Estudamos sistemas lineares em grupos de Lie introduzido por Ayala e Tirao em [3]. Esta nova classe de sistemas de controle é obtido através de uma generalização aos grupos de Lie de campos de vetores lineares em espaços vetoriais. Eles extendem não somente a classe bem conhecida de sistemas lineares em \'R POT. n\' mas também sistemas invariantes em grupos de Lie e os avanços recentes mostram que eles aparecem como modelos para ampla classe de sistemas de controle proveniente de diversas áreas de ciência e engenharia. Focamos nossa atenção em normalizador, que tem tido um papel fundamental em formulação de sistemas lineares em grupos de Lie, e lidamos com curvas integrais de seus campos vetoriais. Finalmente mostramos que sob certas hipóteses sistemas lineares em grupos de Lie possuem a propriedade de controlabilidade local a partir de identidade do grupo / We study linear control systems on Lie groups introduced by Ayala and Tirao in [3]. This new class of control systems is obtained through a generalization to Lie groups of linear vector fields on vector spaces. They extend not only well-known class of linear control systems on \'R POT. n\' but also invariant systems on Lie groups and recent achievements show that they appear as models for a wide class of control systems coming from several areas of science and engineering. We focus our attention on the notion of normalizer which has been played a key role for formulation of linear systems on Lie groups and then deal with integral curves of its vector fields. Finally we show that under certain assumptions linear systems on Lie groups have local controllability property from the group identity

Seja K um grupo de Lie compacto agindo na esfera unitária S&#8319 por isometrias. Mostramos como uma cota superior para as curvaturas principais de uma órbita dessa ação pode ser usada (mas não é suficiente) para encontrar uma cota inferior para o diâmetro do espaço de órbitas S&#8319/K. Em seguida mostramos que existe uma órbita Kp com curvaturas principais majoradas por 4&#8730 14. / Let K be a compact Lie group acting on the unit sphere S&#8319 by isometries. We show how an upper bound on the principal curvatures of one orbit can be used (but is not sufficient) to obtain a lower bound for the diameter of the orbit space S&#8319/K. Then we show that there is an orbit Kp with principal curvatures bounded from above by 4&#8730 14.

O propósito deste trabalho é dar uma contribuição ao projeto iniciado por Hornos & Hornos que visa explicar as degenerescências do código genético como resultado de sucessivas quebras de simetria ocorridas durante sua evolução. O modelo matemático usado requer a construção de todas as representações irredutíveis de dimensão 64 das álgebras de Lie simples (chamadas representações de códons) e a análise de suas regras de ramicação sob redução a subalgebras. A classicação de todas as possibilidades é baseada na classicação das subalgebras maximais das álgebras de Lie semisimples obtida por Dynkin. No presente trabalho, os resultados de Dynkin são apresentados em linguagem e notação moderna e são aplicados ao problema de construir todas as possíveis cadeias de subalgebras maximais das álgebras de Lie simples B_6 = so(13) e D_7 = so(14) e de identicar aquelas que reproduzem as degenerescências do código genético. / The purpose of this work is to make a contribution to the project initiated by Hornos & Hornos which aims at explaining the degeneracy of the genetic code as the result of a sequence of symmetry breaking that occurred during its evolution. The mathematical model employed requires the construction of all 64-dimensional irreducible representations of simple Lie algebras (called codon representations) and the analysis of their branching rules under reduction to sub-algebras. The classification of all possibilities is based on Dynkins classification of the maximal sub-algebras of semi-simple Lie algebras. In the present work, Dynkins results are presented in modern language and notation and are applied to the problem of constructing all possible chains of maximal sub-algebras of the simple Lie algebras B_6 = so(13) and D_7 = so(14) and of identifying all those that reproduce the degeneracies of the genetic code.

Seja K um grupo de Lie compacto agindo na esfera unitária S&#8319 por isometrias. Mostramos como uma cota superior para as curvaturas principais de uma órbita dessa ação pode ser usada (mas não é suficiente) para encontrar uma cota inferior para o diâmetro do espaço de órbitas S&#8319/K. Em seguida mostramos que existe uma órbita Kp com curvaturas principais majoradas por 4&#8730 14. / Let K be a compact Lie group acting on the unit sphere S&#8319 by isometries. We show how an upper bound on the principal curvatures of one orbit can be used (but is not sufficient) to obtain a lower bound for the diameter of the orbit space S&#8319/K. Then we show that there is an orbit Kp with principal curvatures bounded from above by 4&#8730 14.

In Reaction-Diffusion systems, some parameters can influence the behavior of other parameters in that system. Thus reaction diffusion equations are often used to model the behavior of biological phenomena. The Fitzhugh Nagumo partial differential equation is a reaction diffusion equation that arises both in population genetics and in modeling the transmission of action potentials in the nervous system. In this paper we are interested in finding solutions to this equation. Using Lie groups in particular, we would like to find symmetries of the Fitzhugh Nagumo equation that reduce this non-linear PDE to an Ordinary Differential Equation. In order to accomplish this task, the non-classical method is utilized to find the infinitesimal generator and the invariant surface condition for the subgroup where the solutions for the desired PDE exist. Using the infinitesimal generator and the invariant surface condition, we reduce the PDE to a mildly nonlinear ordinary differential equation that could be explored numerically or perhaps solved in closed form.

This thesis is concerned with the well-posedness, dynamical properties and numerical treatment of the generalised Euler equations on the Bott-Virasoro group with respect to the general H[superscript]k metric , k[is greater than or equal to]2. The term “generalised Euler equations” is used to describe geodesic equations on Lie groups, which unifies many differential equations and has found many applications in such as hydrodynamics, medical imaging in the computational anatomy, and many other fields. The generalised Euler equations on the Bott-Virasoro group for k = 0, 1 are well-known and intensively studied— the Korteweg-de Vries equation for k = 0 and the Camassa-Holm equation for k = 1. Unlike these, the equations for k[is greater than or equal to]2, which we call the modified Camassa-Holm (mCH) equation, is not known to be integrable. This distinction motivates the study of the mCH equation. In this thesis, we derive the mCH equation and establish the short time existence of solutions, the well-posedness of the mCH equation, long time existence, the existence of the weak solutions, both on the circle S and [blackboard bold] R, and three conservation laws, show some quite interesting properties, for example, they do not lead to the blowup in finite time, unlike the Camassa-Holm equation. We then consider two numerical methods for the modified Camassa-Holm equation: the particle method and the box scheme. We prove the convergence result of the particle method. The numerical simulations indicate another interesting phenomenon: although mCH does not admit blowup in finite time, it admits solutions that blow up (which means their maximum value becomes infinity) at infinite time, which we call weak blowup. We study this novel phenomenon using the method of matched asymptotic expansion. A whole family of self-consistent blowup profiles is obtained. We propose a mechanism by which the actual profile is selected that is consistent with the simulations, but the mechanism is only partly supported by the analysis. We study the four particle systems for the mCH equation finding numerical evidence both for the non-integrability of the mCH equations and for the existence of the fourth integral. We also study the higher dimensional case and obtain the short time existence and well-posedness for the generalised Euler equation in the two dimension case.

Let G be a compact Lie group and let π be an irreducible representation of G of highest weight λ. We study the operator-valued Fourier transform of the product of the j-function and the pull-back of ?? by the exponential mapping. We show that the set of extremal points of the convex hull of the support of this distribution is the coadjoint orbit through ?? + ??. The singular support is furthermore the union of the coadjoint orbits through ?? + w??, as w runs through the Weyl group. Our methods involve the Weyl functional calculus for noncommuting operators, the Nelson algebra of operants and the geometry of the moment set for a Lie group representation. In particular, we re-obtain the Kirillov-Duflo correspondence for compact Lie groups, independently of character formulae. We also develop a "noncommutative" version of the Kirillov character formula, valid for noncentral trigonometric polynomials. This generalises work of Cazzaniga, 1992.

<p>In this paper it is considered the Sircar-Papanicolaou model wich takesinto account a feedback effect of dynamic hedging strategies of pro-gramme traders. Using the Lie group analysis we describe the symmetrygroup of the main equation of the concerned model. We reduce this par-tial differential equation to the ordinary differential equations by usingcorresponding invariants of the subgroups of the main symmetry group.</p>

The present dissertation studies specific issues related to the coordination of a set of "agents" evolving on a nonlinear manifold, more particularly a homogeneous manifold or a Lie group. The viewpoint is somewhere between control algorithm design and system analysis, as algorithms are derived from simple principles --- often retrieving existing models --- to highlight specific behaviors. With a fair amount of approximation, the objective of the dissertation can be summarized by the following question: Given a swarm of identical agents evolving on a nonlinear, nonconvex configuration space with high symmetry, how can you define specific collective behavior, and how can you design individual agent control laws to get a collective behavior, without introducing hierarchy nor external reference points that would break the symmetry of the configuration space? Maintaining the basic symmetries of the coordination problem lies at the heart of the contributions. The main focus is on the global geometric invariance of the configuration space. This contrasts with most existing work on coordination, where either the agents evolve on vector spaces --- which, to some extent, can cover local behavior on manifolds --- or coordination is coupled to external reference tracking such that the reference can serve as a beacon around which the geometry is distorted towards vector space-like properties. A second, more standard symmetry is to treat all agents identically. Another basic ingredient of the coordination problem that has important implications in this dissertation is the reduced agent interconnectivity: each agent only gets information from a limited set of other agents, which can be varying. In order to focus on issues related to geometry / symmetry and reduced interconnectivity, individual agent dynamics are drastically simplified to simple integrators. This is justified at a "planning" level. Making the step towards realistic dynamics is illustrated for the specific case of rigid body attitude synchronization. The main contributions of this dissertation are * I. an extensive study of synchronization on the circle, (a) highlighting difficulties encountered for coordination and (b) proposing simple strategies to overcome these difficulties; * II. (a) a geometric definition and related control law for "consensus" configurations on compact homogeneous manifolds, of which synchronization --- all agents at the same point --- is a special case, and (b) control laws to (almost) globally reach synchronization and "balancing", its opposite, under general interconnectivity conditions; * III. several propositions for rigid body attitude synchronization under mechanical dynamics; * IV. a geometric framework for "coordinated motion" on Lie groups, (a) giving a geometric definition of coordinated motion and investigating its implications, and (b) providing systematic methods to design control laws for coordinated motion. Examples treated for illustration of the theoretical concepts are the circle S^1 (sometimes the sphere S^n), the rotation group SO(n), the rigid-body motion groups SE(2) and SE(3) and the Grassmann manifolds Grass(p,n). The developments in this dissertation remain at a rather theoretical level; potential applications are briefly discussed.

In this thesis we define the notion of an overshear on a Danielewskisurface. Next we show that the group generated by the overshears is dense in the component of the identity of the automorphism group. Moreover, we show that the overshear group has a structure of an amalgamated product, and as consequence of this the overshear group is a proper subgroup of the automorphism group. Finally we classify the R^n-actions, and therefore the one parameter subgroups, of the overshear group. We also show that any Lie subgroup of an amalgamated product can be conjugated to one of the factors of the amalgamated product.