sont peu ou pas soutenus dans la réception de l’information télévisée, l’école et le foyer n’étant pas toujours les milieux les plus adaptés pour les aider à interpréter l’actualité sous un angle d’ouverture au monde et d’acceptation d’autrui. Cette crise majeure nous a poussé à signaler un fort besoin d’établir de nouvelles bases aux standards de communication à enseigner aux jeunes en particulier dans les cours d’histoire et d’éducation civique, dans le but de les préparer à un avenir où ils auront à mieux connaitre les autres communautés et à apprendre à les accepter afin de cohabiter ensemble. / Lebanon has faced 15 years of civil war that destroyed severely not only his economy, and his infrastructure, but also his image of communication between different communities constituting it. In fact, after being known, since the era of Phoenicians, as the country that linked the east and the west, the country of people who created the first alphabet, the trilingual society open to other populations, Lebanon is facing nowadays a problem of communication among his communities divided into small fragments. In a century where communication became a must, where media is spreading the culture of different communities and minorities, Lebanon has lost this ability and people are identifying the “Other” by their confession and their political point of view. Moreover, the media, especially the local televisions (founded by the different parties and confessional leaders in Lebanon) are not helping the public opinion to learn about other communities. The most fragile target is the Lebanese youth, born after the civil war but paying the price of what their parents faced or did during the war, and sadly misinterpreting the local TV information. This major crisis pushed us to notice an urgent need of resetting some basic communication standards, to be taught at schools in history or civic education classes, in order to prepare our youth for a better future where they can accept the “Other” and know more about his different background.

Essa pesquisa tem como tema central a História Oral de Vida de imigrantes libaneses e seus descendentes nascidos no Brasil, bem como de brasileiras não-descendentes, que empreenderam o retorno ao Líbano, cujo fluxo foi verificado com maior intensidade ao final da década de 1980. A problemática geral dessa pesquisa é verificar e analisar a concretização do retorno, a partir da análise dos fenômenos de readaptação e adaptação, reinserção e inserção, destacando-se as dificuldades, os dilemas e os conflitos decorrentes desse ato. Mais do que a ocupação de um espaço geográfico, devemos considerar que o retorno e restabelecimento nos vilarejos de origem significam uma apropriação (ou criação) cultural do lugar (aqui entendido em sua dimensão subjetiva), construindo-se sentimentos de identidade, de pertencimento ao grupo que, por meio de suas ações, controlam e influenciam pessoas, estabelecem relações, determinam valores e normas a serem seguidas. Considerando identidade e cultura como processos dinâmicos, em constante elaboração e reelaboração, há que se verificar que a reinserção e inserção ao país implicarão renúncias, escolhas e seleções, que serão negociadas pelo migrante em relação ao grupo de origem. / This research has as central subject the Oral History of Lebanese immigrants and their descendants borned in Brazil, as well as of Brazilians not-descendants, who had undertaken the return to the Lebanon, whose flow was verified with more intensity to the end of 1980\'s. The general problematic of this research is to verify the achievement of the return, from the analysis of the phenomena of readjustment and adaptation, (re) insertion and insertion, in order to distinguish the difficulties, the dilemmas and the decurrent conflicts of this act. More than the occupation of a geographic space, we must consider that the return and reestablishment in the villages of origin mean a cultural appropriation (or creation) of the place (understood here in its subjective dimension), constructing identity feelings, belonging to the group that, by of its action, controls and influences people, establishes relations, determines values and norms to be followed. Considering identity and culture as dynamic processes, in constant elaboration and rework, it is important to verify that the (re) insertion and insertion to the country will imply resignations, choices and elections, that will be negotiated by the migrant in relation to the group of origin.

In October 2019, massive protests formed all over Lebanon, calling for an end tosectarianism. Sectarianism is a process which operates multidimensionally, politicizingreligious beliefs to create collective identities. I argue for an understanding of sectarianidentity much like an ethnic or national identity, drawing on the works of Fredrik Barth andBenedict Anderson. This system has created a sectarian incentive for the Lebanese, to act andmobilize as sectarian subjects.The Lebanese Red Cross is a member of the International Red Cross and Red CrescentMovement. The Neutrality Principle is utilized as a means to gain confidence, and therebyaccess, across all sects in Lebanon. The Lebanese Red Cross’ rigourous employment of theNeutrality Principle throughout times of war and turbulence, has rewarded them with areputation as a particularly successful National Society. Moreover, they are the onlyhumanitarian actor with national reach in Lebanon.The thesis builds on functional idea analysis and multimodal discourse analysis which hasbeen applied on inter alia anthropological monographs conducted in Lebanon, projectsinitiated by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, as well as contentretrieved from the Lebanese Red Cross’ social media platforms.I examine the strategies employed by the Lebanese Red Cross to analyze how neutrality isconstructed in a sectarianized context. Further, I analyze how the anti-sectarianism of theOctober protests shaped the Lebanese Red Cross’ neutral stance. In sum, I find that themembers of the Lebanese Red Cross create a collective identity in the very same way as asectarian, ethnic or national identity is constructed. Through the process of differentiating, theLebanese Red Cross creates space outside the sectarian structure, where they, benefittingfrom the appreciation and recognition of their work as valuable, are allowed to be neutral.

No description available.