Leishmania of subgenus Sauroleishmania are parasites of reptiles, most often lizards, and are not pathogenic for humans. Therefore, they are neglected group of pathogens and their life cycle is not well-known. They are transmitted probably by ingestion of infected vector which is usually considered as sand flies of genus Sergentomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae). Sauroleishmania are traditionally denominated in Hypopylaria and it is expected that their development is limited to sand fly hindgut. The main aim of this work is to summarize the present knowledge about Sauroleishmania life cycle and to elucidate some aspects of their development in the vector and host. In the first part of thesis we studied development of four Sauroleishmania species in various sand flies of genera Sergentomyia and Phlebotomus. Late-stage infections of Leishmania (S.) adleri and L. (S.) hoogstraali were found in six and two sand fly species, respectively. Hypopylarian infections of Leishmania (S.) adleri were found in Se. schwetzi, P. papatasi and P. sergenti, while in P. argentipes, P. orientalis and P. duboscqi this Sauroleishmania migrated anteriorly in the midgut (peripylarian development). Similar type of development was observed also in P. argentipes and P. orientalis infected by Leishmania (S.) hoogstraali. Both L....

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations suggest that out of all food that is produced, 1/3 ends up as food waste. In high income countries, such as Sweden, the food waste mainly originates from the last stages of the food chain, e.g. at food stores and households. Sweden is a member of the EU as well as the United Nations, and follows the common legislation for waste in the EU and has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals from the United Nations. In the Sustainable Development Goal number 12, food waste in terms of reduction is addressed, although Sweden does not have a clear goal that addresses how to reduce food waste. Food banks have globally been a strategy to redistribute surplus food from the retail sector to people in need, something that has not been common in the Nordic region of Europe (including Sweden) until the 1980’s. However, in Sweden, food banks have not been used as a way to prevent food waste but as a way to help people in need, perhaps because there is a well-established well-fare system in the country. Recently, initiatives that redistribute surplus food from the retail sector have been developed - working towards different consumer groups and solutions. This study aimed to map out the different surplus food redistributing initiatives in Sweden, categorise them and analyse some of the initiatives that represented different solutions and consumer groups. The chosen initiatives were ReFood, City Mission Uppsala (Matkassen and Mikaelsgården), City Mission Stockholm (Matmissionen), Food2change, Foodloopz and Allwin. The methods used for analysing the chosen initiatives were Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Social Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing. To weigh the environmental-, social- and economic impacts against each other, a total sustainability ranking system was used to point out the most favourable option for a redistributing surplus food initiative, in terms of sustainability. The results showed that the environmental impacts (Green House Gases (kg CO2 equivalents/functional unit)) were the lowest for, in this order, ReFood, Mikaelsgården and Allwin, Foodloopz, Matmissionen and Matkassen, and Food2change. For the social impacts, the results showed that Allwin is the initiative that redistribute the largest amount of surplus food to the consumer group “exposed people”, followed by Matmissionen that redistribute the second largest amount of surplus food to “people with low income”. Allwin is also the initiative with the highest capacity and largest yearly environmental savings, as the company redistributes a much larger amount of food than the other initiatives. The results for the economic impacts showed that all but one initiative, Food2change, have monthly financial losses. The overall sustainability ranking showed that the initiative that is the most favourable is Matkassen followed by Matmissionen and Allwin, Food2change, Foodloopz, ReFood and Mikaelsgården.

[pt] Esta dissertação analisa o gerenciamento cultural ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma organização. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo de caso da TIM Brasil - Telecom Itália Mobile Brasil, empresa do mercado de telecomunicações brasileiro, criada em 2002. Com base em uma análise qualitativa, neste trabalho foi analisado o posicionamento da TIM Brasil em suas diferentes fases de vida segundo algumas tipologias culturais identificadas na literatura, e ressaltado o papel do mercado e dos clientes ao longos deste processo. O resultado deste estudo reforça a literatura sobre o tema referente a questão da forte correlação entre cultura e ciclo de vida, evidenciando a importância de algumas variáveis como: processo de comunicação, estrutura de poder e processo decisório no gerenciamento da mudança organizacional. / [en] This essay focuses on analyzing the cultural management through the organization life cycle. To reach this goal a thorough research was conducted involving a case study of TIM Brasil - Telecom Itália Mobile Brasil, a company of the Brazilian telecommunications market, created in 2002. On the basis of a qualitative analysis, in this work was analyzed the positioning of the TIM Brasil in its different phases of life according to some cultural typologies identified in literature, and salient the paper of the market and the customers to the long ones of this process. The result of this study strengthens literature on the referring subject in the question of the strong correlation between culture and cycle of life, evidencing the importance of some variable as: process of communication, power structure and decision process in the management of the organizational change.

The building and construction sectors are one of the main contributors to the socio-economic development of a country. Globally, these sectors generate around 5% to 10% of national employment and around 5% to 15% of a country's gross domestic product during construction, use and demolition. On the other hand, the sectors consume around 40% of world primary energy, use 30% of raw materials, generate 25% of solid waste, consume 25% of water, and use 12% of land. Furthermore, the sectors account for up to 40% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly from energy use during the life cycle of buildings. This study aims to assess the potential environmental benefits of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile within the Swedish context in terms of their CO2 emission. Methodology used was a comparative LCA was to quantify the emissions. In order to calculate LCA, OpenLCA 1.7.0 software was used and to evaluate the emissions, LCIA method selected was ReCiPe, midpoint, Hierarchist model, climate change category expressed in GWP 100 years (in kg CO2eq). The FU of the study was a square meter of roof covering for a period of 40 years with potential to extent up to 80 years. A square meter of concrete roof tile weight 40 kg while ceramic 30 kg. The environment impact evaluation considered three product system, single use (cradle to grave), single use covering (cradle to user) and single reuse (user to cradle) within 40 years lifespan. In order to compare LCA of the roof tiles, two scenarios were created, Scenario 1 concrete RT in single use and single reuse whilst Scenario 2 evaluates ceramic RT. The outcomes of both scenarios were communicated through a model single family house. Dalarna’s Villa is located in Dalarna region in Sweden and a storage facility Ta Till Våra was to validate the benefits of reused materials. Comparative LCA revealed that concrete RT in single use released almost 80% more CO2 emissions than ceramic RT and generated 25% more disposable material by weight. The CO2 released by the single use vs. single reuse concrete RT showed higher emissions in the production of the concrete RT than the single reuse, the same occur with ceramic RT. The reuse of the tiles on the same site had an insignificant impact on the environment in both materials. The comparison shows that reuse reduces associated emissions by about 80% in both cases, reusing concrete is more beneficial, as emissions are reduced by 9.95 kg/m2 as opposed to 2.32 kg/m2 at the ceramics. This study reveals the benefit of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile. In addition, the advantage of building a storage facility to reuse the disposable building materials, reducing the roofing materials ending at the landfill after 40 years. Furthermore, it demonstrated the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the embodied energy.

<div> <p>The residential building sector is one of the most energy intensive sectors in today’s civilization. With population growth and a rise in number of homeowners the effect is bound to worsen. A wave of green and sustainable strategies is on the rise hoping to moderate some of the negative effect on the environment. From embracing renewable sources of energy as an alternative to fossil fuels, to improving existing home systems to become more efficient, the construction industry is evolving into becoming more energy conscious. One of the biggest obstacles to this wave is a lack of awareness and a fear of initial costs among contractors, homeowners and clients alike. This research will use Life Cycle Cost Analysis on a varying combination of residential energy systems and the researcher hopes to establish the trade-off between initial investment and long-term benefits. The case being considered is a residence located in Indiana, US. Using past and current utility bills and energy simulation data of different energy consuming systems in the residence over its lifetime, economic models are generated. This research establishes that a combination of passive and active energy conservation measures results in the lowest life cycle cost. The study will be beneficial for further research and as a framework for residential life cycle cost analysis.</p></div>

Bakgrund: Beslutskompetensen som beskriver hur bra individer är på att fatta beslut, blir allt viktigare inom nationalekonomin och resultat från samtida forskning inom beteendeekonomi ifrågasätter neoklassiska nationalekonomiska teorier. Detta ihop med att allt fler personer i Sverige får en sämre ekonomisk levnadsstandard under pensionsåldern lade grunden till varför vi valde att isolera analysen till sambandet mellan det privata sparandet och beslutskompetensen hos en individ. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och analysera sambandet mellan kompetensen i individers beslutsfattande och en individs långsiktiga sparande utifrån ett beteendeekonomiskt perspektiv. Metod: En tidigare studie inom beslutskompetensens område där studenter (n=200) var fokusgruppen, utförd av JEDI-Lab vid Linköpings Universitet låg till grund för den kvantitativa analys som gjordes med hjälp av regressioner i det ekonometriska programmet EViews. De resultat som vi erhöll användes sedan för att analysera sambandet mellan individers beslutskompetens och deras aktiva val att spara. Resultat: Beslutskompetensen visade sig inte ha någon statistisk inferens på sparbeteende hos individer. Dess underkategorier hade blandade negativa och positiva samband till sparbeteende. Alla kategorier utom hur man följer beslutsregler saknade statistiskt signifikanta resultat. Det tycks föreligga andra faktorer i ett sparbeteende än enbart en individs beslutskompetens, variabler som kön, självkontroll och den kortsiktiga diskonteringsräntan hos en individ har större betydelse för sparbeteende. Vi tror att resultaten kan vara påverkade av att den undersökta populationen var studenter och därmed reflekterar den yngre delen av den svenska befolkningen och inte befolkningen som helhet. Det finns mycket forskning kvar att göra, då beslutskompetens är ett relativt nytt område inom ekonomi och behöver vidareutvecklas för att kunna ge mer precisa svar om varför individer tar de ekonomiska beslut som de gör.

A presente se tese desenvolve uma metodologia para comparar as substâncias emitidas na construção e operação de sistema frigorífico por absorção e por compressão de vapor de amônia usando a metodologia denominada Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Pesquisas bibliográficas feitas pelo autor desse trabalho permitem a conclusão de haver poucas informações que permitam a elaboração de um inventário de ciclo de vida para ciclo frigorífico por absorção e por compressão de vapor tendo como fluido de trabalho a amônia. Realizado todo o dimensionamento termodinâmico e mecânico dos ciclos e aplicada a metodologia ACV, os resultados demonstram que a operação do ciclo frigorífico por compressão produz 626,91% mais de hidrocarbonetos quando comparada com a quantidade emitida devido a construção. Demonstram ainda que as substâncias emitidas são diferentes para o ciclo por absorção e para o por compressão de vapor de amônia. / This thesis proposes to develop a way to compare the substances emitted in the construction and operation of a refrigeration cycle by absorption and compression of vapor ammonia using the methodology called Life Cycle Analysis (ACV). Bibliographic researches made by the author of this study suggest there is little information to allow the construction of an inventory of the life cycle to a refrigeration systems. Carried out all the thermodynamic and mechanical design cycles and applied the ACV methodology, the results demonstrate that the operation of the compression cycle produce 626,91% more hydrocarbon in comparison with the construction. The results shows that the substances emitted by absorption or compression cycle are different.

Global plastic pollution of the natural environment is extremely detrimental as it is causing deaths of animal species. More than 80 % of marine litter is made up by plastics and 70 % of those are made up by disposable items. For this reason, the European Parliament has agreed to abolish the top ten single-use plastic items found in the marine environment from the EU market from 2021. Therefore, the fossil-based disposables will need to be substituted by disposables made from renewable materials. It is thus important to investigate the environmental impact of these alternatives through their life cycle in order to support sustainable consumption and production. In this study, environmental impact of disposable plates made from two different renewable materials (paper and leaf) were analysed by means of life cycle assessment (LCA). The aim of the study was to examine the environmental performance of the two plates in the impact category global warming potential (GWP); and reveal the processes with the largest contributions to the overall GWP of each plate. The leaf plate was produced in India and the paper plate in the Nordics, however, both plates were used and disposed of in Uppsala, Sweden. The results showed that the leaf plate has a higher GWP due to its long-distance transport and electricity use derived from fossil fuels. Scenario analysis has proved that its GWP can be reduced when sea transport route is chosen instead of flying and production is increased. When it comes to the paper plate life cycle, the processing stage was identified to contribute the most to the total GWP. It could be further improved by applying a biodegradable layer for its coating. To keep the good performance in GWP the plate should be incinerated with energy recovery. The disposal of the plates has a substantial positive influence on their total carbon footprint as both plates substitute use of fossil fuels. However, the credits allocated for the different waste management options are specific to Uppsala and thus the results of this study should be applied only under similar conditions.

A noção de que o consumo de produtos manufaturados atinge adversamente o suprimento de recursos e a qualidade do meio ambiente fez com que o mercado consumidor exigisse das corporações e dos organismos reguladores medidas mais eficientes quanto a preservação da Natureza. Através de iniciativas como essa renasceu um instrumento de gestão ambiental conhecido por Análise de Ciclo de Vida - ACV. A ACV é uma metodologia criada para identificar aspectos ambientais e quantificar seus impactos associados, ao longo de todo seu ciclo de vida, ou seja, desde a extração de matérias-primas, até a disposição final do produto, novamente no meio natural. Seu uso auxilia na priorização de ações de melhoria visando a prevenção da poluição,permitindo uma alocação mais adequada de recursos materiais, humanos e econômicos. Além disso, estimulariam o aumento da competência e favoreceriam a inovação tecnológica, considerando sempre a relação custo-benefício envolvida. O objetivo desse trabalho é propor um modelo de ACV que seja adaptado às condições brasileiras. Para a comprovação do modelo, foi estudado o caso de produção de um fertilizante fosfatado - superfosfato simples. Verificou-se que por ser a ACV uma metodologia amplamente dependente de dados precisos e confiáveis, a indisponibilidade de bancos de dados genuinamente nacionais limita em muito seu raio de aplicação no país. Entretanto, foi possível constatar também, que mesmo diante dessa limitação,o uso da ACV amplamente aplicável na prática, principalmente no que se refere a hierarquização de ações de melhoria de desempenho ambiental de um produto. Verificou-se ainda que o ciclo de vida de manufatura do superfosfato simples não traz impactos significativos sobre o meio ambiente. Suas maiores contribuições em termos de impactos ambientes são relativas ao Aquecimento Global - dada a predominância de transporte rodoviário np país - a Eutrofização - em função das constantes ) perdas de processo - e a redução do espaço físico, motivada pela elevada geração de resíduos sólidos por ocasião da etapa de beneficiamento da rocha fosfática. / The society is actually convinced that the manufactured products bring problems to the Nature mainly, in terms of resource depletion and environment quality. This posture make the government and the corporations change their ways to deal with environmental management. In this picture, appeared again the life cycle assessment. LCA is a tool used to identify environmental damage, and evaluate it\'s proportion. From the cradle to grave of a product. Besides, LCA can support improvement actions, in the way of the pollution prevention, permitting tha allocation of material, human and economic resources. The goal of this scientific work is to propose a model of life cycle assessment specific to the brasilian condition. To test the model it was studied the manufacturing life cycle from the single superphosphate. The main conclusion\'s were that, even with deep limitation in term of databases extricate from Brazil, limited the use of the methodology to qualitative conclusions. On the other side, the model, even needing some sets, proved being useful in practical studies. In term of superphosphate, the most significative environmental impacts are Global Warming, because of the material transportation in Brazil is basically by road do the Nitrification, because the losses of the process. In general, the single superphosphate has, in reality low environmental profile.

A sustentabilidade do planeta é responsabilidade coletiva e ações para melhorar o ambiente global são necessárias e implicam na adoção de práticas de produção e consumo sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento da Indústria Têxtil e Confecção incorpora tecnologias nos campos das ciências físicas, químicas e biológicas necessárias às atividades do setor, desde a obtenção da matéria-prima, produção de fios e tecidos e, seus respectivos acabamentos, consumindo grandes quantidades de recursos e energia. O Desenvolvimento Sustentável ao expandir o foco econômico para as dimensões ambiental e social dos processos de produção e serviços originou uma visão sistêmica dos inputs e outputs do processo produtivo e suas consequências ambientais, estruturando o conceito de ciclo de vida do produto (ACV). O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar o ciclo de vida de uma calça feminina confeccionada em malha de poliamida, utilizada como uniforme do ensino médio estadual no Paraná, do berço ao túmulo, com 3 possibilidades de descarte. Foi realizado um estudo de caso para verificar a viabilidade de aplicação da ferramenta ACV para avaliação do impacto ambiental do produto final por meio do software LCA SimaPro8.1.16Faculty. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário, baseado nas diretrizes da NBR ISO 14040 que determinam as fases e procedimentos gerais da execução de um estudo de ACV, para identificar a estrutura produtiva da empresa de confecção permitindo o levantamento quantitativo de dados referentes ao processo produtivo, a identificação das entradas e saídas de materiais e energia elétrica e, a quantificação dos resíduos gerados. Algumas informações foram retiradas do banco de dados de inventários de processos disponíveis no software utilizado para este estudo. A avaliação do ciclo de vida da calça de poliamida foi baseada no Manual do Sistema Internacional de Referência de Dados sobre o ciclo de vida de produtos e processos (ILCD). A tabulação dos dados do produto foi realizada no software SimaPro8.1.16Faculty. A base de dados de inventário selecionada foi a Ecoinvent v.2 e, para realização da análise de impacto foi adotado o método de impacto gerado Eco-indicator 99. O software LCA SimaPro 8.1.16 Faculty mostrou-se ferramenta eficiente para a realização da avaliação do ciclo de vida da calça de poliamida com os três cenários de descarte, permitindo a análise dos impactos ao nível da categoria de danos para a saúde humana, qualidade do ecossistema e recursos e, possibilitando a análise da carga ambiental por categoria de impacto, de acordo com o que propõe a ISO 14042 sobre os elementos de seleção de definição de categorias para a fase de Avaliação / The sustainability of the planet is collective responsibility and actions to improve the global environment are necessary and imply the adoption of sustainable production and consumption practices. Development of Textile and Confection incorporates technologies in the fields of physical, chemical and biological sciences necessary to the sector\'s activities, from obtaining the raw material, production of yarn and fabric and their finishes, consuming large amounts of resources and energy . Sustainable Development to expand economic focus to environmental and social dimensions of production processes and services led to a systemic view of the inputs and outputs of the production process and its environmental consequences, structuring the concept of product life cycle (LCA). The aim of this study is to evaluate the life cycle of a woman\'s pants made of polyamide fabric, used as a uniform average state school in Parana, from cradle to grave, with 3 possibilities for disposal. A case study was performed to verify the application feasibility of LCA tool for assessing the environmental impact of the final product through ACL SimaPro 8.1.16 Faculty software. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire, based on the guidelines of ISO 14040 which determine the general phases and procedures of the execution of an LCA study, to identify the productive structure of the clothing firm allowing the quantitative survey data for the production process, the identification of the inputs and outputs of materials and energy, and the quantification of waste generated. Some information was taken from the inventory database processes available in the software used for this study. The evaluation of the polyamide trousers life cycle was based on the International System Manual Data Reference on the lifecycle of products and processes (ILCD). Tabulation of the product data was performed in SimaPro8.1.16Faculty software. The selected inventory database was Ecoinvent v.2 and to perform impact analysis was adopted impact generated method Eco-indicator 99. The LCA SimaPro 8.1.16 Faculty software was efficient tool for the realization of assessment of the life cycle of the polyamide pants with three disposal scenarios, allowing the analysis of impacts on the category of damage to human health, ecosystem quality and resources, enabling the analysis of environmental load by impact category, according to which it proposed to ISO 14042 on the selection of elements to define categories for the phase evaluation