A ciência política brasileira produziu explicações consistentes no que se refere ao funcionamento da democracia pós-1988. Os mecanismos de governabilidade e o processo decisório do sistema político brasileiro encontram-se amplamente discutidos pela literatura sob a rubrica do presidencialismo de coalizão. No entanto, duas agendas de pesquisa sobre nosso sistema político não foram suficientemente testadas, quais sejam: o estudo sobre as relações Executivo-Legislativo nas unidades subnacionais e os mecanismos de checks and balances em nossa democracia. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o ponto de toque ou mesmo a junção entre estas duas agendas: a dimensão de fiscalização e o controle nas unidades subnacionais brasileiras. Para isso, o desenho de pesquisa é composto pelo balanço do estado da arte das respectivas literaturas relevantes, juntamente à análise dos dados de 20 Estados da Federação Brasileira, na legislatura 2007-2010. / The Brazilian political science produced consistent explanations about the functioning of democracy in the post-1988 period. The mechanisms of governability and decision-making of the Brazilian political system are widely discussed in the literature under the rubric of coalition presidentialism. However, two research agendas on our political system have not been sufficiently tested, namely: the study of the Executive-Legislative relations in subnational units and mechanisms of checks and balances in our democracy. The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the touch point or even the junction between these two frameworks: the dimension of supervision and control in the Brazilian subnational units. To accomplish these objectives, the research design consists in the review of the relevant literature, along with the analysis of data from 20 states of the Brazilian Federation - from 2007 to 2010.

Thesis (MPA. (Public Administration)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996 requires the Legislature in Local, Provincial and National Governments to hold the Executive accountable and continue to do oversight on the work of government. The Legislature in executing its work, sometimes make use of the Auditor General’s reports, Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) reports and all other reports submitted by constitutional institutions, the Executive and other agents of the State. The study investigates whether the Legislature understands its mandate as legislated and whether the legislation is efficient and effective in ensuring accountability and conducting oversight of the work of the Executive. The research methodology used in this study is the qualitative approach. The respondents were clear that the Legislature understand its business as legislated, and further that there is a challenge at implementation of these important functions of the Legislature. There is varying implementation due to resources, capacity constraints and lack of commitment. The study recommends that the training of Members of the Legislature and staff, allocation of adequate resources and proper planning. The commitment of the Members of the Executive to the process and implementation of consequence management for poor performance and key interventions to ensure efficient and effective oversight of public finances in the province

[pt] Este estudo surge de indagações sobre as políticas públicas para a juventude em curso no estado do Rio de Janeiro, bem como as ações políticas e sociais no fenômeno da violência que envolve a juventude. Consideramos os jovens como sujeitos de direitos e cidadãos. No entanto, muitos jovens são vistos de forma desumanizada. O significativo índice de violência contra jovens, sobretudo negros, pobres e moradores de favelas traz preocupações e indagações quanto ao papel do estado protetor e os desdobramentos do debate político sobre juventude e a questão da violência no espaço do parlamento estadual. Este estudo apresenta uma análise dos discursos sobre juventude e violência presentes nos debates políticos na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ), com foco sobre as violações de direitos e as propostas e ações favoráveis ou contrárias aos princípios de direitos humanos e uma reflexão sobre as ações dos parlamentares no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A partir de suas propostas, ações, ideias e posições os parlamentares podem promover políticas preventivas e de proteção ao segmento juvenil, vulnerável a toda sorte de violência que o envolve. O desejo, é que esse estudo contribua para novas reflexões e aprofundamento do tema. / [en] This study rose from concerns about public policies focused on youth being developed in the Rio de Janeiro state legislature (ALERJ) as well as the political and social actions of the phenomenon of violence which involves youth. We consider young people as a single group: the subjects of rights and citizenship. Despite this, many young people are seen in a dehumanized form. The high level of violence against youth, especially black and poor youth and residents of favelas raises deep concern about the role of the State as protector and the unfolding political debate about youth and violence in the Rio de Janeiro state legislature. This study analyses the debate targeted on youth and violence, focusing on the violation of rights, and proposals and actions for and against the principles of human rights, as well as a reflection on specific actions of legislators on this subject. Proposals and actions promoted by the state legislature officers can promote preventative and protective policies for young people who are vulnerable to all sorts of violence. The hope is that this study will contribute to the debate and possible new ways of thinking.

This thesis concerns the issues of the harmonization of the Czech accounting legislature on the international accounting. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part defines the fundamental principles of the International Accounting Standards and compares them with the accounting legislature of the Czech Republic. It outlines the basic responsibilities for the accounting. Further, it compares the conceptual framework and the valuation bases. One of the chapters deals with the entering of the International Accounting Standards into the Czech environment. The second part concerns the analysis of Czech accounting in relation to the specific International Accounting Standards, in particular, IAS 1 {--} Insurance Contracts, IAS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment, IAS 17 {--} Leases. Finally, the different standards are compared with the Czech accounting legislature and the IFRS Financial Statement is presented.

The services for handicapped people and their transformation after 2007 The present graduation thesis deals with screening the situation in the area of social services for persons with different handicap, especially regarding the transformation of social services after 2007. In the theoretical part, I am describing particularly the characteristics of the previous and the current systems of social services. When characterising the previous system of social services, I concentrate on the legislation, governing this system. Further I am presenting the characteristics and status of the consulting services, and socially activating service, as in the further chapters I am dealing with the latter when presenting the services of the KONÍČEK, o. s. association. When presenting the new system of social services, I am describing in particular the basic principles of this system, changes it brings to the users, legislation and quality standards of the social services. A big chapter is devoted to the Social Services Act. Further chapters describe the financing of social services, education of workers in social services, and work of volunteers in social services. The practical part presents my hypothesis and the aims of the present work. Further chapters present the target group and describe the data collection. Data was collected in the form a guided interview, the questions were answered by the representatives of the given non-profit organization. This chapter includes also a presentation of the activities of the KONÍČEK, o. s. association before 2007, when the services were not registered. Further I am presenting the activities of the association in 2008, when the association was already a registered provider of social services. I am presenting, in the Discussion chapter, the screening of the transformation of social services after 2007, the obtained data, and I am offering their comparison with the outputs found out in the KONÍČEK, o. s. association, or with literature data.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo central desse trabalho à reconstruir a trajetÃria polÃtica de quatro deputados estaduais que possuem a regiÃo dos Inhamuns como principal circunscriÃÃo eleitoral informal e o municÃpio de Tauà como principal colÃgio eleitoral. Foi analisada a trajetÃria polÃtica de JÃlio GonÃalves RÃgo e Antonio Gomes da Silva CÃmara no perÃodo em que eles foram hegemÃnicos, de 1975 a 1994, e de Domingos Gomes de Aguiar Filho e Idemar Loiola Cità no perÃodo de 1995 a 2010. A pesquisa teve por finalidade compreender como esses deputados sÃo recrutados, como conquistam e mantÃm o poder local em TauÃ, como se relacionam com sua base eleitoral, como estabelecem relaÃÃes com deputados federais, governadores, prefeitos e vereadores, quais suas estratÃgias de conquista de votos e quem sÃo seus cabos eleitorais nos municÃpios. O recorte temporal da pesquisa à de quatro dÃcadas. Para a realizaÃÃo desse estudo foram realizadas entrevistas formais e informais com atores polÃticos qualificados, pesquisas em jornais locais e em ÃrgÃos como IBGE, TRE-CE e IPECE, alÃm de pesquisas bibliogrÃficas. / The main goal of this paper is to reconstruct the political trajectory of four state representatives who have the region of the Inhamuns as main informal electoral circumscription and the city of Tauà as main electoral college. We analyzed the political career of Julio RÃgo GonÃalves and Antonio Gomes da Silva CÃmara in the period in which they were hegemonic, from 1975 to 1994, and Domingos Gomes de Aguiar Filho and Idemar Loyola CitÃ, from 1995 to 2010. The research was aimed at understanding how these members are recruited, how they win and keep local power in TauÃ, how they relate to their electoral base and establish relations with congressmen, governors, mayors and councilors, what are their strategies for winning votes and who are their canvassers in the cities. The time frame of this research is four decades. To achieve this study, formal and informal interviews were conducted with qualified political actors as well as researches in local newspapers, institutions such as IBGE, TRE-CE and IPECE, and also literature searches.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The primary basis of this construction is that one of the roles of the judiciary is that of enhancing and protecting human rights. This is an important function which is best implemented through judicial independence. Across Africa and most notably in Zimbabwe, political interference has been noted as a factor that limits judicial independence. The judiciary‘s lack of independence has made it impossible for it to protect human rights in Zimbabwe. This signifies that a new approach to judicial protection of human rights in the country is required. Constitutional reform could be the appropriate legal tool to achieve this objective. Zimbabwe has undertaken constitutional reforms which may help in addressing the human rights situation in the country. These reforms have captured legal principles which will ensure an improvement in the human rights situation. Key to the reforms, has been the independence of the judiciary. The Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Despite such guarantees there are a number of challenges with regards to this independence. The aim of this research is to show what measures need to be taken for the judiciary to adequately protect human rights and to establish other measures that can be taken to address the human rights issues in Zimbabwe

The dissertation conducts a comparative analysis of the roles of the Inspectors-General of Intelligence with specific reference to South Africa. The analysis assessed the roles, functions and structures of the office of the Inspectors-General in the following countries: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States of America, South Africa and equivalent institutions in the United Kingdom. The study was based on a review of existing literature and interviews and written responses with some of the members of the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence, the former Minister for Intelligence Services, LN Sisulu, the head of the intelligence division of the South African National Defence Force, the former deputy Director-General of the South African Secret Service, judge Gordon who is responsible for interception of communications and the current Inspector-General of Intelligence, Mr ZT Ngcakani. The performance of the office of the Inspector General of Intelligence since 1995 indicates that: (a) there were ambiguities in the legal framework for the office of the Inspector-General which led to various interpretations by stakeholders on the functioning of the office; (b) there is still a need to test the impact of the office of the Inspector General on the Services and the public; and (c) the Inspector-General's office requires other oversight mechanisms to complement its functions. / Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

No description available.

The Arab Spring that began in Tunisia and spread throughout the Middle East shook the region. These populous movements unseated authoritarian rulers whose power and position were well entrenched, potentially setting numerous countries on a path towards democratization. This project seeks to explain why the democratic transitions within the countries of Egypt, Tunisia, and Yemen have been largely unsuccessful. The large amounts of literature that flooded the academic forums through articles and books are analyzed, providing numerous explanations as to why these transitions have been unsuccessful such as polarization, deadlock, sectarianism, violence, and institutional conflict. This literature focuses on either one or several of the above-mentioned explanations while not pinning down a central cause for these phenomena, since they are all present in all three cases. This paper asserts that the cause of this hindered transition is the emphasis that these States placed upon electoral democracy. An emphasis placed on elections during transition highlighted and exacerbated factors (polarization, deadlock, sectarianism, violence, and institutional conflict) already present in these societies but kept dormant under authoritarian rule. To illustrate this the initial transitional government, representative body elected, and executive is analyzed to show how each governing unit stressed elections before a constitution. The identification of an overarching cause for the lack of fruitful transition like this project seeks to accomplish is of great importance, filling a much needed gap in the literature of comparative Middle Eastern revolutionary studies; along with providing foreign policy makers a tool to craft more impactful policy.