The objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic performance of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) with and without computed tomography angiography (CTA) in assessment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions in comparison to invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR). Materials and Methods PubMed and Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials from January 2010 searched through December 2014. Nine original studies were selected evaluating the diagnostic performance of CTP with and without CTA to invasive coronary angiography in evaluation of hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions (n = 951). Results The sensitivity, specificity, LR+ and LR- and DOR of CTA+CTP were 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI: 0.79-0.89)] 0.94 (CI: 0.91-0.97), 15.8 (CI: 7.99-31.39), 0.146 (CI: 0.08-0.26), and 147.2 (CI: 69.77-310.66). Summary Receiver Operating Characteristics (SROC) results showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 indicating that CTA+CTP may detect hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions with high accuracy. The sensitivity, specificity, LR+ and LR- and DOR of CTP were 0.83 (CI: 0.78-0.87), 0.84 (CI: 0.80-0.87) 5.26 (CI: 2.93-9.43), 0.209 (CI: 0.12-0.36), and 31.97 (CI: 11.59-88.20). Conclusions This result suggests that CTP with CTA significantly improves diagnostic performance of coronary artery lesions compared to CTA alone and closely comparable with invasive FFR.

Brain lesions are regions of abnormal or damaged tissue in the brain, commonly due to stroke, cancer or other disease. They are diagnosed primarily using neuroimaging, the most common modalities being Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT). Brain lesions have a high degree of variability in terms of location, size, intensity and form, which makes diagnosis challenging. Traditionally, radiologists diagnose lesions by inspecting neuroimages directly by eye; however, this is time-consuming and subjective. For these reasons, many automated methods have been developed for lesion delineation (segmentation), lesion identification and diagnosis. The goal of this thesis is to improve and develop automated methods for delineating brain lesions from multimodal MRI scans. First, we propose an improvement to existing segmentation methods by exploiting the bilateral quasi-symmetry of healthy brains, which breaks down when lesions are present. We augment our data using nonlinear registration of a neuroimage to a reflected version of itself, leading to an improvement in Dice coefficient of 13 percent. Second, we model lesion volume in brain image patches with a modified Poisson regression method. The model accurately identified the lesion image with the larger lesion volume for 86 percent of paired sample patches. Both of these projects were published in the proceedings of the BIOSTEC 2020 conference. In the last two chapters, we propose a confidence-based approach to measure segmentation uncertainty, and apply an unsupervised segmentation method based on mutual information.

No description available.

Effects of various levels of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) (12 and 25 mg) in ovo injected at 17 and 18 days of incubation, on embryonic and posthatch physiological variables in Ross 708 broilers were investigated. There were no significant treatment effects on the hatchability or serum concentrations of L-AA in the broilers. Eye L-AA concentrations were higher, and plasma nitric oxide levels were lower in male chicks treated in ovo with 12 mg of L-AA. While exposed to elevated atmospheric NH3 levels, the in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA increased the body weight gain and decreased the feed conversion ratio of the broilers from 0 to 28 days of age (doa). Decreased tracheal attenuation incidence was also experienced at 0 doa in the in ovo injected L-AA groups, and tracheal inflammation was significantly reduced at 28 doa in response to the in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA.

The role that norepinephrine plays in regulating the concentration of different proteins in the parietal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum was assessed by investigating the effects of either a bilateral lesion of the locus coeruleus or neonatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Two weeks after lesioning the locus coeruleus, the concentration of two different proteins was elevated in the hippocampus; a third protein was reduced in concentration in this brain area as a result of the lesion. Three proteins were affected in concentration in the cerebellum after the locus coeruleus lesion - two were elevated in concentration and one was reduced in concentration. No proteins were altered in concentration in the parietal cortex as a result of the lesion. Seventy days after neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, a total of 6 proteins were found to be changed. Four of these (one in the hippocampus and 3 in the parietal cortex) were reduced in concentration while two proteins (both in the cerebellum) were elevated in concentration after neonatal treatment with the catecholamine neurotoxin. There was little overlap between those proteins affected in concentration by the bilateral lesion of the locus coeruleus and those changed by neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the concentration of a number of different proteins may, under normal physiological conditions, be regulated in vivo by norepinephrine in the brain.

Traumatic damage to the cervical spinal cord has a dramatic impact on determinants affecting cardiovascular fitness. In tetraplegia, in addition to diminished skeletal muscle function, impaired sympathetic cardiovascular innervation together with a dysfunction of catecholamine release is typically present. Individuals with tetraplegia are at a high risk of long-term inactivity, which increasingly contributes to the development of common civilization diseases. The aim of the current dissertation project is to investigate the cardiovascular fitness in males with cervical spinal cord injury (n=20) as compared to able- bodied males (n=27). Both groups completed exercise testing on an arm-crank ergometer. Arterial blood pressure response to exercise, peak oxygen consumption and peak heart rate were the primary outcome variables. In the first part of the study, a graded maximal arm- crank ergometer test to the subjective exhaustion was performed for the inter-group peak exercise comparison. The peak power dramatically differs between the groups and could be an important confounding factor limiting the evaluation of a physiologic response related to the equivalent physical loading. Therefore, in the second part of the study, individuals of the control group completed a second graded arm-crank ergometer...

L’athérosclérose est une maladie dyslipidémique et inflammatoire chronique, définie par l’accumulation de lipides dans l’intima des artères. Les plaques athérosclérotiques ainsi formées peuvent progresser vers un phénotype stable, mais obstructif du flot sanguin, ou vers un phénotype instable, susceptible à la rupture et donc à l’apparition de thrombose. En conséquence, l’athérosclérose est l’une des causes principales des maladies cardiaques ischémiques, comme l’infarctus du myocarde. Les macrophages, pour une grande partie différenciés à partir des monocytes accumulés dans l’intima des vaisseaux artériels, internalisent les lipides oxydés présents dans les athéromes, induisant la formation de cellules spumeuses, un des principaux composants des lésions athérosclérotiques. L’un des récepteurs responsables de l’internalisation des lipides oxydés par les macrophages est le récepteur CD36, qui est non seulement un récepteur important dans l’initiation des lésions, mais également dans leur progression et leur résolution. Il s’agit donc d’une cible potentielle intéressante pour le traitement de l’athérosclérose. Dans des études antérieures, nous avons montré le potentiel anti-athérosclérotique de ligands linéaires du CD36 dérivés des peptides sécrétagogues de l’hormone de croissance, puis de leurs dérivés azapeptidiques. Dans cette étude, des souris déficientes en apolipoprotéine E, soumise à une diète riche en lipides et en cholestérol de 4 à 20 semaines de vie, ont été traitées par une injection sous-cutanée quotidienne de NaCl 0,9%, de MPE-003, utilisé ici comme contrôle positif ayant déjà montré un effet anti athérosclérotique, ou de MPE-298 à une dose de 300 nmol/kg de 12 à 20 semaines de vie, afin d’investiguer le potentiel du MPE-298, un nouvel azapeptide cyclique, dans l’athérosclérose. Le MPE-298 a démontré un effet anti-athérosclérotique, ainsi qu’un effet dans la stabilisation des athéromes. / Atherosclerosis is a chronic dyslipidemia and inflammatory disease, defined by the accumulation of lipids in the intima of arteries. The atherosclerotic plaques then formed can progress either towards a stable but obstructive to the blood flow phenotype, or towards a more unstable phenotype, susceptible to rupture and potentially leading to thrombosis. Because of this, atherosclerosis is one of the principal causes of ischemic cardiovascular diseases, conductive to myocardial infarction. Macrophages, mostly differentiated from monocytes accumulated in the arteries’ intima, can internalize oxidized lipids within atherosclerotic lesions, and transform into foam cells, one of the principal components of atherosclerotic plaque. One of the receptors responsible for the internalization of oxidized lipids by macrophages is the receptor CD36, which is not only important for lesion initiation, but also for progression and resolution. This receptor is a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In previous studies, we showed the anti-atherosclerotic effect of linear CD36 ligands growth hormone-releasing peptides, and then study the pharmacological effect of their azapeptidic derivatives. In this study, mice deficient in apolipoprotein E, fed a high fat high cholesterol diet from 4 to 20 weeks of age, were treated by daily subcutaneous injection of 0.9% NaCl, MPE-003, used here as a positive control as its anti atherosclerotic effect has already been shown, or MPE-298 from 12 to 20 weeks of age, to investigate the potential of MPE-298, a cyclic azapeptide, in atherosclerosis. MPE-298 showed an anti-atherosclerotic effect, as well as an effect in stabilization of atheroma.

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