<p>The purpose with this essay is to investigate whether the legal capital can be justified as creditor protection and whether the legal capital prevent entrepreneurship.</p><p>Historically the legal capital has been justified by means of creditor protection. Nowdays the development within EU rather reduces or abolish the legal capital. Sweden has recently, 1 of April 2010, reduced the legal capital from 100 000 Swedish crowns to 50 000 Swedish crowns. In the preparatory work it has been admitted that the legal capital does not in reality offer creditors much protection. Although the lawmaker decides to retain the legal capital and justifies the legal capitals existence with the argument that involuntary creditors has the need of the legal capital. It is also argued in the preparatory work that a reduction of the legal capital does not necessarily mean that new business creation will increase. Rather, the private limited liability company will instead be more available.</p><p>I will present different authors views on the legal capital doctrine. The views that are presented are critical to the legal capital doctrine. I will also present different statistics that compares countries legal environment and how it effects entrepreneurship</p><p>My conclusions are that legal capital can be questioned, especially on efficiency grounds. I also argue that legal capital in fact hinders entrepreneurship and I base my premise on the different statistics that has been presented.</p><p> </p>

The purpose with this essay is to investigate whether the legal capital can be justified as creditor protection and whether the legal capital prevent entrepreneurship. Historically the legal capital has been justified by means of creditor protection. Nowdays the development within EU rather reduces or abolish the legal capital. Sweden has recently, 1 of April 2010, reduced the legal capital from 100 000 Swedish crowns to 50 000 Swedish crowns. In the preparatory work it has been admitted that the legal capital does not in reality offer creditors much protection. Although the lawmaker decides to retain the legal capital and justifies the legal capitals existence with the argument that involuntary creditors has the need of the legal capital. It is also argued in the preparatory work that a reduction of the legal capital does not necessarily mean that new business creation will increase. Rather, the private limited liability company will instead be more available. I will present different authors views on the legal capital doctrine. The views that are presented are critical to the legal capital doctrine. I will also present different statistics that compares countries legal environment and how it effects entrepreneurship My conclusions are that legal capital can be questioned, especially on efficiency grounds. I also argue that legal capital in fact hinders entrepreneurship and I base my premise on the different statistics that has been presented.

Legal Capital of Capital Companies, its Formation and Protection This diploma thesis deals with theoretical concepts on legal capital, its economic significance and mainly with statutory rules of legal capital formation. The attention is given to various aspects of monetary as well as non-monetary contributions to the legal capital of capital companies, inclusive of the legal capital minimum requirement, and also the issue of no par value shares is mentioned. The Czech law is based on the capital formation and maintenance doctrine. Also the European law, which influences Czech legal rules to a high extent, stands on the principles of fixed legal capital. This means that capital companies must be provided by their owners (members, shareholders) with a certain capital stock at the time the companies are formed and come into being and this capital stock must be kept in the company for its whole life. The sense of these rules is predominantly seen in the protection of creditors. The capital formation rules comprise mainly the requirement for minimum legal capital and rules concerning the contributions to the legal capital. The minimum capital requirement is aimed at securing that the capital company starts its business with sufficient funds. The regulation of contributions is meant to ensure that the...

Background: This study focuses on three reforms which the Swedish government have performed: The abolishment of the audit requirement, the reduction of the legal capital requirement, and the reduction of the employment taxes. What effect have they had on the establishment of private limited companies? Purpose: The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the influence government reforms have on the establishment and re-establishment of private limited companies inSweden. Method: An explanatory study was performed to study the effect of the reforms, and a quantitative method was used which includes the positivistic and deductive approach. Conclusion: For a majority, the reforms were not decisive; rather, they were contributory for founders’ decision to establish a private limited company. Many owners have re-established from different organizational forms to the private limited company form.

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This research paper focuses on whether Taiwan's 13 financial holding companies (excluding Waterland Financial Holdings) belongs to the bank's capital management efficiency, using a narrow definition of capital. First, do a preliminary analysis of the capital of the banks first, second, and three types of capital. Secondly, the use of supplementary items in the balance sheet, profit and loss account and balance-sheet and some of the information into the banking book assets and liabilities of the banking book and trading book assets, trading book liabilities, risk assets and market value-added and other programs in order to do all kinds of bank trend analysis of assets and liabilities and capital management. Finally, I would investigate whether the high capital adequacy ratio that their performance is better? The provisions of the Basel ¢º want to improve the bank's risk management capability, however, and set out the statutory capital requirements of the Bank help to keep the emphasis on risk management?

Depois de mais de 30 anos da edição da Lei 6.404, de 15 de dezembro de 1976 e da publicação da Instrução CVM 10, de 14 de fevereiro de 1980, volta novamente o regulador brasileiro a sua atenção para os benefícios e perigos dos negócios da companhia com ações de sua emissão. Tal se torna evidente pela publicação, em outubro de 2013, do Edital de Audiência Pública SDM 11/13, por meio do qual a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários pretende substituir a antiga regra aplicável às companhias abertas por uma nova, de conteúdo mais moderno e aderente à nova realidade. Desenvolveu-se durante o século XX e XXI o estudo dos negócios da companhia com as suas ações, admitindo-se cada vez mais numerosas exceções ao inicialmente duro e absoluto preceito proibitivo positivado originalmente pela Aktienrechtsnovelle alemã de 1870. O estudo das finanças sociais e o aprimoramento dos mecanismos de salvaguarda dos interesses protegidos no decorrer do século XX e XXI forçaram (e ainda forçam) a redefinição dos seus contornos jurídicos. No que diz respeito a estes negócios, ressaltam como interesses escudados aqueles dos credores, dos acionistas e do mercado de capitais (e os investidores que nele atuam) os grupos de referência (Bezugsgruppen) do direito societário. É na proteção de seus interesses que se fundamentam as normas que os regem: a utilização de saldo de lucros tutela os credores, o princípio do tratamento equitativo protege os acionistas e as regras de prevenção a atos manipulativos e de repressão ao insider trading salvaguardam o mercado e seus investidores. É, portanto, no confronto com tais interesses que se deve avaliar a legalidade ou ilegalidade de cada um desses negócios, e não na simples (in)existência de uma exceção legal expressa ao conceito proibitivo geral. O art. 30 da Lei das S.A. estipula condições de validade dos negócios com ações próprias, e não meramente um rol de exceções taxativas. / Thirty years after the enactment of Law 6.404, of December 15, 1976 and CVM Instruction 10, of February 14, 1980, once again have the transactions of the company in its own shares gained the attention of the Brazilian regulatory authority, especially in consideration of the benefits and perils arising from them. This is evidenced by the publication, in October 2013, by the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários of Public Hearing SDM 11/13, the purpose of which is to replace the old rule applicable to public companies by a new one, containing a more modern approach on the subject and a more reality-driven concept. The studies about the transactions a company is allowed to perform in its own shares have had a great academic and empiric development during the XX and XXI centuries, the result of which has been the gradual acceptance of an ever-increasing list of possible exceptions to the inititally absolute prohibition originally stated by the german Aktienrechtsnovelle of 1870. The study of financial economics and the improvement of the legal protective measures designed over the last century have forced (and continue to force) a broad redefinition of these transactions legal boundaries. In respect to these transactions, the interests of creditors, shareholders and the capital market itself (including the investors which act in it) arise in the center of the legal protective framework they have been denominated as the reference groups of Corporate Law. Safeguarding their interests is the main purpose of the rules revolving around them: the use of profits and profit reserves safeguards creditors, adherence to the principle of equitable treatment adresses shareholder interests and the rules preventing manipulative acts and insider trading practices sponsor the interests of the capital market and its investors. Therefore, it is mandatory that any interpretation on the legality or ilegality of any given transaction by the company in its own shares be preceded by the examination of these concrete interests; this legal analysis cannot be limited to the verification of an express exception to the general rule. Article 30 of Law 6.404/76 must therefore be read as containing a general validity framework, and not merely an exaustive list of exceptions.

A inovação financeira, caracterizada pela criação de novas estruturas e instrumentos jurídicos e financeiros nas últimas décadas, impactam os tradicionais conceitos do direito societário e a própria interpretação das normas vigentes. Assim, a partir do estudo das acepções e funções exercidas pelo capital social, buscou-se confrontá-lo com instrumentos criados para obtenção de recursos para as companhias bem como com alternativas para a proteção dos credores. O presente trabalho explora o tema buscando de início identificar a origem das formas associativas e o precedente histórico da companhia aberta para, em seguida, adentrar na disciplina jurídica do capital social, suas características e propósitos. Então, por fim, trata-se, em capítulos apartados, da securitização de créditos, da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica e do patrimônio de afetação, procedendo-se a uma comparação com o instituto do capital social, sem concentração específica na disciplina desses instrumentos. / Financial innovation, characterized by the development of new structures and legal and financial instruments in the past decades, impacts the traditional concepts of corporate law, as well as the interpretation of existing legislation. Starting from an analysis of the different meanings and functions of the legal capital of companies, it was sought to specifically examine this concept in light of mechanisms devised for the funding of companies and for the protection of creditors. This paper analyzes the matters seeking, initially, to identify the forms of association and the historical background of the publicly¬-held company in order to then analyze the rules pertaining to the legal capital, with its characteristics and purposes. Last, we examine, in separate chapters, of credit securitization, of the lifting of the corporate veil, and of the segregated capital, comparing each of these concepts with that of the legal capital, instead of focusing on the specific legal rules pertaining to such concepts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta de Oliveira e Corvo Ribas.pdf: 1054831 bytes, checksum: e8be9f624843b58a75cd3979d628e77b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This paper aims to demonstrate that the protection of creditors of the legal entity that grants limited liability to its shareholder shall focus on controlling the use and disposal of assets of the legal entity itself. The study of grounds of civil liability in Brazilian Law together with the principle of assets autonomy of the legal entity and the purpose of limited liability confirm that the national law does not admit to relativize the rule of limited liability, except in cases of fraud and abuse of the legal entity. Given this limitation, resulting from a systematic analysis of the Brazilian Law, and in order to offer a proposition of fair coexistence between the interests of creditors and encouragement of free enterprise provided by limited liability, which is a constitutional command, it proves the importance of the mechanisms of control of assets of the corporation through its financial statements. In this sense, if assets and rights of a legal entity are intended to fulfill a specific purpose, it is for the Law to provide suitable tool to ensure that the risks inherent in the developed activity are covered exclusively by these assets and rights. This tool is accounting, which through the financial statements it produces, it records and controls assets of the entity, providing conditions for decision-making. Its proper use can (and should) prevent intrinsic adversities of any activity subject to risks. The purpose is to resume the mechanism that allows the existence of limited liability, since this doctrine/established principle is not intended to curtail the guarantee of creditors, but rather to encourage those who seek to produce and circulate assets and services to society through the organized economic activity / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que a proteção dos credores da pessoa jurídica que admite a responsabilidade limitada deve se concentrar no controle do uso e disposição do patrimônio da própria pessoa jurídica. O estudo da responsabilidade civil no Direito brasileiro, associado ao estudo da autonomia patrimonial da pessoa jurídica e da finalidade da limitação da responsabilidade confirmam que o ordenamento nacional não admite a relativização da regra de responsabilidade limitada, exceto nos casos de fraude e de abuso da personalidade jurídica. Em vista dessa limitação, constatação decorrente de uma análise sistemática do Direito pátrio, e com o intuito de oferecer uma proposição de convivência justa entre os interesses dos credores e o estímulo à livre-iniciativa proporcionado pela responsabilidade limitada, que é comando constitucional, comprova-se a importância dos mecanismos de controle do patrimônio da pessoa jurídica, por meio de suas demonstrações financeiras. Nesse sentido, se bens e direitos de uma pessoa jurídica são destinados ao cumprimento de uma finalidade específica, cabe ao Direito fornecer ferramenta adequada para assegurar que os riscos inerentes à atividade desenvolvida sejam cobertos exclusivamente por estes bens e direitos. Essa ferramenta é a contabilidade, que por meio das demonstrações financeiras que produz, registra e controla o patrimônio da entidade, dando condições à tomada de decisões. Seu uso adequado pode (e deve) prevenir as adversidades intrínsecas a qualquer atividade sujeita a riscos. O intuito é de retomar o mecanismo que permite a existência da responsabilidade limitada, dado que este instituto não tem por objetivo cercear a garantia dos credores, mas sim estimular aqueles que buscam, por meio do exercício de atividade econômica organizada, produzir e fazer circular bens e serviços para a sociedade

The harmonization within EC Company Law has been relativley successful. Despite its relative success; important differences still remains in European company law. The freedom of establishment itself, and the ECJ’s interpretation of the freedom provides European companies with a substantial cross-border mobility. As a consequence of this mobility, together with the differences in national legislation; mandatory rules in company law can be easily evaded. A typical example of this is that a Swedish enterprise, by running their business through a British private limited company, can escape the Swedish legislation on capital contributions when forming a company with limited liability for its members. These rules are thereby undermined. The fact that these, otherwise mandatory, rules can be evaded should result in a questioning of their existence. The main purpose of rules on minimal capital contributions is to safeguard the interests of the creditors of the company. The analysis in this thesis shows that the Swedish legal capital regime is very unlikley to fulfill its purpose. The alternative, English company law, can in various aspects be seen as more efficient. / Den gemenskapsrättsliga harmoniseringsprocessen har på bolagsrättens område varit relativt framgångsrik. Trots detta går det i dagsläget inte att tala om någon konform europeisk bolagsrätt. Betydande skillnader kvarstår mellan de nationella bolagsrättsliga regelverken. Den EG-rättsliga etableringsfriheten, och EG-domstolens tolkning av densamma, innebär att de europeiska företagen ges ett relativt stort mått av gränsöverskridande rörelsefrihet. En följd av denna mobilitet tillsammans med skillnaderna i de nationella regelverken är att tvingande nationell bolagsrättslig lagstiftning relativt enkelt kan kringgås. Ett typexempel på detta är att svenska företagare, genom att bedriva sin verksamhet i ett engelskt aktiebolag, kan undgå det svenska kravet på tillskjutande av ett minsta aktiekapital vid bildandet av ett privat aktiebolag. Det svenska kapitalkravet kan därmed sägas vara underminerat. Blott det faktum att det svenska kapitalkravet underminerats innebär att dess existens bör ifrågasättas. Syftet med kapitalkravet är främst att skydda borgenärernas intressen i bolagen. Mot bakgrund av vad som framkommer i denna uppsats kan det svenska kapitalkravets effektivitet betvivlas. Alternativet, den engelska bolagsrätten, kan ur en rad aspekter sägas vara mer ändamålsenlig.