A citricultura mundial enfrenta novos desafios, principalmente, em função do surgimento de doenças, encurtamento da vida útil dos pomares e maiores exigências sócio-ambientais por parte dos consumidores. Neste contexto, práticas como diversificação de porta-enxertos, irrigação e adensamento dos pomares são relevantes. Avaliou-se o desempenho da limeira ácida Tahiti cultivada com e sem irrigação. Em cada condição foram estudados 12 porta-enxertos e um interenxerto. As parcelas foram distribuídas seguindo o delineamento aleatorizado em blocos, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os porta-enxertos influenciaram no vigor das plantas, especialmente, o trifoliata Flying Dragon que apresentou sua altura diminuída em aproximadamente 47%, em relação ao limão Cravo. As plantas sobre os porta-enxertos mais vigorosos apresentaram alta produtividade e maior receita quando cultivadas sem irrigação, destacando-se especialmente a citradia 1646 e o citrange Morton. As plantas sobre os portaenxertos menos vigorosos apresentaram melhor desempenho, em termos de produtividade e receita bruta, quando irrigadas, destacando-se o citrange Carrizo tetraplóide, citrange Troyer tetraplóide, citrumelo Swingle, trifoliata Davis A e trifoliata Flying Dragon. As plantas sobre o citradia 1708 apresentaram alta produtividade e receita bruta em ambas as condições (com ou sem irrigação). O efeito do interenxerto sobre o vigor das plantas foi dependente do porta-enxerto. Plantas interenxertadas sobre trifoliata Davis A foram maiores àquelas sem interenxerto, enquanto plantas interenxertadas sobre limão Volkameriano Catania 2 foram menores em relação àquelas sem interenxerto. / The citrus industry worldwide is facing new challenges mainly due the outbreak of diseases, shortening of orchard life and larger social and environmental demands from consumers. In this context, practices such as diversification of rootstocks, irrigation and high density planting are relevant. The performance of Tahiti lime under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions was evaluated. In each condition, 12 rootstocks and one interstock were studied. The plots were distributed in randomized complete blocks design with four replications and one plant per plot. Rootstocks influenced the plant vigor, particularly the Flying Dragon trifoliate which plant height was reduced by approximately 47% compared to Rangpur lime. Trees on more vigorous rootstocks showed high yield and increased gross income when grown without irrigation, stood out especially 1646 citradia and Morton citrange. The plants on less vigorous rootstocks showed better performance in terms of yield and gross income, when irrigated, the highlights were the Carrizo citrange tetraploid, Troyer citrange tetraploid, Swingle citrumelo, Davis A trifoliate and Flying Dragon trifoliate. Plants on citradia 1708 showed high yield and income in both conditions (with or without irrigation). The effect of interstock on plant vigor was dependent of rootstock. Interstocked plants on Davis A trifoliate were higher than those without interstock. On the other hand, interstocked plants on Volkamer Catania 2 lemon were less vigorous than those without interstock.

A citricultura mundial enfrenta novos desafios, principalmente, em função do surgimento de doenças, encurtamento da vida útil dos pomares e maiores exigências sócio-ambientais por parte dos consumidores. Neste contexto, práticas como diversificação de porta-enxertos, irrigação e adensamento dos pomares são relevantes. Avaliou-se o desempenho da limeira ácida Tahiti cultivada com e sem irrigação. Em cada condição foram estudados 12 porta-enxertos e um interenxerto. As parcelas foram distribuídas seguindo o delineamento aleatorizado em blocos, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os porta-enxertos influenciaram no vigor das plantas, especialmente, o trifoliata Flying Dragon que apresentou sua altura diminuída em aproximadamente 47%, em relação ao limão Cravo. As plantas sobre os porta-enxertos mais vigorosos apresentaram alta produtividade e maior receita quando cultivadas sem irrigação, destacando-se especialmente a citradia 1646 e o citrange Morton. As plantas sobre os portaenxertos menos vigorosos apresentaram melhor desempenho, em termos de produtividade e receita bruta, quando irrigadas, destacando-se o citrange Carrizo tetraplóide, citrange Troyer tetraplóide, citrumelo Swingle, trifoliata Davis A e trifoliata Flying Dragon. As plantas sobre o citradia 1708 apresentaram alta produtividade e receita bruta em ambas as condições (com ou sem irrigação). O efeito do interenxerto sobre o vigor das plantas foi dependente do porta-enxerto. Plantas interenxertadas sobre trifoliata Davis A foram maiores àquelas sem interenxerto, enquanto plantas interenxertadas sobre limão Volkameriano Catania 2 foram menores em relação àquelas sem interenxerto. / The citrus industry worldwide is facing new challenges mainly due the outbreak of diseases, shortening of orchard life and larger social and environmental demands from consumers. In this context, practices such as diversification of rootstocks, irrigation and high density planting are relevant. The performance of Tahiti lime under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions was evaluated. In each condition, 12 rootstocks and one interstock were studied. The plots were distributed in randomized complete blocks design with four replications and one plant per plot. Rootstocks influenced the plant vigor, particularly the Flying Dragon trifoliate which plant height was reduced by approximately 47% compared to Rangpur lime. Trees on more vigorous rootstocks showed high yield and increased gross income when grown without irrigation, stood out especially 1646 citradia and Morton citrange. The plants on less vigorous rootstocks showed better performance in terms of yield and gross income, when irrigated, the highlights were the Carrizo citrange tetraploid, Troyer citrange tetraploid, Swingle citrumelo, Davis A trifoliate and Flying Dragon trifoliate. Plants on citradia 1708 showed high yield and income in both conditions (with or without irrigation). The effect of interstock on plant vigor was dependent of rootstock. Interstocked plants on Davis A trifoliate were higher than those without interstock. On the other hand, interstocked plants on Volkamer Catania 2 lemon were less vigorous than those without interstock.

No description available.

This paper examines the properties of the perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium or equilibria in a model where the new car market coexists with the lemon market which has adverse selection problems. Under such a setting, it is shown that the price of a new car will be affected indirectly by the problems of adverse selection in the lemon market.

6 pp. / We injected AGRA PHOS (Potassium Phosphite) 0-2.4-2, Propiconizole – 0.05%, Zn, Mn and Fe 0.105, 0.112, and 0.10% respectively, Zn, Mn and Fe 0.210, 0.220, and 0.200% respectively and Propiconizole – 0.05% + Zn, Mn and Fe 0.105, 0.112, and 0.10% respectively using a low pressure injection system for the control of Antrodia sinuosa in lemon trees. No treatment led to a significant reduction in fungal growth.

8 pp. / We injected AGRA PHOS (Potassium Phosphite) 0-2.4-2, Propaconizole – 0.05%, Propaconizole plus Azoxystrobin – 0.117 and 0.135% respectively, Zn, Mn and Fe 0.105, 0.112, and 0.10% respectively, and Azoxystrobin – 0.137% using a low pressure injection system for the control of Antrodia sinuosa in lemon trees. The Propaconizole + Azoxystrobin treatment, the Azoxystrobin treatment, and the Zn + Mn + Fe treatment led to significantly less fungal lesion growth when applied prior to the introduction of the fungus, as compared to their application after fungal introduction.

The issue of religion and its place in society has been a topic of controversy and debate since long before the creation of our constitutional republic. The relationship between religion and government has witnessed some of its most intense conflicts when the governmental entity in question involves public education. As our country moved into the 20th century, legal challenges in the field of public education began to emerge calling into question the constitutionality of various policies and practices at both the state and local levels. This dissertation examined the legal methodology that was initially developed and then subsequently modified as the judicial branch has interpreted how the Establishment Clause delineates the relationship between religion and public education. Because the United States Supreme Court has not overturned its decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman, the tri-partite test it established still remains the law of the land. Subsequent decisions by the Court leading up to their ruling in Mitchell v. Helms, however, have continued to modify the judiciary's approach toward the use of the Lemon test in Establishment Clause jurisprudence. This research analyzed the decisions of the various federal courts subsequent to the ruling issued in Mitchell to discern both the present position of the federal judiciary as it relates to the continued validity of Lemon and theorizes how the future course of any Establishment Clause legal challenges may ultimately be resolved by the federal courts. The analysis suggested that, while the Supreme Court has avoided Lemon's three-part test as the standard for evaluating Establishment Clause claims, the lower courts continue to place a strong emphasis on the importance of the test established in Lemon as the basis for how they render their decisions with issues that involve public education. This data indicated that Lemon continues to be an important tool for determining the validity of state programs and policies involving federal questions related to the Establishment Clause.

No description available.

En este trabajo, además de las determinaciones habituales de características físico-químicas del aceite esencial de limón, se introducen las de color mediante el colorímetro digital, y de densidad, mediante densímetro electrónico. El estudio gascromatográfico, para determinar el orden de elución característico, se realiza en columnas capilares de sílice fundida: OV-101 apolar, CPWax-52-CB muy polar y HP-5 ligeramente polar. Comparando los resultados se logra la identificación de setenta y cuatro componentes, ya que son complementarias en cuanto a separación de algunos de ellos. Así mismo, se determinan las condiciones cromatográficas que mejoran la resolución.Se observan las evoluciones de los distintos componentes durante la campaña de elaboración, relacionando constituyentes mayoritarios y minoritarios. Se fijan los valores máximos y mínimos encontrados para los distintos componentes y los porcentajes por grupos funcionales para el aceite esencial de limón español. La aportación para elaborar su norma de calidad presenta gran importancia tecnológica y económica. / In this work, we determine the common parameters of the physic and chemical properties of the essential oil of lemon, as well as it is introduced the colour determination by a digital colorimeter and the density by a electrical densitymeter, in addition to this we studied the characteristic elution order in a different polarity silica fussed capillary columns (Ov-101 nonpolar, CPWax-52-CB polar and HP-5 slightly polar) by gaschromatography. Due to the columns complementarity it was possible identify seventy four components.The chromatographic conditions, which give us the best resolution are indicated. The changes of the different compounds in Lemon oil during one whole year are observed. Relationship between majority and minority components are deduced for Spanish essential lemon oil. The max and min. compound values and functional groups standard percentages are also determinate

Consumption of citrus fruits and citrus juice production creates wastes, which could be valorized by using it for cultivating fungi. Before cultivation, the medium needs to be sterilized though autoclavation. Larger volumes used when autoclaving requires longer heating cycles and therefore runs the risk of degrading the medium to a greater extent. This research examines the effects of the volume lemon waste medium used while sterilizing. The aim is to find the largest volume still providing good growth for the filamentous fungus used, Rhizopus Delemar. Lemon waste was provided by Herrljunga Musteri AB and was pre-treated at 45°C for 2h. The liquid was strained and autoclaved in different volumetric series ranging from 200 – 10 000 mL, that was then used in 200 mL shake flask cultivations.  A scale up in two 3,5 L bubble column reactors was also performed from the 10 000 mL autoclaved medium, after not observing severe impacts on growth. Testing was done by weighing biomass and HPLC analysis of sugars. The yield of the biomass in the shake flasks ranged from 0,11 – 0,14 g/g sugars and the biomass concentration ranged between 2,4 - 3,0 g/L. Overall, the volume of autoclavation seems to not too be of great concern when cultivating R. Delemar on lemon waste medium in the analyzed ranges.