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A noção pátria de serviço público é concebida a partir dos conceitos de serviço público e de serviço de utilidade pública oriundos, respectivamente, da França e dos Estados Unidos da América. Esses conceitos foram introduzidos no Brasil por ação doutrinária à luz da Constituição de 1891. Parte do resultado dessas discussões foi positivada no texto constitucional de 1934. A partir daí o tema figurou em todas as Constituições subsequentes. A Constituição de 1988, assim como as que a precederam, não veicula um conceito material de serviço público expresso em uma fórmula. A estrutura constitucional do conceito de serviço público é bastante complexa. O atual texto constitucional trata de serviço público em variados sentidos, os quais são dimensionados de formas diversas de acordo com as atividades abarcadas. Esses sentidos e dimensionamentos foram construídos ao longo da história constitucional, razão pela qual sua compreensão exige a análise dos textos das Constituições precedentes. Em linhas gerais, serviço público aparece no texto constitucional em três sentidos, quais sejam: o material, o orgânico e o formal. O sentido material é dimensionado nas acepções ampla e restrita. É no interior desse sentido, no qual a expressão serviço público significa atividade, que estão situados os critérios orgânico, formal e material, oriundos da tradição francesa. No âmbito do sentido material situam-se as maiores dificuldades e divergências sobre o tema. No sentido orgânico, serviço público se refere aos órgãos e entidades do Estado. No sentido formal, serviço público é um regime jurídico atribuível às competências materiais de cunho prestacional e natureza econômica do Estado. É no âmbito desse sentido que se encontra a função do conceito de serviço público. Alternativamente ao regime jurídico dos serviços públicos, a Constituição de 1988 prevê o regime jurídico de direito privado. Nesse regime jurídico a potencialização da concorrência é o elemento central, o que exige o desenvolvimento de mecanismos que facilitem o acesso pelos particulares ao setor. Tal acesso é facilitado pelo uso da autorização. A competência pública exercida pelos particulares por meio de autorização configura-se como serviço de utilidade pública à brasileira. A partir dessa estrutura conceitual é possível melhor compreender a noção de serviço público no âmbito dos Estados-membros e municípios e os modos de ação desses entes federados no domínio econômico. / The Brazilian concept of public service is created from the French notion of public service and the American notion of public utility. These ideas were introduced into Brazilian Law by doctrine following the Constitution of 1891. Part of the results of the debates stirred by the use of the diverging concepts got incorporated to the text of the Constitution of 1934. From then on, every subsequent Constitution addressed the issue. The Constitution of 1988, like the ones that preceded it, does not present a substantive concept of public service. The constitutional structure of the concept of public service is thoroughly complex. The current constitutional text treats public services in different senses, which are managed according to the activities comprehended by it. These senses have been constructed throughout our constitutional history, and for that reason, their comprehension requires an analysis of the preceding Constitutions’ texts. In broad lines, public services appear in the Constitution in three senses, which are: the substantive, the organic and the formal. The substantive sense is measured in broad and strict meanings. It is in the core of the substantive sense, in which public service means activity, that the French-born organic, formal and substantive senses are situated. It is regarding the substantive sense that the greatest difficulties and divergences concerning the theme arise. In the organic sense, public service refers to the public organs and entities. In the formal sense, public service is a legal regime attributable to the positive substantive competencies and the economic nature of the State. It is in regards to the substantive sense that the function of the concept of public service takes place. Alternative to the public services’ legal regime, the Constitution of 1988 also includes a private law legal regime. In this alternative regime, the increase of competition figures as central element, which demands mechanisms to enable private access to the area. Such access is facilitated by use of authorization. The public competency exerted by private initiative through authorization is known as Brazilian public utility service. From that conceptual structure, it is possible to better understand the notion of public service in the scope of member-states and counties, as well as the courses of action adopted by these federate entities on economy.

A noção pátria de serviço público é concebida a partir dos conceitos de serviço público e de serviço de utilidade pública oriundos, respectivamente, da França e dos Estados Unidos da América. Esses conceitos foram introduzidos no Brasil por ação doutrinária à luz da Constituição de 1891. Parte do resultado dessas discussões foi positivada no texto constitucional de 1934. A partir daí o tema figurou em todas as Constituições subsequentes. A Constituição de 1988, assim como as que a precederam, não veicula um conceito material de serviço público expresso em uma fórmula. A estrutura constitucional do conceito de serviço público é bastante complexa. O atual texto constitucional trata de serviço público em variados sentidos, os quais são dimensionados de formas diversas de acordo com as atividades abarcadas. Esses sentidos e dimensionamentos foram construídos ao longo da história constitucional, razão pela qual sua compreensão exige a análise dos textos das Constituições precedentes. Em linhas gerais, serviço público aparece no texto constitucional em três sentidos, quais sejam: o material, o orgânico e o formal. O sentido material é dimensionado nas acepções ampla e restrita. É no interior desse sentido, no qual a expressão serviço público significa atividade, que estão situados os critérios orgânico, formal e material, oriundos da tradição francesa. No âmbito do sentido material situam-se as maiores dificuldades e divergências sobre o tema. No sentido orgânico, serviço público se refere aos órgãos e entidades do Estado. No sentido formal, serviço público é um regime jurídico atribuível às competências materiais de cunho prestacional e natureza econômica do Estado. É no âmbito desse sentido que se encontra a função do conceito de serviço público. Alternativamente ao regime jurídico dos serviços públicos, a Constituição de 1988 prevê o regime jurídico de direito privado. Nesse regime jurídico a potencialização da concorrência é o elemento central, o que exige o desenvolvimento de mecanismos que facilitem o acesso pelos particulares ao setor. Tal acesso é facilitado pelo uso da autorização. A competência pública exercida pelos particulares por meio de autorização configura-se como serviço de utilidade pública à brasileira. A partir dessa estrutura conceitual é possível melhor compreender a noção de serviço público no âmbito dos Estados-membros e municípios e os modos de ação desses entes federados no domínio econômico. / The Brazilian concept of public service is created from the French notion of public service and the American notion of public utility. These ideas were introduced into Brazilian Law by doctrine following the Constitution of 1891. Part of the results of the debates stirred by the use of the diverging concepts got incorporated to the text of the Constitution of 1934. From then on, every subsequent Constitution addressed the issue. The Constitution of 1988, like the ones that preceded it, does not present a substantive concept of public service. The constitutional structure of the concept of public service is thoroughly complex. The current constitutional text treats public services in different senses, which are managed according to the activities comprehended by it. These senses have been constructed throughout our constitutional history, and for that reason, their comprehension requires an analysis of the preceding Constitutions’ texts. In broad lines, public services appear in the Constitution in three senses, which are: the substantive, the organic and the formal. The substantive sense is measured in broad and strict meanings. It is in the core of the substantive sense, in which public service means activity, that the French-born organic, formal and substantive senses are situated. It is regarding the substantive sense that the greatest difficulties and divergences concerning the theme arise. In the organic sense, public service refers to the public organs and entities. In the formal sense, public service is a legal regime attributable to the positive substantive competencies and the economic nature of the State. It is in regards to the substantive sense that the function of the concept of public service takes place. Alternative to the public services’ legal regime, the Constitution of 1988 also includes a private law legal regime. In this alternative regime, the increase of competition figures as central element, which demands mechanisms to enable private access to the area. Such access is facilitated by use of authorization. The public competency exerted by private initiative through authorization is known as Brazilian public utility service. From that conceptual structure, it is possible to better understand the notion of public service in the scope of member-states and counties, as well as the courses of action adopted by these federate entities on economy.

A noção pátria de serviço público é concebida a partir dos conceitos de serviço público e de serviço de utilidade pública oriundos, respectivamente, da França e dos Estados Unidos da América. Esses conceitos foram introduzidos no Brasil por ação doutrinária à luz da Constituição de 1891. Parte do resultado dessas discussões foi positivada no texto constitucional de 1934. A partir daí o tema figurou em todas as Constituições subsequentes. A Constituição de 1988, assim como as que a precederam, não veicula um conceito material de serviço público expresso em uma fórmula. A estrutura constitucional do conceito de serviço público é bastante complexa. O atual texto constitucional trata de serviço público em variados sentidos, os quais são dimensionados de formas diversas de acordo com as atividades abarcadas. Esses sentidos e dimensionamentos foram construídos ao longo da história constitucional, razão pela qual sua compreensão exige a análise dos textos das Constituições precedentes. Em linhas gerais, serviço público aparece no texto constitucional em três sentidos, quais sejam: o material, o orgânico e o formal. O sentido material é dimensionado nas acepções ampla e restrita. É no interior desse sentido, no qual a expressão serviço público significa atividade, que estão situados os critérios orgânico, formal e material, oriundos da tradição francesa. No âmbito do sentido material situam-se as maiores dificuldades e divergências sobre o tema. No sentido orgânico, serviço público se refere aos órgãos e entidades do Estado. No sentido formal, serviço público é um regime jurídico atribuível às competências materiais de cunho prestacional e natureza econômica do Estado. É no âmbito desse sentido que se encontra a função do conceito de serviço público. Alternativamente ao regime jurídico dos serviços públicos, a Constituição de 1988 prevê o regime jurídico de direito privado. Nesse regime jurídico a potencialização da concorrência é o elemento central, o que exige o desenvolvimento de mecanismos que facilitem o acesso pelos particulares ao setor. Tal acesso é facilitado pelo uso da autorização. A competência pública exercida pelos particulares por meio de autorização configura-se como serviço de utilidade pública à brasileira. A partir dessa estrutura conceitual é possível melhor compreender a noção de serviço público no âmbito dos Estados-membros e municípios e os modos de ação desses entes federados no domínio econômico. / The Brazilian concept of public service is created from the French notion of public service and the American notion of public utility. These ideas were introduced into Brazilian Law by doctrine following the Constitution of 1891. Part of the results of the debates stirred by the use of the diverging concepts got incorporated to the text of the Constitution of 1934. From then on, every subsequent Constitution addressed the issue. The Constitution of 1988, like the ones that preceded it, does not present a substantive concept of public service. The constitutional structure of the concept of public service is thoroughly complex. The current constitutional text treats public services in different senses, which are managed according to the activities comprehended by it. These senses have been constructed throughout our constitutional history, and for that reason, their comprehension requires an analysis of the preceding Constitutions’ texts. In broad lines, public services appear in the Constitution in three senses, which are: the substantive, the organic and the formal. The substantive sense is measured in broad and strict meanings. It is in the core of the substantive sense, in which public service means activity, that the French-born organic, formal and substantive senses are situated. It is regarding the substantive sense that the greatest difficulties and divergences concerning the theme arise. In the organic sense, public service refers to the public organs and entities. In the formal sense, public service is a legal regime attributable to the positive substantive competencies and the economic nature of the State. It is in regards to the substantive sense that the function of the concept of public service takes place. Alternative to the public services’ legal regime, the Constitution of 1988 also includes a private law legal regime. In this alternative regime, the increase of competition figures as central element, which demands mechanisms to enable private access to the area. Such access is facilitated by use of authorization. The public competency exerted by private initiative through authorization is known as Brazilian public utility service. From that conceptual structure, it is possible to better understand the notion of public service in the scope of member-states and counties, as well as the courses of action adopted by these federate entities on economy.

Qu'est-ce qu'un réseau de distribution ? L'interrogation peut surprendre tant cette notion semble aujourd'hui incontournable. Pourtant force est de constater que la notion de réseau de distribution n'est pas encore parvenue à faire consensus. La première partie de la recherche a pour objectif d'éprouver chacun des fondements proposés. Fondé sur un groupe de contrats, il dévoile son aspect institutionnel à travers l'existence de normes privées, de relations de pouvoir et du partage d'une identité. Ces éléments invitent à y voir une communauté organisée autour d'un intérêt commun ayant une existence distincte de celle des membres. Pourtant, l'analyse du réseau de distribution empêche de considérer qu'il constitue une telle communauté. Dès lors, la recherche de la nature juridique du réseau de distribution permet d'avancer que cette notion est irréductible aux catégories juridiques existantes. La deuxième partie de la recherche affirme les particularismes de la notion. Le réseau de distribution est caractérisé par une synergie originale. Son régime juridique se construit sur un arbitrage entre les divers intérêts concernés par l'existence de cette structure. Ces constats permettent d'avancer qu'il constitue une notion propice à l'élaboration d'une catégorie juridique regroupant les organisations multipartites qui, fondées sur un groupe de contrats et une relation de pouvoir sans subordination, sont caractérisées par une synergie consistant en une affectation de moyens matériels et humains au développement simultané d'une activité économique globale et des activités de chacun des membres, créant une complémentarité, entre leurs intérêts personnels convergents mais différents, source d'un intérêt collectif. / What is a distribution network ? The question may surprise a few given the acceptance of the notion. However, we have to notice that this notion has not reached its quest of identity. The first part of the research aims at verifying the founding principles of each theory. Actually, it appears that the distribution network finds its place beyond the group of contracts qualification and below the qualification of Institution. Based on a group of contracts, it reveals its institutional aspects through the existence of private standards, relations of power and the sharing of an identity. These elements invite to see a community there organized around a public interest having an existence different from that of the members. Nevertheless, the analysis of the distribution network prevents from considering that it constitutes such a community. From then on, the research for the legal nature of the distribution network allows to move forward that this notion is inflexible in the existing legal categories.The second part of the research aims at asserting the particularisms of the notion of distribution network. The distribution network is characterized by an original synergy. Its legal regime builds itself on an arbitration between the diverse interests concerned by the existence of this structure. These reports allow to move forward that it constitutes a notion convenient to the elaboration of a legal category gathering multipartite organization, based on a group of contracts and a relationship without subordination, that are symbolized by a synergy that involves the allocation of material and human resources to the simultaneous development of both the global economic activity and the activity of each member of the group, creating a synergy between their different but convergent own personal interests, source of mutual interest.

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« Masse de granit » de la nouvelle France, la grande loi organique du 18 germinal an X relative à l’organisation des cultes (2 avril 1802) — qui comporte le Concordat du 26 messidor an IX (15 juillet 1801) et les Articles Organiques des Cultes catholique et protestants (calviniste et luthérien) — allait constituer, avec les textes fondateurs de la réglementation du Culte juif de mars 1808, le point de départ d’une nouvelle organisation des rapports entre les Églises et l’État, dont le terminus ad quem sera la loi de Séparation du 9 décembre 1905. L’organisation qui allait naître de cette loi de l’an X, comme de l’ensemble des lois non proprement cultuelles de la période napoléonienne, sera concomitamment structurée autour de la distinction entre Cultes reconnus et Cultes non reconnus, nouvelle summa divisio du droit des Cultes au XIXe siècle. Héritier du modèle forgé par les hommes du Consulat et de l’Empire dans la loi organique du 18 germinal an X et la législation subséquente, l’État concordataire du XIXe siècle allait maintenir la tradition française de l’intervention perpétuelle en matière religieuse. Aussi, de 1801 à 1905, nous ne serons quasiment jamais en présence d’une dualité de système d’encadrement juridique des relations entre les religions et l’État, avec, d’un côté, des Cultes privilégiés, subventionnés, rattachés à un statut de service public, mais étroitement surveillés et notamment largement entamés dans leur liberté d’organisation interne et, de l’autre côté, des Cultes libres, qui, tout en échappant au contrôle de l’État, ne seraient pas des Cultes proscrits puisque, d’une part, ils bénéficieraient du principe de la liberté religieuse commandant le régime de droit commun des Cultes, et que d’autre part, la reconnaissance ne déterminerait pas l’existence légale, mais seulement l’érection au rang de service public. Le régime des Cultes sera au contraire moniste, c’est-à-dire exclusif de tout autre ; l’État ne souffrant pas d’Églises en dehors d’un système organisé de surveillance protectrice et la jouissance de tous les droits accordés aux religions, notamment la liberté du culte, n’étant envisageable que par aspiration dans le cadre concordataire. Ainsi, les Cultes non reconnus feront, au XIXe siècle, l’objet d’une simple tolérance oscillant entre bienveillance et persécutions. / Abstract"Mass of granite" of the new France, the great Organic Law of 18 Germinal year X related to the organization of cults (April 2, 1802) - which includes the Concordat of 26 Messidor year IX (July 15, 1801) and the Organic Articles of Catholic and Protestant Cults (Calvinist and Lutheran) - was to constitute, with the regulating founding texts of the Jewish Cult of March 1808, the starting point of a new organization of relations between the Churches and the State, which terminus ad quem will be the Separation Act of December 9, 1905. The organization which was to be born from this Act of the year X, as all of the not properly religious laws of the Napoleonic period, will be concomitantly structured around the distinction between recognized Cults and unrecognized Cults, new summa divisio of the law of Cults in the XIXth century. Heir to the model forged by the men of the Consulate and the Empire in the Organic Law of 18 Germinal year X and the subsequent legislation, the nineteenth century Concordat State would maintain the French tradition of perpetual intervention in religious matters. Also, from 1801 to 1905, we will almost never be in the presence of a duality of system of legal framing of the relations between the religions and the State, with, on the one hand, privileged, subsidized Cults, attached to a status of public service, but closely controlled and in particular largely undermined in their freedom of internal organization and, on the other hand, free Cults, which, while escaping from the control of the State, would not be proscribed Cults since, on the one hand, they would benefit from the principle of religious freedom commanding the common law regime of Cults, and that on the other hand, the recognition would not determine the legal existence, but only the erection to the rank of public service. The regime of Cults will be on the contrary monistic, that is to say, exclusive of all others; the State permitting no Churches outside an organized system of protective supervision and the enjoyment of all the rights granted to religions, notably the freedom of worship, only conceivable by aspiration within the framework of concordat. Thus, unrecognized Cults will, in the XIXth century, be the object of a simple tolerance oscillating between benevolence and persecutions.

Offshore petroleum exploration and production (E&P) activities are faced with both technical and environmental challenges. In spite of these challenges, offshore petroleum E&P are on the increase globally. These operations have not been accident free even with improved technology. Recent incidents like Montara blowout and Deepwater Horizon fire have more than ever before raised serious concerns about the safety of offshore oil and gas E&P. Key issues are the prevention of major hazards, emergency response and civil liability, and payment of compensation. These issues have greater implication when the impact is transboundary. There is a general consensus on the need to ensure safety of these operations globally. However, the international legal framework needed to achieve the objective is unresolved. Looking at the extant international instruments relating to marine pollution from offshore oil and gas activities, there is a clear absence of global treaty on safety of offshore operations, civil liability and compensation. While there is general consensus on the need for safety of offshore oil and gas operations globally, opinions are divided on the necessity for global treaties. This thesis looks at the extant international legal framework at both global and regional levels with a view to identifying gaps in provisions on safety, civil liability and compensation. The thesis finds that even in the post-Macondo era, there are no global treaties in relation to safety of offshore petroleum E&P to prevent accidental pollution, and to deal with issues of civil liability and compensation. Furthermore, most regional regimes have no specific provisions on accidental pollution from offshore operations and liability issues arising therefrom. The absence of provisions for civil liability, especially in cases of transboundary harm from offshore accidental pollution has created difficulty for affected nations and nationals. This thesis proffers suggestion for international regulation of offshore petroleum operations to prevent accidental pollution, improve emergency response and guarantee prompt settlement of liabilities and payment of compensation. Accordingly, an international legal framework involving three levels of legal regimes is recommended as an effective way of preventing accidental pollution from offshore petroleum operations to protect marine environment and also ensuring that liabilities that may arise in the event of a major hazard are adequately addressed.

Les contours de la notion de personnage doivent aujourd’hui être redessinés à la lumière de la prise en compte d’une nouvelle pratique artistique de plus en plus répandue : le dédoublement de l’artiste. À la différence du personnage classique, tel qu’il est actuellement appréhendé par le droit d’auteur, le double artistique n’est pas l’expression d’une institution reconnue juridiquement mais celle d’un phénomène social encore non appréhendé par le droit. Ce concept est protéiforme puisqu’il vise l’ensemble des hypothèses dans lesquelles l’artiste procède à un dédoublement de sa personnalité pour aboutir à la création d’un personnage s’intercalant entre lui et le public (ces hypothèses recouvrent les personnages scéniques, les hétéronymes et les avatars virtuels).Son contenu est pour l’heure imprécis et ses effets de droit sont loin d’être clairement délimités. Cette thèse propose d’établir une définition du concept, de le confronter aux réalités juridiques en déterminant ses limites et envisage les différents régimes de protection qui s’offrent à lui. / Traditionally, the word “character” means "any human or humanized figure that participates in the action in a play, a movie, a novel or other work of fiction", the outlines of this notion must be redesigned if we take into account a new artistic practice more and more widespread: the duplication of the artist. In opposition to the fictional character, the artistic double is not the expression of an institution recognized by law but of a social phenomenon which is still not considered legally. This concept is multiform because it targets all of the hypothesis in which the artist makes a duplication of his personality to lead to the creation of a character which stands between him and his audience (these possibilities include scenic characters, heteronyms and virtual avatars). Its content is currently unclear and its legal effects are not defined yet. This thesis tries to establish a definition of the concept, to confront it with the legal realities by considering its limits and the different protection schemes that can be found.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o Plano Real e o Balanço de Pagamentos do Brasil. O que se pretende verificar é se o Plano Real é consentâneo ao sistema de Direito Brasileiro. Para tanto, a análise foi dividida em três blocos. No primeiro, que compreende os Capítulos I e II, foram apresentadas noções indispensáveis para a compreensão do assunto: de preço, poder de compra da moeda e taxa de câmbio. Na oportunidade, também se esclareceu que o Plano Real tinha como principal objetivo combater a inflação no país causada, segundo seus idealizadores, pela indexação da economia e pelo déficit público. A partir deste diagnóstico, o Plano Real é elaborado com base em três principais medidas: ajuste fiscal, criação da Unidade Real de Valor (URV) e adoção de uma âncora cambial. O segundo bloco deste trabalho, integrado pelos Capítulos III a V, vai esmiuçar esta última medida e seus efeitos, bem como as alterações legislativas provocadas pelo Plano Real (principalmente Emendas Constitucionais nº 5 a 9, todas de 1995, e Lei nº 9.069/1995). Aqui também se demonstrará como o Plano Real consagrou a ideologia preconizada pelo Consenso de Washington. No último bloco, composto pelo Capítulo VI, são analisados os efeitos provocados no nível de endividamento público decorrentes das medidas adotadas pelo Plano Real e a alteração das regras jurídicas que tratam da dívida pública que vieram ao encontro dele (principalmente Lei Complementar n° 101/2000). Neste ponto, a partir de um estudo sobre os princípios jurídicos que regem a atividade da administração pública, concluímos que o sistema jurídico brasileiro oferece fundamento suficiente para superação das regras jurídicas (e ideologia) adotadas no país com o advento do Plano Real. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Real Plan, the Brazilian Balance of Payments and if the Real Plan is supported by the Brazilian law system. The analysis is divided into three blocks. First, in Chapters I and II, some indispensable concepts are presented: price, purchasing power of money and exchange rate. On the occasion, it was clarified that the Real Plan had as its main objective fight inflation in the country caused by, according to its creators, the indexation of the economy and the public deficit. Based on that diagnosis, the Real Plan counted on three measures: fiscal adjustment, creation of the Real Value Unit (URV) and adoption of a fixed exchange rate. The second block, through Chapters III to V, scrutinizes the latter measure and its effects, as well as legislative changes brought by the Real Plan (mainly Constitutional Amendments 5-9, all of 1995, and Law nº 9.069/1995). It also demonstrates that the Real Plan established the ideology advocated by the Washington Consensus. In the final section, composed of Chapter VI, the effects of Real Plan on public debt and the change of legal rules on that matter (mainly Law nº 101/2000) are analyzed. At this point, from a study of constitutional principles, we conclude that the Brazilian legal system provides sufficient basis to overcome the legal rules (and ideology) adopted in the country with the advent of the Real Plan.