abstract: The historical study of sentence adverbs has, before now, been based mostly on models that emphasize the pragmatic and discourse-based motivations of processes of grammaticalization. This dissertation breaks from such tradition by exploring diachronic adverb development through syntactic and morphological lenses. A generative, feature-based approach is used that incorporates the cartographic architecture developed by Cinque and combines it with a more phenomenological approach to both grammaticalization and lexicalization. Cinque's hierarchy of speech-act, evaluative, evidential, and epistemic adverbs is analyzed. It is determined (through corpus data) that these subcategories have grown in use primarily during the Modern English era, and particularly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These four subcategories can be divided into two groups that are more general: speech-act adverbs, which arise from a (conditional) speech-act clause that undergoes ellipsis, and the other three types, which all arise from copula clauses. Each of these two groups is considered, and different methods of reanalysis by speakers are proposed for each. In addition, a revised model for categorizing adverbs is proposed. This model is based on morphological lexicalization (or univerbation) processes, thus accounting for the wide variety of adverbial source materials. Such lexicalization offers a pattern for sentence adverbial formation. Finally, Standard Chinese adverbials are briefly examined, with results indicating that they show very similar signs of lexicalization (within the limits of the writing system). / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. English 2011

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a mudança gramatical que tem afetado a palavra afinal. Para isso, iniciamos nossas buscas em dicionários sincrônicos e etimológicos, que favoreceram reconhecer a ampliação do espectro funcional desse item; em seguida, coletamos dados da língua falada e, em face do pouco número de ocorrências, partimos para dados da língua escrita. Norteados pela fundamentação teórica que deriva de Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), reconhecemos um percurso unidirecional seguido pelo item afinal, bem como pudemos reconhecer alguns padrões funcionais associados aos usos desse item. Também, verificamos que as rotas percorridas pelo encadeamento dos padrões funcionais podem assumir um movimento tanto da esquerda para a direita - resultando em gramaticalização; quanto da direita para a esquerda resultando em lexicalização. / This research presents a study on the grammatical change that has been affecting the word \"afinal\". For this we initiate our searches in synchronous and etymologic dictionaries; that has promoted to recognize the enlargement of the functional spectrum of this item. After that, we collected data from the spoken language and, in face of the scarce number of occurrences; we decided to deal with the written language. Guided by the theoretical basis that derives from Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), we recognize a unidirectional way, followed by the item \"AFINAL\", as well as we could recognize some functional standards associated to the use of this item. We also, verify that the routes covered by the functional standards chaining may assume a movement from the left to the right - resulting in grammaticalization, and also from the right for the left, resulting in lexicalization.

Na presente pesquisa abordamos as formas departicipiais alemãs. Estas formas são pouco prototípicas e apresentam usos em diferentes categorias sintáticas sincronicamente. Este fenômeno é denominado transcategorialidade. Itens transcategoriais têm como característica a pluralidade categorial, isto é, encontram-se em mais de uma categoria sintática no mesmo recorte cronológico. A transcategorialidade ocorre quando um item se insere em múltiplas categorias simultaneamente, não se tratando de um estágio de mudança transitório de uma classe de palavras para outra. As formas departicipiais estudadas são formas transcategoriais porque são averiguadas em mais de uma categoria e apresentam características de cada classe em que se inserem. Observamos que estas formas passaram tanto pelo processo de lexicalização como de gramaticalização para atingir a pluralidade de empregos sintáticos. No que tange à lexicalização, essas formas passam pelo processo de conversão para fazer parte de classes lexicais como adjetivos e advérbios. No caso da gramaticalização, as formas departicipiais, por meio do mecanismo de reanálise, integram classes mais gramaticais como preposições e conjunções. Algumas das formas departicipiais estudadas são encontradas em até quatro categorias distintas. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever as ocorrências dessas formas de acordo com os seus diversos usos. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de pesquisa a partir de textos autênticos sincrônicos, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Com base nas entradas do corpus, analisamos as formas departicipiais e determinamos em quais classes cada forma estudada se insere. Utilizamos provas comprobatórias e a análise do ambiente sintático de cada uso a fim de comprovar os empregos nas diferentes classes de palavras. / In this study, German departicipial forms are evaluated. These forms are little prototypical and synchronically used in different syntactic categories. This phenomenon is called transcategoriality. Transcategorial items are characterized by categorical plurality, falling into more than one syntactic category at the same chronological moment. Transcategoriality occurs when an item can be simultaneously placed into multiple categories and does not represent a transitional stage from one word class to another. The studied departicipial forms were classified as transcategorial forms because they fell into more than one category and showed the characteristics of each class to which they were assigned. These forms went through both the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes to achieve plurality of syntactic uses. In terms of lexicalization, these forms went through a conversion process to be part of lexical classes as adjectives and adverbs. In the case of grammaticalization, departicipial forms integrated more grammatical classes, such as prepositions and conjunctions, through the reanalysis mechanism. Some of the studied departicipial forms were found in up to four distinct categories. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrences of these forms according to their different uses. Thus, a corpus of research was compiled based on authentic synchronic texts from 2014 to 2015. Based on the entries in the corpus, departicipial forms were analyzed and their word classes were determined. Evidence and analysis of the syntactic environment of each use were utilized to verify the uses of the forms in the different word classes.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a mudança gramatical que tem afetado a palavra afinal. Para isso, iniciamos nossas buscas em dicionários sincrônicos e etimológicos, que favoreceram reconhecer a ampliação do espectro funcional desse item; em seguida, coletamos dados da língua falada e, em face do pouco número de ocorrências, partimos para dados da língua escrita. Norteados pela fundamentação teórica que deriva de Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), reconhecemos um percurso unidirecional seguido pelo item afinal, bem como pudemos reconhecer alguns padrões funcionais associados aos usos desse item. Também, verificamos que as rotas percorridas pelo encadeamento dos padrões funcionais podem assumir um movimento tanto da esquerda para a direita - resultando em gramaticalização; quanto da direita para a esquerda resultando em lexicalização. / This research presents a study on the grammatical change that has been affecting the word \"afinal\". For this we initiate our searches in synchronous and etymologic dictionaries; that has promoted to recognize the enlargement of the functional spectrum of this item. After that, we collected data from the spoken language and, in face of the scarce number of occurrences; we decided to deal with the written language. Guided by the theoretical basis that derives from Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), we recognize a unidirectional way, followed by the item \"AFINAL\", as well as we could recognize some functional standards associated to the use of this item. We also, verify that the routes covered by the functional standards chaining may assume a movement from the left to the right - resulting in grammaticalization, and also from the right for the left, resulting in lexicalization.

This study explores how bilingualism impacts lexical selection within spontaneous spoken language production. The particular analysis focuses on the choice between synonymous verbs in English. The main hypothesis predicts that, as a result of crosslinguistic influence, bilingual speakers of French and English will opt for the English synonym which has structural correspondence to the French translation equivalent more often than monolingual speakers, who do not experience an influence from French. Structural correspondence exists in two distinct ways: in the form of cognates (e.g., applaudir/applaud vs. clap) and in terms of the number of free morphemes used to convey the same semantic information (e.g., lever/raise vs. put up). The language production data was generated by participants viewing video scenes and describing the action as it progressed. The frequency with which the different verbs were used was then compared across the different participant groups: monolingual English speakers and bilingual speakers of both French and English. The bilingual group was also subdivided based on language dominance. A range of different analyses were conducted. A framework is established for interpreting the data. Bilingualism can have one of three main effects on the speech of bilinguals relative to monolinguals: (a) an expanding effect, in which bilinguals use a wider range of lexical forms than monolinguals, (b) a limiting effect, in which bilinguals use a more limited range of lexical items than bilinguals, and (c) a modifying effect, in which the range of lexical items is basically the same between bilinguals and monolinguals but varies in terms of the frequency with which those lexical forms are used (a type of CLI labeled covert). These effects interact with certain speaker variables such as which language is the speakers dominant language. The stage(s) within the language production process at which CLI impacts ultimate lexicalization is also explored. Current models of language production which focus on lexical selection are discussed. The results of this study are most compatible with specific notions such as lexical access being target-language non-specific (see Costa, 2004, for example) and the Weaker Links Hypothesis (e.g., Gollan and Silverberg, 2001; Gollan, Montoya, & Werner, 2002).

No description available.

Na presente pesquisa abordamos as formas departicipiais alemãs. Estas formas são pouco prototípicas e apresentam usos em diferentes categorias sintáticas sincronicamente. Este fenômeno é denominado transcategorialidade. Itens transcategoriais têm como característica a pluralidade categorial, isto é, encontram-se em mais de uma categoria sintática no mesmo recorte cronológico. A transcategorialidade ocorre quando um item se insere em múltiplas categorias simultaneamente, não se tratando de um estágio de mudança transitório de uma classe de palavras para outra. As formas departicipiais estudadas são formas transcategoriais porque são averiguadas em mais de uma categoria e apresentam características de cada classe em que se inserem. Observamos que estas formas passaram tanto pelo processo de lexicalização como de gramaticalização para atingir a pluralidade de empregos sintáticos. No que tange à lexicalização, essas formas passam pelo processo de conversão para fazer parte de classes lexicais como adjetivos e advérbios. No caso da gramaticalização, as formas departicipiais, por meio do mecanismo de reanálise, integram classes mais gramaticais como preposições e conjunções. Algumas das formas departicipiais estudadas são encontradas em até quatro categorias distintas. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever as ocorrências dessas formas de acordo com os seus diversos usos. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de pesquisa a partir de textos autênticos sincrônicos, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Com base nas entradas do corpus, analisamos as formas departicipiais e determinamos em quais classes cada forma estudada se insere. Utilizamos provas comprobatórias e a análise do ambiente sintático de cada uso a fim de comprovar os empregos nas diferentes classes de palavras. / In this study, German departicipial forms are evaluated. These forms are little prototypical and synchronically used in different syntactic categories. This phenomenon is called transcategoriality. Transcategorial items are characterized by categorical plurality, falling into more than one syntactic category at the same chronological moment. Transcategoriality occurs when an item can be simultaneously placed into multiple categories and does not represent a transitional stage from one word class to another. The studied departicipial forms were classified as transcategorial forms because they fell into more than one category and showed the characteristics of each class to which they were assigned. These forms went through both the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes to achieve plurality of syntactic uses. In terms of lexicalization, these forms went through a conversion process to be part of lexical classes as adjectives and adverbs. In the case of grammaticalization, departicipial forms integrated more grammatical classes, such as prepositions and conjunctions, through the reanalysis mechanism. Some of the studied departicipial forms were found in up to four distinct categories. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrences of these forms according to their different uses. Thus, a corpus of research was compiled based on authentic synchronic texts from 2014 to 2015. Based on the entries in the corpus, departicipial forms were analyzed and their word classes were determined. Evidence and analysis of the syntactic environment of each use were utilized to verify the uses of the forms in the different word classes.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work, we perform a diachronic study of adverbs ending in -mente in the Portuguese of 14th, 16th and 20th centuries, in order to investigate the grammaticalization and lexicalization processes such adverbs have been experiencing. To this end, we analyzed constructions ending in -mente from four corpora, which consists of the representative of historiographical prose following texts: CrÃnica Geral de Espanha (CGE), from 14th century;HistÃria da ProvÃncia de Santa Cruz (HPSC) and Da Monarquia Lusitana (ML), from 16th century, and HistÃria do Brasil (HB), from 20th century. Based on Lehmann (2002), who argues that grammaticalization and lexicalization processes are not opposite but complementary, since they occur in parallel, we evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the roles played by these adverbs and the degree of compositionality they present in every period we analyzed. We concluded that, as time has gone by, adverbs ending in -mente have become decreasingly compositional and have expanded their functions progressively. However, these adverbs have concluded neither of these processes yet, once they still cannot be taken as lexicalizated words, since the adverbâs adjectival base still appears predominantly transparent even in the most recent period; and still hold, in 20th century, mostly semantic functions. / Neste trabalho, pretendemos fazer um estudo diacrÃnico dos advÃrbios em âmente no portuguÃs dos sÃculos XIV, XVI e XX, a fim de investigar os processos de gramaticalizaÃÃo e lexicalizaÃÃo pelos quais tais advÃrbios vÃm passando. Para tanto, analisamos as construÃÃes em -mente em quatro corpora, constituÃdos pelos seguintes textos representativos da prosa historiogrÃfica: CrÃnica Geral de Espanha (CGE), do sÃculo XIV; HistÃria da ProvÃncia de Santa Cruz (HPSC) e Da Monarquia Lusitana (ML), do sÃculo XVI e HistÃria do Brasil (HB), do sÃculo XX. Calcados em Lehmann (2002), que defende que os processos de gramaticalizaÃÃo e lexicalizaÃÃo nÃo sÃo opostos e sim complementares, vez que ocorrem em paralelo, avaliamos quantitativa e qualitativamente as funÃÃes exercidas por esses advÃrbios e o grau de composicionalidade que apresentam em todos os perÃodos analisados. Chegamos à conclusÃo de que, com o passar do tempo, os advÃrbios em âmente estÃo se tornando cada vez menos composicionais e expandindo cada vez mais suas funÃÃes. Todavia ainda nÃo concluÃram nenhum dos dois processos, vez que ainda nÃo podem ser tomados como palavras idiomatizadas, jà que a base adjetiva do advÃrbio ainda se mostra, mesmo no perÃodo mais recente, predominantemente transparente; e ainda exercem, no sÃculo XX, predominantemente funÃÃes semÃnticas.

L’expression de l’« intensification » en anglais a peu été abordée par la communauté linguistique. Les études qui ont été menées se limitent aux adverbes intensifieurs et classent ces derniers parmi les procédés morphosyntaxiques. Il semble toutefois que les adverbes intensifieurs se situent à l’interface du lexical et du grammatical et sont soumis à un renouvellement constant. Ce travail se propose dans un premier temps d’établir une nouvelle typologie des procédés d’intensification en tenant compte des zones de chevauchement qui existent entre les divers procédés. Dans un second temps, le cas particulier des adverbes intensifieurs est abordé à l’aune de la grammaticalisation et de la lexicalisation. Finalement, ce travail conclut par une étude de l’évolution diachronique des adverbes intensifieurs afin de mettre au jour les mécanismes du processus de renouvellement langagier. / The expression of intensification has hardly been tackled by the linguistic community over the years. The research that has been conducted so far is usually restricted to intensifying adverbs, which are generally considered as morphosyntactic processes. Intensifying adverbs, also referred to as “intensifiers”, are submitted to constant renewal. However, intensifiers appear to be at the junction of grammar and lexis. First, a new typology of the processes used to express intensification will be put forward. The fact that the various processes often overlap will be taken into account. The specific case of intensifiers will then be dealt with in the light of grammaticalization and lexicalization, two processes which seem to be at work in the evolution of intensifiers. Lastly, a corpus-based study will look into the diachronic evolution of intensifiers in order to unveil the mechanisms of renewal and language change.

No description available.