Every actor of the society has its own expectations about the companies. Shareholders are interested in the maximization of the profitability, managers are interested in sustainability, and partners are interested in fulfilment of the business ethics. And the company with well-structured CSR policy should be able to meet expectations of all stakeholders. This can cost large part of the company's resources. It can potentially impact on company’s profitability whether positively or negatively. Using the quantitative research method we tried to explore the impact of CSR policy on the short-term profitability. Our research question is composed as:What is the relationship between CSR and short-term profitability?The main purpose of this study is to analyze and present positive or negative links between CSR policy and corporate financial performance (CFP) using different profitability indicators. We analyzed impact of weighted average CSR score and environmental rank on the short-term profitability.The theoretical framework of the thesis consists of different theories, such as stakeholder theory, shareholder theory, agency theory, legitimacy theory and etc.The research conducted in accordance with the functionalist research paradigm, the objectivist ontological and positivist epistemic research philosophies using the deductive approach. Our result indicates that there negative relationship between CSR performance and short-term profitability. Also we found that CSR policy can negatively impact on return on assets. This in turn could have negative implications on shareholders and stakeholders. No positive correlation between CSR policy and profitability observed. All in all, the expenses on CSR policy have a negative impact on indicators of financial performance.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente estudo objetivou investigar a relaÃÃo entre o disclosure socioambiental e a prÃtica de incentivos governamentais, pela perspectiva da Teoria da Legitimidade. Tal questÃo surge a partir do cenÃrio das empresas incentivadas por benefÃcios governamentais. Essas empresas criam uma imagem socialmente irresponsÃvel, por utilizarem recursos pÃblicos para satisfazer objetivos privados, perdendo sua legitimidade. Como forma de resgate de legitimidade, as empresas utilizam ferramentas capazes de mitigar o problema causado pelo recebimento de SubvenÃÃes e AssistÃncias Governamentais (SAG). Uma dessas ferramentas, apontadas pela literatura cientÃfica, à a evidenciaÃÃo socioambiental. Os estudos sobre disclosure socioambiental, legitimidade e SAG tÃm instigado diversos pesquisadores. Entretanto, quando esses temas sÃo abordados em conjunto, as pesquisas ainda sÃo incipientes e se restringem ao nÃvel internacional. A partir dessa hipÃtese, a presente pesquisa se propÃe investigar a associaÃÃo entre o nÃvel de divulgaÃÃo socioambiental e a prÃtica de recebimento de SAG das empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa. Foram utilizadas ferramentas qualitativas (AnÃlise de ConteÃdo das DemonstraÃÃes Financeiras Padronizadas disponibilizadas nos websites da BM&FBovespa e da CVM, alÃm dos RelatÃrios de Sustentabilidade e similares disponÃveis nos websites das empresas) e quantitativas (estatÃstica descritiva, teste de diferenÃas de mÃdias e regressÃo linear mÃltipla) para compreender o comportamento da amostra, que, apÃs criteriosa seleÃÃo, totalizou 337 empresas. Com relaÃÃo Ãs SAG recebidas pelas empresas avaliadas, constatou-se que o normativo a elas referente ainda nÃo à aplicado como devido. No que diz respeito à evidenciaÃÃo socioambiental, ressalta-se o fato de o governo se destacar como principal stakeholder-alvo das empresas estudadas. AtravÃs da anÃlise conjunta das SAG e da evidenciaÃÃo socioambiental, foi possÃvel constatar que as empresas que recebem incentivos governamentais e que divulgam a receita deles proveniente divulgam mais, corroborando a Teoria da Legitimidade. Na anÃlise dos possÃveis fatores determinantes do comportamento do Ãndice de Disclosure Socioambiental, o tamanho da firma se destaca como fator influenciador em todos os grupos analisados. Contudo, a anÃlise de variÃveis diretamente relacionadas ao recebimento de incentivos e o Valor do Incentivo e o Tipo de Incentivo nÃo se mostram determinantes para a evidenciaÃÃo de informaÃÃes socioambientais. Concluiu-se que, para as firmas brasileiras, os incentivos governamentais nÃo estimulam a utilizaÃÃo de ferramentas de resgate da legitimidade, no caso da presente pesquisa, o disclosure socioambiental. / The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between environmental disclosure and the practice of government incentives, from the perspective of the theory of legitimacy. This question arises from the scenario of the companies encouraged by government benefits. These companies create a socially irresponsible image for using public resources to meet private goals, losing its legitimacy. As a way of redemption of legitimacy, companies use tools that can mitigate the problem caused by the receipt of government grant and assistance. One of these tools, cited by the scientific literature, is the environmental disclosure. Studies on environmental disclosure, legitimacy and government grant and assistance have instigated many researchers (PATTEN , 2002; DEEGAN , 2002; SMITH WARD , 2007; HANLON ; Slemrod , 2009; Taveira , 2009; RODRIGUES ; SILVA ; FAUSTINO , 2011; LOUREIRO ; GALLON ; DE LUCA , 2011) . However, when these issues are addressed together, the research is still scarce and are restricted to the international level ( FREEDMAN , 2003; CHRISTENSEN ; MURPHY , 2004; WILLIAMS , 2007; PREUSS , 2010; LANIS ; RICHARDSON , 2012, 2013 ). From this hypothesis, the present research proposes to investigate the association between the level of environmental disclosure and the practice of receive grants and government assistance by the companies listed on the BM & FBovespa. Qualitative ( content analysis of the Standardized Financial Statements available on the BM&FBOVESPA and CVM sites, and Sustainability Reporting and the like available on the websites of companies ) and quantitative ( descriptive statistics , mean comparison test and multiple linear regression) tools were used to understand the behavior of the sample studied. After selection criteria, 337 companies were evaluated. Regarding the Governmentâs Grants and Assistance (GGA) received by the companies studied, it was found that the normative references are still not properly implemented. In relation to social and environmental disclosure, it was emphasized the fact that the government stands out as a target-stakeholder of companies studied. Through joint analysis of SAGs and environmental disclosure, it was found that companies that receive government incentives and disclose income from these incentives, disclose more, corroborating the theory of legitimacy. In the analysis of possible determinants of IDS behavior, the size of the company stands out as influential factor in all analyzed groups. However, analysis of variables directly related to the receipt of incentives and the value of the Incentive and Incentive Type, do not show as a decisive factor for the disclosure of environmental information. It was concluded that, for Brazilian companies, the incentives of the government does not stimulates the use of rescue tools of legitimacy, in the case of this research, the environmental disclosure.

O crescente número de empresas brasileiras que preparam e divulgam voluntariamente relatórios de sustentabilidade, bem como as motivações propostas pela Teoria da Legitimidade para a adoção dessa prática, causam questionamentos a respeito da idoneidade da informação oferecida. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho investigou se os gráficos apresentados nos relatórios de sustentabilidade publicados por cinquenta empresas brasileiras de capital aberto foram utilizados como ferramentas para o gerenciamento de impressões, sendo manipulados de forma a melhorar a apresentação do desempenho obtido por essas organizações e auxiliar em seus processos de legitimação. A amostra final compreendeu 3.422 informações gráficas e as análises realizadas abrangeram duas formas de gerenciamento de impressões por meio do uso de gráficos abordadas na literatura: a seletividade e a distorção de medidas. Os resultados encontrados, embora explicativos, não forneceram evidências seguras de que os gráficos identificados foram empregados como ferramentas para o gerenciamento de impressão. Apesar da predominância da utilização de gráficos para a representação de notícias positivas e das distorções de medidas físicas identificadas, as evidências conduzem com maior segurança para a interpretação de que tais resultados decorrem de um despreparo e/ou desatenção dos responsáveis pela elaboração dos relatórios de sustentabilidade. / The growing number of Brazilian companies that voluntarily prepare and disclose sustainability reports, and the reasons proposed by the Legitimacy Theory for the adoption of this practice, lead to questions about the trustworthiness of the information offered. Thus, the present study investigated whether the graphs in sustainability reports published by fifty publicly traded Brazilian companies were used as tools for managing impressions, being manipulated in order to improve the presentation of the performance achieved by these organizations and assist in process of legitimation. The final sample consisted of 3,422 raphical information and the analyzes encompassed two forms of impression management through the use of graphs addressed in the literature: selectivity and measures distortion. The results, although explanatory, did not provide good evidence that the identified graphs were used as tools for managing print. Despite the prevalence of the use of graphs to represent positive news and distortions of physical measurement distortions identified, the evidence leads to more safely to the interpretation that such results derive from of a lack of both preparation and/or attention of those responsible for the preparation of sustainability reports.

Bakgrund Idag inkluderas arbetet med CSR i företagens verksamheter och de upprättar också hållbarhetsredovisningar vilket är en följd av ökade påtryckningar från samhället och företagets intressenter, däribland aktieägare. Tidigare studier konstaterar att informationen i hållbarhetsredovisningar varierar väldigt mycket vilket försvårar möjligheten att som läsare kunna utvärdera olika hållbarhetsredovisningar och jämföra mellan olika företag. Till exempel måste aktieägarna tolka och värdera CSR-aktiviteterna på rätt sätt för att det ska skapa ett värde för dem. Företagets arbete med CSR kan skapa värde genom att det ökar förtroendet hos intressenterna och vid negativa händelser skyddar det företaget.   Syfte Vårt syfte är att bidra med förståelse för hållbarhetsredovisningens användbarhet vid en jämförelse mellan olika företag samt vilken information som är viktig för aktieägare att utvärdera i hållbarhetsredovisningar.   Genomförande Vi har genomfört vår studie i linje med den kvalitativa metoden. Vi har samlat in empiri via sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Analysen av det empiriska resultatet i förhållande till de teorier och de tidigare studierna som presenterats i vår teoretiska referensram har lett till fram till vår slutsats.   Resultat Studien visar att transparens, trovärdighet och väsentlighet är viktiga faktorer för aktieägare att utvärdera i hållbarhetsredovisningar. Aktieägare bör dessutom utvärdera risker, samt sannolikheten att dessa kommer inträffa och vad det kommer att få för konsekvenser. Vår studie visar att hållbarhetsredovisningarna är användbara vid en jämförelse mellan olika företag eftersom utvärderingen sker utifrån helhetsperspektiv, vilket gör att aktieägarna kan bortse att hållbarhetsrapporterna redovisar olika slags information. / Background Today companies include CSR in their operations and establish sustainability reports which is a consequence of increased pressure from society and company stakeholders, including shareholders. Previous studies find that the information in sustainability reports varies, which complicates the ability of readers to evaluate different sustainability reports and compare it between companies. For example, to receive value from the CSR-activities, shareholders must in a correct way interpret and value the activities. Companies' work with CSR can create value for shareholders by increasing the trust of stakeholders which leads to protection of the company when negative events occur.   Purpose Our purpose is to contribute to understanding the use of sustainability reports when comparing between different companies and what information that is important for shareholders to evaluate in sustainability reports.   Methods We conducted our study in line with the qualitative method. The empirical data was gathered through six semi-structured interviews. Analyses of the empirical result in relation to theories and previous studies presented in our theoretical framework led to our conclusions.   Results This study shows that transparency, credibility and essential are important factors for shareholders to evaluate in sustainability reports. Shareholders should also evaluate risks, as well as the probability that these will occur and what it will have for consequences. Our study shows that sustainability reports are useful when comparing different companies because the evaluation is based on the comprehensive picture, which allows shareholders to ignore the fact that the companies report different types of information.

Bakgrund: Intern styrning och kontroll är ett centralt begrepp i en organisations verksamhet och finns till för att hjälpa organisationen till en effektiv verksamhet och en tillförlitlig ekonomisk rapportering där lagar och regler efterföljs. Detta ska i sin tur hjälpa organisationen att uppnå sina mål med verksamheten. Ett flertal skandaler i såväl privat som offentlig verksamhet har uppmärksammats efter felaktigheter såsom misstag, bedrägerier och korruption begåtts. Med en god och fungerande intern kontroll hade sådana felaktigheter kunnat förhindras vilket även stärker organisationens möjligheter att nå målen med verksamheten.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kommunernas arbete med den interna kontrollen utifrån COSO-modellen.  Teoretisk referensram: Studien baseras på COSO-modellen och dess fem komponenter, kommunernas uppbyggnad och ansvar samt intressent- och legitimitetsteorin.  Metod: Denna flerfallstudie har en kvalitativ ansats med ett abduktivt angreppssätt. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom fyra delvis strukturerade intervjuer där intervjuerna genomfördes med två personer från respektive kommun. Det empiriska materialet baseras även på kommunernas reglementen och andra interna dokument.   Slutsats: Slutsatsen med denna studie är att Borlänge och Ludvika kommun arbetar på ett liknande sätt med den interna kontrollen. Vi kan utläsa vissa olikheter mellan kommunerna men generellt sett så sker arbetet likartat och utifrån COSO´s ramverk för intern kontroll. Studien visar på att den interna kontrollen för kommunala verksamheter syftar till att säkra en effektiv verksamhet där lagar och regler efterföljs samt bevara förtroendet hos kommunernas intressenter och framstå som legitim i medborgarnas ögon. / Background: Internal control is a central concept in an organization's operations and exists to assist the organization to become an effective operation with reliable financial reporting where laws and regulations are followed. This, in turn, will help the organization achieve their goals with the operation. Several scandals in both the private and public sectors have been noted for errors such as mistakes, fraud and corruption. With a good and functioning internal control, such errors could have been prevented, which also strengthens the organization's ability to achieve the goals of the operation.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the municipalities' work on internal control based on the COSO model.  Theoretical framework: The study is based on the COSO model and its five components, the municipalities' structure and responsibility and the theory of stakeholder and legitimacy theory.  Methodology: This multi-case study has a qualitative approach with an abductive profile. The empirical material was collected through four partially structured interviews, where the interviews were conducted with two people from each municipality. The empirical material is also based on the municipal regulations and other internal documents.  Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that Borlänge and Ludvika municipality work in a similar way with internal control. There are some differences between the municipalities, but in general, the work is done similarly and based on the COSO framework for internal control. The study shows that the internal control of municipal functions aims to ensure an efficient operation where laws and regulations are followed and to maintain the trust of the municipal stakeholders and appear legitimate in the eyes of the citizens.

Sustainability reporting today is an important tool for companies to show how they work with sustainable development. The design of the companies' sustainability reports can vary since the regulations can be seen as somewhat vague. GRI provides a framework and standards that create a common language for organizations and its reporting of current economic, environmental, and social aspects. However, GRI is voluntary to follow which creates a possibility for both similarities and differences in companies' sustainability reporting. The study was conducted with a qualitative research strategy and a comparative design. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sustainability work of selected companies based on sustainability reporting according to GRI based on stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and institutional theory. The aim of the study is to compare companies active in the trade and real estate industry to distinguish any similarities and differences. To shed light on the purpose of the study, an analysis of the companies' sustainability reports of four selected years has been carried out, as well as an interview from one of the real estate companies. A comparison has then been made between the companies to point out potential similarities or differences. The analysis of the empirical material indicates that there are some similarities and differences between the surveyed industries' reporting of GRI standards. The main differences are found in the social part of GRI reporting, while the financial and environmental reporting appears to be equally similar. Development over time of GRI reporting also differs between industries. These similarities and differences have been analyzed with the use of stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and institutional theory.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Mellan åren 2015-2020 har Nordea, Svenska Handelsbanken, SEB och Swedbank vid flertalet tillfällen delgivits sanktionsavgifter för brister i arbetet mot korruption och penningtvätt. Penningtvätt är en del av korruption och beskrivs av flertalet forskare som ett globalt problem där banker spelar en stor roll när det kommer till att dölja olagliga pengar. Banker som tidigare varit inblandade i skandaler tenderar att ha bristande förtroende bland intressenter vilket bland annat påverkar bankernas legitimitet negativt.  Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att redogöra för vilken information som Nordea, Svenska Handelsbanken, SEB och Swedbank avslöjar i sina hållbarhetsredovisningar om korruption och penningtvätt utifrån indikatorerna i GRI 205: Anti-corruption. Studien syftar till att analysera innehållet i de skriftliga hållbarhetsredovisningarna för att således kunna dra slutsatser kring eventuella likheter och skillnader gällande bankernas avslöjande om korruption och penningtvätt.  Metod: För att besvara studiens forskningsfråga har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som datainsamlingsmetod tillämpats. Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen har legat till grund för analysen av Nordeas, Svenska Handelsbankens, SEB:s och Swedbanks hållbarhetsredovisningar för åren 2017 till 2020.  Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar på att samtliga banker avslöjar mest information om affärshändelser avseende risk för korruption samt kommunikation och utbildning om politik och procedurer mot korruption. Denna studie konstaterar även att det avslöjas minst information gällande åtgärder som vidtagits på grund av korruptionincidenter. Dock utmärker sig Svenska Handelsbanken i detta då de avslöjar inträffade händelser kring korruption och penningtvätt som de varit involverade i, vilket resterande banker inte gör. Detta samtidigt som Svenska Handelsbanken är den bank som varit minst involverade i korruptionsskandaler de senaste åren, i jämförelse med Nordea, SEB och Swedbank. Studien visade även på att samtliga banker enbart redovisar kring några utvalda punkter inom varje indikator. Bankerna avslöjar endast information som berör en eller få av alla de punkter inom GRI 205: Anti-corruption. / Background and problem: Between the years 2015-2020, the banks Nordea, Svenska Handelsbanken, SEB and Swedbank have on most occasions been notified of penalty fees for shortcomings in the work against corruption and money laundering. Money laundering is a part of corruption and is described by most researchers as a global problem where banks play a major role when it comes to hiding illegal money. Banks that have previously been involved in scandals tend to have a lack of trust among stakeholders, which among other things, has a negative effect on banks’ legitimacy.  Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to report on Nordea´s, Svenska Handelsbanken´s, SEB´s and Swedbank´s corruption and money laundering disclosure, based on the indicators in GRI 205: Anti-corruption, in their sustainability reports. The study aims to analyze the content of the sustainability reports of the four banks in order to draw conclusions about possible similarities and differences regarding the banks’ corruption and money laundering disclosure.  Method: In order to answer the study's research question, a qualitative content analysis has been applied. The qualitative content analysis has formed the basis for the analysis of the four major Swedish banks´sustainability reports for the years 2017 to 2020.  Findings: The results of the study shows that all banks reveal most information about business activities regarding the risk of corruption as well as communication and education about policies and procedures against corruption. This study also ensures that it reveals the least information regarding measures taken due to corruption incidents. However, Svenska Handelsbanken excels in this as they reveal incidents of corruption and money laundering that they have been involved in, which the remaining banks do not. This at the same time as Svenska Handelsbanken is the bank that has been least involved in corruption scandals in recent years, in comparison with Nordea, SEB and Swedbank. The study also showed that all banks only report on a few selected parts within each indicator. Banks only disclose information that affects or receives all points within GRI 205: Anti-Corruption.

Sustainability assurance is on the uprising. Nowadays, more and more companies are thinking about sustainability which resulted in a growing market for sustainability assurance. The global reporting initiative (2013, p.6) defines sustainability assurance as “the use of external, independent reviews of sustainability management processes and final disclosures is intended to increase the robustness, accuracy and trustworthiness of disclosed information.”. Unlike financial auditing, sustainability assurance ismostly unregulated and there are various guidelines and frameworks issued to help the assurance provider. The lack of mandatory regulations has resulted in a fragmented assurance environment where different approaches is used by different assurance providers. This in turn has contributed to the sustainability assurance process being unknown. The uncertainty around sustainability assurance affect the usersof the assurance report, for example stakeholders’, which can find it difficult to identify, interpretand compare the results of the sustainability assurance.The purpose of this study is to contribute to the limited knowledge on sustainability assurance, by investigating the sustainability assurance from both auditors’ and non-auditors’ perspectives.To assist in fulfilling the purpose, four main themes were developed; assurance team, assurance process, assurance report and the future of sustainability assurance. To fulfill the purpose of this study, the research questions are;“What is the audit process of sustainability reports?”“What does the sustainability assurance team look like?”“What does the sustainability assurance report look like?”The result in this study suggests that the process of sustainability assurance looks different depending on the assurance provider. The findings also suggest that the assurance team almost looks the same, regardless who is the assurance provider. When it comes to the results regarding the assurance report, it is evident that there are many ways to improve theusefulness and informativeness of the report. Furthermore, the findings of this study contribute to the limited knowledge of sustainability assurance by thoroughly exploring the assurance process.

Our planet suffers from severe climate change and environmental issues has never been as important as it is now. Countries and communities come together to get involved in environmental questions and to work against a sustainable future. Companies are also expected to take act on this concern and incorporate sustainability into their business practices. To account for this, company’s disclosure a sustainability report and the numbers of companies that do so has increased rapidly the last years. From 2011 to 2013 there was almost a 50% increase of submitted sustainability reports. Since then, sustainability reporting has gone from optional to mandatory as a new law came into place in 2016. However, as companies start to disclosure sustainability reports more than ever before, new issues have arisen. The lack of regulation means that there is no guarantee for quality in the report and studies has shown that the stakeholders demand higher quality and more transparency of the sustainability report. Thus, it could be of importance for companies to produce reports of better quality in order to meet the demands of their stakeholders. Retaining a good relationship is crucial and it affects the growth of the company as it affects competitive advantage and the possibility to manage risks. Previous literature has found evidence that stakeholder pressure has influence on the transparency, which has similarities to quality, of the sustainability reports globally. With this thesis we aim to contribute with additional information to existing literature with a new geographical area, Sweden. We also aim to contribute to understanding of how quality of the sustainability reports can be determined. The critical assessment of the sustainability reports from each stakeholder becomes more important and previous literature has shown that different stakeholders have different effect on transparency in the sustainability reports. First and foremost, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the pressure from different stakeholder groups has an effect on the quality of the sustainability report. We intend to do so with the following research question: Does stakeholder pressure have an effect on the quality of sustainability reports? The companies will be split into four different groups based on the industry the company operates within and the sub-purpose is to see if there is any difference in the impact on the quality of the sustainability reports between the different groups. The quality will be determined by adherence level to the GRI G4 framework, how many other standards and guidelines the report is in compliance with and the existence of external assurance. The population is the 127 companies who has their reports available in the GRI database. We have conducted a quantitative study using a linear regression analysis on those 127 companies. The results led us to the conclusion that the relationship between stakeholder pressure and the quality of the sustainability reports cannot be explained by the model used in this thesis. A two-sample t test was conducted for each group of industry to see if there was any difference of the mean of quality if the companies was represented in the industry or not. The results showed us that the mean of the quality was higher for the companies operating in an environmentally sensitive industry.

SAMMANFATTNING Datum:                                  2022-06-01 Nivå:                                       Kandidatuppsats Företagsekonomi,                  15hp                   Akademi:                             Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet Författare:                          David Ek                                                                         Grigor Injighulyan960307                                                                                    93/09/01 Titel:                                       Hållbarhetsredovisningens förändring efter införandet av lagstadgad hållbarhetsredovisning Handledare:                       Leanne Johnstone Nyckelord:                          Hållbarhetsredovisning, Legitimitetsteori, Frivillig hållbarhetsredovisning, Årsredovisningslagen Forskningsfråga:            Hur har redovisningen och innehållet kring hållbarhet förändrats efter införandet av EU-direktivet och den lagstadgade hållbarhetsredovisningen i Sverige? Syfte:                                      Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förändringen av hållbarhetsredovisningen före och efter införandet av SFS 2016:947. Men även att skapa en förståelse för hur lagen påverkar företagens tidigare frivilliga hållbarhetsredovisning Metod:                                   Kvalitativ metod Slutsats:          Förändringen som skett är numera i linje med vad SFS 2016:947 säger ska finnas med i en hållbarhetsredovisning. Den stora skillnaden är innehållet som har ökat markant efter den nya lagstiftningen. Företagen visar numera tydligare hur de går tillväga för att hållbarhetsredovisa, det vill säga vilka system och processer de använder internt. Dock finns det tydliga indikationer på att samhällets normer och värderingar är betydande för uppbyggandet av hållbarhetsrapporterna, vilket har sin förklaring i legitimitetsteorin.