The Security Council has sometimes failed to perform its main duty, which is the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council’s responsibilities in this regard have grown as new international challenges have emerged. These challenges include global environmental issues, refugee flows and mass migration across borders, the rapid spread of infectious diseases, civil war that threatens international peace and security, global terrorism, transnational crime and illegal stocks of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. The Security Council has thus become the subject of both severe criticism and calls for its structural reform. A variety of reform proposals have been offered by scholars and politicians, almost all of which have focused solely on state-based solutions. The current study considers that reforming the Council through such means would not alter its current state to any significant extent. International law no longer reflects the state-based system of the Westphalian World Order. The international legal order does not involve only nationstates, and state-based systems are not able autonomously to deal with problems such as these in the post-Westphalian era. It is widely acknowledged that there are many non-state actors that could contribute to enhancing the Council’s representativeness, effectiveness and accountability. It is thus concluded that a reform proposal for the Security Council must consider these factors and produce a non-state based solution. It is proposed that the Council must consider granting formal access to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that have, as non-state actors, been active in the international legal order, and that have already made significant contributions to the above-mentioned issues.

Yes / The European Court of Justice has played a pivotal role in the transformation of international law obligations between Member States into an integrated legal order with direct applicability and effect in those Member States. This article explores whether or not the ECJ continues to be relevant to EU governance and integration and whether it continues to transform the legal orders of the member states. It briefly outlines the early case law which transformed the legal order and the preliminary reference procedure as an important element of that transformation and then considers the extent to which the ECJ continues to act in ways which are transformational even though the legal order itself has remained relatively static. The EU citizenship jurisprudence serves as a useful example of how integration is driven forward by the Court. This paper argues that the Court’s decisions do continue to have significant impact on areas of law and policy and EU governance generally. It illustrates this argument using gender equality law and the Human Rights as pertinent examples and concludes that the ECJ remains relevant in governance terms as it continues to drive forward EU integration in many areas and influence the development of law and policy across the member states.

S’il est concédé que le droit de l’Union européenne oblige à un renouvèlement des pensées juridiques traditionnelles et étatiques, du désordre et des ordres peut naître un ordre. Le droit de la procédure civile de l’Union européenne serait affirmé, l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne s’orienterait vers un "État fédéral" et un justiciable européen serait consacré. Cependant, l’intégration du droit de la procédure civile de l’Union européenne doit s’effectuer avec les procédures civiles nationales et en tant que symbole régalien en rapport avec la souveraineté. Dans un désordre, où le droit de la procédure civile de l’Union européenne veut s’émanciper tout en restant sous la domination des États membres et de leur procédure civile qui, en souhaitant son épanouissement, désirent le maintenir sous sa coupe, les certitudes ont du être remises en cause non pas pour affirmer, mais démontrer la possible existence d’un ordre procédural de l’Union européenne. Si le droit de la procédure civile de l'Union européenne forme un ordre procédural inachevé, ce droit ne tend pas à devenir un ordre procédural dans le sens classique de la notion. En revanche, le droit de la procédure civile de l'Union européenne a vocation à participer à l'objectif de construction de l'espace judiciaire européen, où la place des procédures civiles nationales est remaniée. Ainsi, sans nier ses caractères d'ordre procédural, le droit de la procédure civile de l'Union européenne n’apparaît se finaliser que par l'espace judiciaire européen, qui offre à l’Union européenne un ordre procédural renouvelé. / Even if it is conceded that the European Union law necessarily involves the renewal of traditional and national legal concepts, order can emerge from disorder. As a result, the existence of the civil procedural law of the European Union could be asserted, the legal order of the European Union could move towards a federal model and the concept of being justiciable in the European Union for any issues, individuals or entities could be fully recognized. However, the civil procedural law of the European Union must be integrated taking into consideration the national civil procedures and as a national symbol in connection with sovereignty. In a disorder – where the civil procedural law of the European Union is described as breaking free though remaining under the domination of the member states (and their respective procedures) which look forward to the development of a procedural system while wishing to remain in control – , ce¬rtainties have not been challenged to confirm but also to prove the possible implementation of a procedural order for the European Union. Although the procedural system of the civil procedural law of the European Union is unachieved, such system is not meant to be developed on the basis of the classic model. On the other hand, the civil procedural law of the European Union is meant to take part in the construction of the European judicial area where national civil procedures are being reshuffled. Thus, without denying its procedural aspects, the European Union’s civil procedural law only seems to take shape field which provides a renewed procedural order to the European Union.

L'identification de la notion d' « ordre public» est traditionnellement vue comme problématique, compte tenu du caractère relatif de cette dernière et de la multiplicité de ses occurrences. Dans le cadre de l'Union européenne, la difficulté est encore accentuée par la mise en tension constante de l'ordre juridique européen et de l'ordre juridique national, chacun revendiquant« son ordre public». Dans ce contexte, cette étude se propose d'opérer une systématisation des phénomènes juridiques habituellement désignés sous l'expression« ordre public», en reconnaissant à cette fin un statut épistémologique identique au droit national et au droit de l'Union. Sur la base d'une analyse, dans un premier temps, de chacune des principales occurrences de la notion communes au droit national et au droit de l'Union, la thèse envisage, dans un second temps, l'articulation de ces notions entre elles et, plus largement, leur fonction au sein d'un ordre juridique. L'exercice de synthèse laisse ainsi entrevoir une gradation de techniques allant de l'hypothèse où la pondération des valeurs sollicitées par la situation envisagée est déterminée par le législateur et coulée dans une règle qu'il s'agit d'appliquer, à celle où la référence au standard« ordre public» habilite l'agent de la réalisation du droit à se prononcer lui-même sur l'acceptabilité sociale de la situation à laquelle il se trouve confronté. De cette manière, l'étude invite à reconsidérer la problématique de « l'ordre public en droit de l'Union européenne» comme étant celle de la réalisation des valeurs dans l’espace social européen, opérée tantôt selon un modèle pluraliste, tantôt selon un modèle moniste. / Identifying the concept of "ordre public" (translated into English as either "public policy" or "public order") is traditionally seen as a challenging endeavour, because of the relativity of the concept and the multiplicity of its occurrences. Within the framework of the European Union, the difficulty becomes even greater as a result of the constant tension that exists between the European legal order and every national legal order, each claiming "its own ordre public". Against this backdrop, this dissertation aims to conduct a systematisation of the legal phenomena usually considered to fall within the orbit of "ordre public". To that end, the national law and the European Union law will be afforded equal epistemological status. An analysis of each of the main occurrences of the concept that are common to both the national law and the European Union law will be undertaken fist, and on this basis the relationship between these notions will be studied as well as, more broadly, their purpose within a legal order. Such a synthesis yields the outline of a gradation of techniques ranging from the hypothesis where the values involved in a given situation are balanced by the legislator and cast in a legal rule that will then be applied, to that where a reference to the "ordre public" standard empowers the body that applies the law to decide for itself on the social acceptability of the situation it is facing. In this way, the dissertation suggests that the issue of the "ordre public in European Union law" should be rethought in terms of realization of values in the European social space, sometimes according to a pluralist mode], and sometimes according to a monist model.

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE PRÁVNICKÁ FAKULTA Ing. Vojtěch KMENT Vnitřní předpisy a právní řád České republiky Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: JUDr. Karel Beran, Ph.D. Katedra: Katedra teorie práva a právních učení Datum vypracování práce: srpen 2011 Abstract (english): Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic The purpose of my thesis is to provide some theory on bylaws which will help to identify their existence and particularly the legal obligations and/or rights they constitute. I located areas in which the bylaws may exist in the context of the legal system of Czech Republic, conditions of their valid promulgation and other circumstances when they may constitute legally binding obligations or rights. This thesis uses the term bylaws for the abstract normative acts which are not generally binding and which do not constitute the common contracts, i.e. the common concept in which they are used within the current Czech law. Bylaws are traditionally considered out of the scope of interest of the academic as well as the professional lawyers as legal documents of a very low degree. Yet they exist and proliferate nearly everywhere and establish a vast amount of various legal obligations or even rights which the average citizen quite often finds difficult...

Tomas Ricka Stránka 1 Title: The influence of public policy on legal order of Czech Republic during transition Abstract: The thesis deals with public policy, its key components and influences on the institutional environment. The major aim of the thesis was to analyze, what was the influence of public (economic) policy in transition on the creation of rules in the Czech Republic. Who created the policy? How was the policy conducted? What was the role of the rules? What was the international context in that era? What was the influence of these external factors on the development in the Czech Republic. Other goals of the thesis dealt with the following: availability of suitable tools to analyze transition; key assumptions of public policy; rule making; the role of rule makers. The thesis does not attempt to describe all relevant approaches from modern economic theory that would be useful to analyze the transition processes. The thesis uses a selection of tools that can help to analyze institutions and rules in society from another view, than does standard legal theory or political science. Use of tools of economic analysis (especially from the area of microeconomics and new approaches of economics) can be characterized as complementary for institutional analysis. Transition and privatization of state property...

This thesis is a situational study of the use and exercise of emergency powers in Malaysia, undertaken from the perspective of the principles underlying the Malaysian Constitution. The primary focus and perspective are Malaysian, and I use comparative materials where I consider they may help to Illuminate that perspective and the way in which emergency powers have been used. A unique situation has been created whereby the Malaysian Government has the option of taking measures under one or other of two legal regimes. The thesis, therefore, examines the development of this parallel government system. it includes discussion of the considerations that animated writing reserve powers into the Malaysian Constitution and the near Institutionalisation of the state of emergency In Malaysia, using this historical background to focus on the role of the judiciary In crisis situations, the incorporation of certain traditional elements of Malay society into the Constitution, and the existence of racial 'bargaining' in developing the Constitution. The thesis then examines the distinct legal order created by a state of emergency, within the context of the reality of the Malaysian polity. Hence, there is an examination of the four actual instances when an emergency was proclaimed in the country. An examination is also undertaken of the various amendments made to Article 150 over the years which has reduced much of the safeguards originally built into the provision. This examination suggests that Article 150 in Its present form, is debilitative of parliamentary government largely because of the dual system of law-making created by a state of emergency. The thesis therefore provides an insight into the working of a major constitutional democracy seeking to reconcile the need to maintain emergency powers and realise the objective of a parliamentary system envisaged by its Federal Constitution.

Comparison of the social protection of persons with disabilities in the Czech Republic and in France This thesis deals with the social protection of the persons with disabilities in Czech and French legal order. The main aim of this thesis is to analyse both these systems and then propose certain changes which could enrich Czech legal order in this field. The thesis is devided into five chapters. The first chapter defines basic concepts - social protection and individual with health disabality. The second chapter concentrates on the historical development of the protection of disabled persons in international and European law and provides an overview of the most important international and European sources. In the third and fourth part, I describe in detail the Czech and French legislation. In both cases, at first I focused on the state institutions and the private subjects supporting disabled people. Furthermore, both chapters illustrate the protection of persons with disabilities in social security law and then position of disabled persons in the employment relationship, especially the acces to employment, the prohibition of their discrimination and the special rights and obligations of their employers. Finally, the last chapter compares the Czech and French legislation. The conclusion is the...

L’internationalité est une notion envahissante. En modifiant le rapport à l’espace, la mondialisation l’a rendue omniprésente, elle l’a banalisée, mais dans le même temps elle annonce aussi peut-être son dépassement dans un monde globalisé. Saisir ce qui fait l’internationalité d’une situation est une opération délicate. Le droit de l’arbitrage la rend pourtant inéluctable en raison du régime propre qu’il dédie à l’arbitrage international. L’internationalité factuelle peut tenir à des considérations diverses. Mais l’internationalité en droit est une affaire de choix, de politique. Entre une approche formelle de l’internationalité, axée sur la procédure elle-même, et une approche matérielle centrée sur la matière du litige, les enjeux sont importants. C’est la place concédée à la volonté des parties qui est en cause, et, par-delà, la propension que peut avoir l’État à ne pas abandonner toute prérogative dans le fonctionnement ou les suites de cette justice qui entend se placer hors de son emprise… Mais l’internationalité ne peut-elle pas elle-même s’affranchir du regard de l’État ? / Internationality is an invasive concept. In changing our relationship with space, globalisation has rendered internationality omnipresent, it has trivialised it, and at the same time it has perhaps announced the overtaking of internationality in a globalised world as well. To grasp what makes the internationality of a situation is a delicate matter. However, arbitration law makes it unavoidable because of the specific regulations it applies to international arbitration. The fact of internationality can depend on a variety of considerations. But internationality in law is a matter of choice and politics. There are important issues at stake between a formal approach to internationality – based on the procedure itself, and a practical approach – based on the subject under litigation. It is the importance given to the free will of the parties that is in question, and beyond that, the propensity of the State not to abandon all prerogatives in the operation of this justice which extends beyond its sphere of influence… But can’t internationality itself be liberated from the control of the State ?

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-07-15T13:35:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Silveira de Faria_.pdf: 2080123 bytes, checksum: e39f363d295fd3e58a422e53ae259b29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T13:35:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Silveira de Faria_.pdf: 2080123 bytes, checksum: e39f363d295fd3e58a422e53ae259b29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-13 / Nenhuma / Novos fenômenos jurídicos - em que setores sociais passam a criar suas próprias regras em subsistemas pretensamente autônomos - desafiam as concepções clássicas do direito. Tais processos, na atual fragmentação dessa esfera, parecem se destacar, e mais do que isso, de forma crescente passam a confrontar a onipotência dos Estados e seu monopólio legal, pondo em xeque inclusive a soberania estatal. Com o cenário que se descortina, a presente pesquisa então selecionou a análise de um ordenamento jurídico-desportivo singular produzido por uma entidade esportiva privada internacional, a Federação Internacional de Futebol - do francês: Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Esse regime jurídico transnacional influencia e ao mesmo tempo questiona o poder estatal, o que se pretendeu demonstrar teórica e empiricamente pela resolução sui generis de conflitos normativos. Para tanto, promoveram-se uma digressão histórica acerca da FIFA e um estudo sobre sua normatividade transnacional - denominada FIFA’s law ou lex FIFA - a partir dos limites impostos pelo país-sede da entidade (Suíça) e pela União Europeia, que representa, talvez, a última alternativa de unidade do direito e uma ameaça àquele sistema jurídico setorial. A lex FIFA, por meio de seu fechamento operativo, criou para si uma esfera na qual é livre para intensificar sua racionalidade, sem levar em conta outros sistemas sociais ou o ambiente no qual se insere. Essa dependência estreita à sua respectiva área social especializada, sem legitimidade universal, acarreta efeitos colaterais e corrupção sistêmica, com relativa fraqueza das garantias do Estado de Direito, aguçando igualmente a pesquisa sobre a (i)legitimidade desta normatividade global. Por fim, a pesquisa concentrou seu foco no estudo de casos sobre a influência e o poder da lex FIFA sob duas diferentes vertentes, quais sejam, a aplicação direta das normas desportivas transnacionais pela jurisdição estatal Brasileira, a partir de sua visão (clássica) do direito internacional; e o conflito entre a normatividade desportiva global e a estatal na perspectiva transnacional, que não encontra guarida no direito internacional e se traduz, em última análise, no embate entre distintos subsistemas e racionalidades. Do estudo de casos de colisões entre os diferentes regimes jurídicos (esportivo e estatal), percebeu-se uma nova e intrigante forma de resolução de conflitos, distante da compreensão dogmática usual - quiçá, uma perversão do direito, o que envolve a complexidade da sociedade atual. A opção metodológica principal foi o estudo de casos, e como referencial teórico, recorreu-se a Gunther Teubner e sua visão sistêmica e pluralista acerca dos novos fenômenos jurídicos transnacionais que aponta para a perda da centralidade política dos Estados, sendo paulatinamente substituída por formas despolitizadas de governança global, como, por exemplo, as organizações privadas transnacionais como a FIFA, enfatizando novas formas de resolução de conflitos normativos. / New legal phenomena - in which social sectors begin to create their own rules supposedly autonomous subsystems - challenge the classical conceptions of law. Such processes, the current fragmentation of the sphere, seem to stand out, and more than that, so increasingly come to confront the omnipotence of the State and its legal monopoly, holding in check including state sovereignty. With the scenario, this research has selected then the analysis of a unique legal-sports order produced by an international private sports organization, the International Federation of Football - French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Transnational legal regime influences while questioning the state power, which was intended to demonstrate theoretically and empirically by the sui generis resolution of normative conflicts. To this end, promoted to a historical tour about FIFA and a study of their transnational normativity - named FIFA's law or lex FIFA - from the limits imposed by authority of the host country (Switzerland) and the European Union, which is perhaps the last alternative unit of law and a threat to that sectoral legal system. Lex FIFA, through its operative closure, created for himself a sphere in which it is free to intensify their rationality, without taking into account other social systems or the environment in which it operates. This close dependence on their respective specialized social area without universal legitimacy, carries side effects and systemic corruption, with relative weakness of the rule of law guarantees also sharpening the research on (i)legitimacy of this global normativity. Finally, the research concentrated its focus on case studies on the influence and power of the lex FIFA under two different aspects, namely, the direct application of transnational sports rules by the Brazilian state jurisdiction, from your (classical) vision of international law; and the conflict between the global sporting normativity and the state in transnational perspective, which finds no shelter in international law and is reflected ultimately in the clash between diferente subsystems and rationalities. From the case studies of collisions between different legal systems (sporting and state), it was noticed a new and intriguing form of conflict resolution, far from the usual dogmatic understanding - perhaps, a perversion of the law, which involves the complexity of society current. The main methodological option was the case study, and as a theoretical framework, appealed to Gunther Teubner and its systemic and pluralist view about the new transnational legal phenomena that points to the loss of the political centrality of states, being gradually replaced by depoliticized forms global governance, for example, transnational private organizations such as FIFA, emphasizing new ways of solving normative conflicts.