Os edifícios são responsáveis por importantes impactos ambientais, principalmente, pelo seu longo ciclo de vida. Neste sentido, as edificações são potenciais redutoras de danos ambientais, já que as decisões sobre seu impacto podem ser feitas em projeto. No Brasil, o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) produziu mais de dois milhões de unidades de habitação, sendo um importante gerador de impactos. Foram realizadas pesquisas avaliando impactos sociais, urbanísticos e arquitetônicos do PMCMV, entretanto ainda existe escassez de estudos avaliando os impactos ambientais dessas edificações. Esta pesquisa utiliza a metodologia de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para quantificar os impactos ambientais potenciais de uma casa do PMCMV. A metodologia considera três fases, com referência no estudo de caso de uma casa térrea situada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (sul do Brasil). A Fase 1 quantifica o uso de energia através de simulação termoenergética, testando envoltórias alternativas em comparação à original. A Fase 2 realiza a ACV preliminar, para verificar as contribuições de impacto mais relevantes em dois modelos selecionados. A Fase 3 desenvolve a ACV final com dados adaptados para a realidade brasileira. Os resultados demonstram que os impactos operacionais da edificação são os mais importantes ao longo do ciclo de vida de 50 anos, para as duas alternativas de envoltória avaliadas. Mesmo assim, os requerimentos incorporados da edificação podem representar impactos importantes, ultrapassando 40% em categorias como aquecimento global e depleção da camada de ozônio. O transporte de materiais de construção e matérias primas é um dos maiores causadores dos impactos incorporados. Além desse, a recorrência de manutenções mostra-se importante, assim como a durabilidade dos materiais de construção. A aplicação da ferramenta de ACV confirma sua importância como instrumento para a tomada de decisão, identificando processos mais relevantes na qualificação ambiental de edificações. / Buildings are responsible for expressive environmental impacts, especially for its long life-cycle. In fact, buildings are important potential reducers of environmental damages, because decisions concerning its future impacts can be made at design stage. In Brazil, “My House My Life” program (MHMLP) produced more than two million dwellings, generating significant impacts. Some of MHMLP impacts were already addressed, such as social, urban and architectural, however there is a lack on environmental impacts studies focused on these buildings. This research applies Life Cycle Assessment method to quantify potential environmental impacts of a MHMLP dwelling. Methodology considered three phases, using as reference the case study of a single-story house located at the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre (southern Brazil). Phase 1 quantifies energy use through thermal dynamic simulations, considering different encloses types in comparison to the original option. Phase 2 applies streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework to evaluate the most important contributions to the environmental impacts of the two previously selected models. In phase 3, LCA was developed considering data regionalization and adaptation to the Brazilian context. Results show that operational impacts are the most important ones on the 50 years dwelling life cycle, for both evaluated alternatives. Nevertheless, embodied impacts can represent more than 40% of total global warming and ozone depletion potential impacts. Transportation of raw and construction materials is one of the most important contributors to embodied impacts. Furthermore, recurrent embodied impacts are important, as well as construction materials durability. LCA application validates its importance as a framework to support decision-making, identifying hotspots on buildings environmental qualification.

This research assesses the impacts of developing shale gas in the UK, with the focus of determining whether or not it is possible to develop it sustainably and how it could affect the electricity and gas mix. There is much uncertainty on the impacts of developing shale gas in the UK, as the country is currently in the early stages of exploration drilling and the majority of studies which have been carried out to analyse the effects of shale gas development have been US specific. To address these questions, the environmental, economic and social sustainability have been assessed and the results integrated to evaluate the overall sustainability. The impacts of shale gas electricity have been assessed so that it can be compared with other electricity generation technologies (coal, nuclear, renewables etc.), to ascertain its impacts on the UK electricity mix. Life cycle assessment is used to evaluate the environmental sustainability of shale gas electricity (and other options), while life cycle costing and social sustainability assessment have been used to evaluate the economic and social sustainability. Multi-criteria decision analysis has been used to combine the results of three to evaluate the overall sustainability. The incorporation of shale gas into the UK electricity mix is modelled in two future scenarios for the year 2030. The scenarios compare different levels of shale gas penetration: low and high. The results show that shale gas will have little effect on improving the environmental sustainability and energy security of the UK’s electricity mix, but could help ease energy prices. In comparison with other options, shale gas is not a sustainable option, as it has higher environmental impacts than the non-fossil fuels and conventional gas and liquefied natural gas: 460 g CO2-Eq. is emitted from the shale gas electricity life cycle, while conventional gas emits 420 g CO2-Eq. and wind 12 g CO2-Eq. The power plant and drilling fluid are the main impact hot spots in the life cycle, while hydraulic fracturing contributes a small amount (5%). In addition to this, there are a number of social barriers which need to be addressed, notably: traffic volume and congestion could increase by up to 31%, public support is low and wastewater produced from hydraulic fracturing could put strain on wastewater treatment facilities. However, the results indicate that shale gas is economically viable, as the cost of electricity is cheaper than solar photovoltaic, biomass and hydroelectricity (9.59 p/kWh vs 16.90, 11.90 and 14.40 p/kWh, respectively). The results of this thesis show that there is a trade-off in the impacts, but because of its poor environmental and social ratings shale gas is not the best option for UK electricity. The results also identify areas for improvement which should be targeted, as well as policy recommendations for best practice and regulation if shale gas were to be developed in the UK.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la toxicité de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse (ENPs) pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Les travaux réalisés s’appuient sur la combinaison de données toxicologiques et d’un modèle environnemental - le modèle USEtox. En tant qu'élément important de l'évaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie, le facteur de caractérisation (CF) a été utilisé, dans ce travail, comme indicateur de toxicité pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Pour avoir accès aux courbes dose-réponse et à différentes données toxicologiques, des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en exposant des neutrophiles porcins fraîchement isolés à trois types de nanoparticules de synthèse. Les modifications morphologiques, les taux de mortalité et la chimioluminescence des neutrophiles ont été évaluées. De plus, pour estimer le temps de persistance des nanoparticules de synthèse dans l'écosystème eau douce, un modèle basé sur la science des colloïdes a été développé. Il prend en compte les comportements spécifiques des nanoparticules de synthèse et inclut des recommandations sur le choix des paramètres hydrologiques régionaux. Enfin, une enquête documentaire exhaustive a été réalisée pour recueillir les données écotoxicologiques de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse. Dans le cadre du modèle USEtox, le CF toxicologique non cancérogène pour cuivre NPs et les CF écotoxicologiques pour 14 ENPs sont recommandés. Ces valeurs des CF pourraient être utiles à l'avenir pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des produits contenant des ENPs. / The objective of this thesis is to improve understandings of toxicity of various engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to human and ecosystem. It is realized via coordinating toxicological data and a scientific consensus environmental model -- the USEtox model. As an important element in life cycle impact assessment, the characterization factor (CF) is employed as a toxicity indicator for human and ecosystem in this work. To obtain the firsthand dose-response phenomena and human toxicological data, in vitro experiments have been conducted by exposing freshly isolated porcine neutrophils to three kinds of ENPs (i.e. copper, nickel and aluminum oxide nanoparticles). The morphologies, mortality rates, and chemiluminescence, of neutrophils are observed or monitored. Additionally, to estimate the persistence time of ENPs in freshwater ecosystem, a fate model on the basis of colloid science is developed. It takes nano-specific behaviors of ENPs into account and includes recommendations of regionalized hydrological parameters. Finally, a comprehensive literature survey is accomplished to collect the ecotoxicological data of various ENPs. Under the framework of USEtox model, the non-carcinogenic human toxicological CFs for Copper NPs and the ecotoxicological CFs for 14 ENPs are recommended. These CF values could be useful in the future when evaluating the environmental impacts of products containing ENPs.

Among efforts to develop sustainable approaches towards the intensive rearing of finfish within open marine waters, is the development of integrated aquaculture techniques. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), has been promoted as a way to reduce unwanted environmental impacts associated with the intensive production of marine finfish within net-pens. The principle aim of this concept, is the bioremediation of nutrient discharges from fish aquaculture. This is to be achieved by integrating fish cultivation with the growing of species from lower trophic levels, which use the nutrient discharges as a food source. Many studies have been performed that investigate the ability of various species of macroalgae to remove dissolved nutrient discharges, and the ability bivalves to remove solid-bound nutrients, presented as either fish faeces, or an enhanced production of phytoplankton that may be promoted by nutrients emitted by fish-farms. IMTA has also been suggested as a means to improve overall productivity per unit of feed applied to fish, through the conversion of nutrient emissions into additional biomass, such as the tissues of macroalgae or bivalves. Within the research community which focuses upon the environmental impacts of aquaculture, there is a growing awareness that sustainable solutions to aquaculture production cannot be realised through a focus restricted to the growing-phase, and to a limited set of environmental impacts which may this activity may produce. This is because changes to a specific production phase often promote changes at phases located elsewhere along a products value chain. Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), is a method employed for modelling the environmental impacts that may potentially be generated across the value chain of a product. It is particularly useful for identifying instances of environmental impact shifting; a term used to describe situations where efforts to reduce the contribution of a specific production phase towards one or more environmental impacts, has the effect of either displacing this contribution to another phase, or increases the contribution of production towards different environmental impacts. Despite its apparent suitability, LCA has not previously been fully applied to the environmental impact modelling of open-water IMTA systems. The work presented in the following thesis advances this research front, by using LCA to explore the potential for environmental problem shifting occurring as a consequence of replacing intensive monoculture production, with IMTA. Comprehensive datasets have been acquired from the Chilean aquaculture industry, describing the production of aquafeed and Salmo salar, as well as for the production of the Phaeophytic macroalga, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the molluscan bivalve, Mytilus chilensis. Using LCA methodology, the production of salmon feed, and the production of S.salar, M.pyrifera and M.chilensis, have been assessed for their capacity to contribute towards a variety of global-scale, environmental impacts. IMTA consisting of either S.salar and M.pyrifera, S.salar and M.chilensis, or all three of these species, and combined at ratios required for a bioremediation efficiency of 100 %, 50%, or 20 % of either nitrogen or phosphorous emission from fish, is compared to the monoculture production of S.salar. The comparison is based upon a standardised functional unit, with each species produced through IMTA, being modelled as part of the reference flow required to fulfil the functional unit. Monoculture is compared to IMTA upon the basis of nutritional function, by using a functional unit of mass-adjusted protein content, and mass-adjusted economic value. The use of economic value is based upon the ‘best-case’ assumption, that it serves as a proxy for the total nutritional function that each product offers to human society. The LCAs presented in this study have produced a number of results. Salmon ingredients derived from agricultural crops and animals account for the majority (between 71 % to 98 %) of contributions towards the impacts of compound salmon feed. In general, agricultural crops ingredients contribute more to these impacts than do agricultural animal ingredients, and account for between 31 % and 87 % of the contributions from all ingredients and inputs. In contrast, the combined supply of fish meal and fish oil from capture fisheries is responsible for between 0.13 % and 11 % of all impacts. Vegetable oil accounts for the vast majority of contributions from ingredients derived from agricultural crops. Vegetable oil is modelled as a 50 : 50 blend of sunflower oil and rapeseed, oil, but sunflower oil accounts not only for most of the contributions from vegetable oil, it is responsible for over 50 % of the contributions that all agricultural crop based ingredients contributes towards some impact categories. Replacing sunflower oil with rapeseed oil reduces the contributions of salmon feed by between 6 % and 24 % across 10 out of the 11 impact categories. When compared upon the basis of equal weight, the contributions of fish oil are between 18 % and 99 % lower than those from rapeseed oil. The production of feed is responsible for the majority of contributions (between 32 % and 86 % ) to all impacts of salmon grow-out production. The production of salmon-smolts accounts for between 3 % and 18 %. The majority (64 %) of contributions towards the eutrophication potential of salmon production are from nutrient emissions, which are the result of fish metabolism, whilst nutrients released through the production of feed, the majority of these being from the agricultural production of crop and animals, account for 32 %. Feed production is also a major contributor to the impacts of land-based smolt production, but these contributions (between 12 % and 37 % across all impact categories) are of a lower magnitude than those from the supply of feed to the grow-out phase. Inputs of salt, and inputs of both electricity produced in a diesel power generator and obtained from the national electricity network, are also notable contributors (between 5 % and 67 %, 4 % and 29 %, and 2 % 47 %, respectively) towards the impacts of smolt-production. The main contributors towards the potential impacts of kelp grow-out production (excluding eutrophication potential) are the supply of infrastructure (between 14 % and 89 %), operation of a diesel-powered motorboat for maintenance purposes (between 1 % and 89 %), and the supply ‘of seeded cartridges’ (between 9 and 49 %). The major contributors from the production of ‘seeded cartriges’ in a land-based facility are the supply of electricity from the national electricity network, the supply of fresh water, and the treatment of waste water. The impact potentials of producing seed in this facility might be reduced if the scale of operation is increased. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous upon the harvesting of kelp is calculated based upon kelp tissue contents of these nutrients. The harvesting of 200 tonnes ha / yr-1, results in a eutrophic potential with a negative value (-376.51 kg of phosphate equivalents). The removal of such a quantity of nutrients might be beneficial if the local marine environment is at risk of hypernutrification, but when no such problem is present, the potential for undesirable consequences of nutrient sequestration should be considered. The major contributor towards the impacts of mussels is the provision of infrastructure (between 25 % and 99.5 %, excluding eutrophication potential). Infrastructure is also responsible for the majority of contributions from mussel seed production. The provision of cotton mesh bags, which are used to aid attatchment of seed to drop-ropes in the grow-out phase, account for between 37% and 99 % of the contributions from the infrastructure from the grow-out phase. This result suggest that either the impacts of mussel production can be reduced by using an alternative material with lower environmental impact potentials, or the inventory data describing the producing of cottonmesh bags requires some improvement. The outcomes of the LCAs of the different IMTA scenarios, are interesting. The results show that choice of species, and the ratios of their combination as required for the different efficiencies of bioremediation, can have a significant effect upon the comparison between IMTA and monoculture. / The study demonstrates a potential for environmental problem shifting as being a consequence of IMTA, especially when the functional unit is mass-adjusted economic value. As bioremediation efficiency increases, contributions towards eutrophication decrease. However, this reduction is achieved at the cost of increasing the contributions of IMTA towards those impact categories, such as ‘ozone layer depletion,’ for which it has a greater contribution than does monoculture. In general, it cannot be concluded from these results that open-water IMTA represents a more sustainable alternative to the monoculture production of Atlantic salmon. The sustainability of IMTA is shown to be dependent upon a variety of trade-offs, between individual environmental impacts, and between these impacts and the nutritional function that the system is capable of providing.

A captura e uso do dióxido de carbono é uma das formas de ajudar a frear as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e destiná-lo a um fim útil. Um possível uso para o CO2 seria como fertilizante agrícola, uma vez que as plantas quando em maiores concentrações deste gás ceteris paribus apresentam um incremento de biomassa. Os biocombustíveis são opções que contribuem para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas em detrimento ao uso de combustíveis fósseis e entre os biocombustíveis a produção de etanol a partir de cana-de-açúcar se destaca devido a vantagens quanto à emissão de GEE e energia acumulada. Essas vantagens podem ser ainda maiores com o uso do CO2 proveniente de suas biorrefinarias na forma de insumo agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar esta nova técnica de uso de carbono por meio da metodologia da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e da pegada de carbono de produtos para encontrar suas contribuições no balanço de energia e carbono do sistema. Um modelo de dispersão de gases foi utilizado para saber se é possível manter a concentração de CO2 no campo dentro dos parâmetros necessários para o incremento de biomassa. A análise indica que um sistema adaptado de irrigação por gotejamento pode manter a concentração deste gás dentro do nível desejado quando a emissão fica em 22,5 g ha-1s-1, mas que uma mesma área não é autossuficiente para o fornecimento de CO2 para fase de crescimento dos colmos. Através da ACV e da pegada de carbono da cana-de-açúcar em um cenário onde o incremento de biomassa é médio em relação aos experimentos encontrados, a tecnologia reduz em 13,5% a demanda de energia e 11,8% as emissões de GEE por MJ de bioenergia produzida se comparada ao sistema tradicional. O balanço de energia para o sistema tradicional e com reciclagem de CO2 foi de 170 GJ/ha e 206 GJ/ha, enquanto o balanço de carbono foi de -13950 kgCO2eq/ha e -17019 kgCO2eq/ha, respectivamente. Considerando as possíveis variações de incremento de biomassa, para cada MJ produzido a emissão de GEE pode variar em 8,9% e o consumo de energia em 10,9%. Essa nova técnica de uso de carbono do ponto vista teórico pode ser aplicada em campo e implica em um aumento entre 13 a 30% do balanço de energia para um hectare de cana-de-açúcar, consequentemente uma menor quantidade de terra será necessária para atingir as metas energéticas estipuladas / Carbon capture and use (CCU) may slow down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and direct them to a useful end. A possible CO2 application is as plant fertilizer because ceteris paribus biomass increases when plants grow under high CO2 concentrations. Compared to fossil fuels, biofuels mitigate climate change, and the use of sugarcane ethanol stands out due to its low lifecycle GHG emissions and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). Such benefits might be enhanced with the use of CO2 from the biorefinery as a crop fertilizer. The objective of this study is evaluating this new CCU scheme based on a life cycle assessment (LCA) and a carbon footprint to determine its energy and carbon balances. An air pollution dispersion model was used to verify whether it is possible to maintain the CO2 concentration on the field so that biomass increase takes place. The analysis demonstrates that a drip irrigation system can keep the concentration of gas within the desired level when the emission is 22.5 g ha-1s-1, but that the same area is not self sufficient to supply CO2 for the complete growth phase of the stalks. Results from the LCA and the carbon footprint demonstrate that compared to the traditional system, the scheme decreases CED and GHG emissions by 13,5% and 11,8%, respectively. The energy balance of the traditional and the recycling system were 170 GJ/ha and 206 GJ/ha, respectively, whereas the carbon balance was -13,950 kgCO2eq/ha and -17,019 kgCO2eq/ha, respectively. Considering the range of growth responses, for each MJ produced GHG emissions vary 8,9% whereas energy consumption varies 10,9%. These CCU scheme might be applied on the field and implies in improvements between 13 and 30% in the energy balance of 1ha of sugarcane; thus, a smaller land area will be needed than with the traditional system to achieve the energy goals

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-04T18:58:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Erika Tatiane de Oliveira Queiroz.pdf: 3038437 bytes, checksum: 6bfa3331fc5cef21ad6c59e52a18358c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-31T11:50:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Erika Tatiane de Oliveira Queiroz.pdf: 3038437 bytes, checksum: 6bfa3331fc5cef21ad6c59e52a18358c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T11:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Erika Tatiane de Oliveira Queiroz.pdf: 3038437 bytes, checksum: 6bfa3331fc5cef21ad6c59e52a18358c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-22 / A exploração exagerada dos recursos naturais, comprometendo os limites físicos do planeta, leva o tema sustentabilidade ganhar maior destaque nas discussões mundiais. Nos últimos anos, as empresas vem investindo em diminuir o impacto ambiental de suas atividades, buscando aumentar a eficiência no uso de matérias-primas, água e energia. Diante desta questão, este trabalho consiste na avaliação dos impactos ambientais da produção de cédulas de R$ 50,00 baseados na metodologia de Avaliação do Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), normatizada pelas ISO 14040 e 14044. A fronteira do sistema considerado nesta análise inclui a produção de chapas, impressão de cédulas e tratamento de efluentes. A unidade funcional (UF) do estudo é a produção de 1.000.000 cédulas de denominação de R$ 50,00 no ano de 2015. Utilizou-se o software SimaPro 8 e o banco de dados Ecoinvent, em suas versões 3.1. O resultado do estudo permitiu obter uma melhor visão dos processos da empresa. Em relação a fase de Avaliação de Impacto, os resultados demonstraram que o processo de impressão de cédulas mostrou ter 88% de contribuição para o impacto ambiental em relação ao processo de produção de chapas e tratamento dos efluentes. Baseado nos resultados deste estudo de ACV depreende-se que no processo de impressão de cédulas, o uso de papel fibra algodão apresentou maior contribuição para o impacto ambiental em 16 das 18 categorias avaliadas. O resultado deste estudo poderá utilizado como instrumento técnico para futuras decisões no desenvolvimento de novos produtos por empresas responsáveis pela produção do dinheiro no mundo. / Exaggerated exploitation of natural resources, compromising the physical limits of the planet, makes the subject of sustainability gain greater prominence in the world's discussions. In recent years, companies have been investing in reducing the environmental impact of their activities, seeking to increase efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy. Given this question, this work consists of the evaluation of the environmental impacts of the production of R $ 50.00 banknotes based on the methodology of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCA), standardized by ISO 14040 and 14044. The boundary of the system considered in this Analysis includes plate production, ballot printing and effluent treatment. The functional unit (UF) of the study is the production of 1,000,000 bills denominated R $ 50.00 in the year 2015. The software SimaPro 8 and the database Ecoinvent, in its versions 3.1. The result of the study allowed a better view of the company's processes. Regarding the Impact Assessment phase, the results showed that the ballot printing process showed an 88% contribution to the environmental impact in relation to the sheet production process and effluent treatment. Based on the results of this LCA study, it can be seen that in the ballot printing process, the use of cotton fiber paper presented the greatest contribution to environmental impact in 16 of the 18 categories evaluated. The result of this study could be used as a technical tool for future decisions in the development of new products by companies responsible for producing money in the world.

A captura e uso do dióxido de carbono é uma das formas de ajudar a frear as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e destiná-lo a um fim útil. Um possível uso para o CO2 seria como fertilizante agrícola, uma vez que as plantas quando em maiores concentrações deste gás ceteris paribus apresentam um incremento de biomassa. Os biocombustíveis são opções que contribuem para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas em detrimento ao uso de combustíveis fósseis e entre os biocombustíveis a produção de etanol a partir de cana-de-açúcar se destaca devido a vantagens quanto à emissão de GEE e energia acumulada. Essas vantagens podem ser ainda maiores com o uso do CO2 proveniente de suas biorrefinarias na forma de insumo agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar esta nova técnica de uso de carbono por meio da metodologia da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e da pegada de carbono de produtos para encontrar suas contribuições no balanço de energia e carbono do sistema. Um modelo de dispersão de gases foi utilizado para saber se é possível manter a concentração de CO2 no campo dentro dos parâmetros necessários para o incremento de biomassa. A análise indica que um sistema adaptado de irrigação por gotejamento pode manter a concentração deste gás dentro do nível desejado quando a emissão fica em 22,5 g ha-1s-1, mas que uma mesma área não é autossuficiente para o fornecimento de CO2 para fase de crescimento dos colmos. Através da ACV e da pegada de carbono da cana-de-açúcar em um cenário onde o incremento de biomassa é médio em relação aos experimentos encontrados, a tecnologia reduz em 13,5% a demanda de energia e 11,8% as emissões de GEE por MJ de bioenergia produzida se comparada ao sistema tradicional. O balanço de energia para o sistema tradicional e com reciclagem de CO2 foi de 170 GJ/ha e 206 GJ/ha, enquanto o balanço de carbono foi de -13950 kgCO2eq/ha e -17019 kgCO2eq/ha, respectivamente. Considerando as possíveis variações de incremento de biomassa, para cada MJ produzido a emissão de GEE pode variar em 8,9% e o consumo de energia em 10,9%. Essa nova técnica de uso de carbono do ponto vista teórico pode ser aplicada em campo e implica em um aumento entre 13 a 30% do balanço de energia para um hectare de cana-de-açúcar, consequentemente uma menor quantidade de terra será necessária para atingir as metas energéticas estipuladas / Carbon capture and use (CCU) may slow down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and direct them to a useful end. A possible CO2 application is as plant fertilizer because ceteris paribus biomass increases when plants grow under high CO2 concentrations. Compared to fossil fuels, biofuels mitigate climate change, and the use of sugarcane ethanol stands out due to its low lifecycle GHG emissions and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). Such benefits might be enhanced with the use of CO2 from the biorefinery as a crop fertilizer. The objective of this study is evaluating this new CCU scheme based on a life cycle assessment (LCA) and a carbon footprint to determine its energy and carbon balances. An air pollution dispersion model was used to verify whether it is possible to maintain the CO2 concentration on the field so that biomass increase takes place. The analysis demonstrates that a drip irrigation system can keep the concentration of gas within the desired level when the emission is 22.5 g ha-1s-1, but that the same area is not self sufficient to supply CO2 for the complete growth phase of the stalks. Results from the LCA and the carbon footprint demonstrate that compared to the traditional system, the scheme decreases CED and GHG emissions by 13,5% and 11,8%, respectively. The energy balance of the traditional and the recycling system were 170 GJ/ha and 206 GJ/ha, respectively, whereas the carbon balance was -13,950 kgCO2eq/ha and -17,019 kgCO2eq/ha, respectively. Considering the range of growth responses, for each MJ produced GHG emissions vary 8,9% whereas energy consumption varies 10,9%. These CCU scheme might be applied on the field and implies in improvements between 13 and 30% in the energy balance of 1ha of sugarcane; thus, a smaller land area will be needed than with the traditional system to achieve the energy goals

Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos, apesar de possibilitarem a eliminação ou redução de poluentes e substâncias indesejados presentes nas águas residuárias, também ocasionam impactos ambientais. Essa característica deve ser levada em consideração no momento da instalação de uma alternativa tecnológica para o tratamento de esgoto e na proposição de melhorias aos sistemas selecionados. Uma das ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para avaliar o desempenho ambiental de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), a qual pode ser complementada pela metodologia de Avaliação do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV), que permite calcular o custo total de um projeto ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. No presente estudo, a ACV e a ACCV foram utilizadas com o objetivo de analisar os potenciais impactos ambientais e custos de diferentes configurações de sistemas pilotos de tratamento de esgoto envolvendo wetlands construídos (WC) com e sem aeração. Foram obtidos também fatores de alocação para as potenciais cargas ambientais do lodo e do efluente do tanque séptico, que possibilitarão a realização de estudos futuros de ACV para alternativas de destinação do lodo de tanques sépticos. A modelagem dos sistemas e os cálculos envolvidos na avaliação dos impactos do ciclo de vida foram realizados mediante o uso do software openLCA v. 1.6.3. Para a avaliação das categorias de impacto de acidificação terrestre, mudança climática, eutrofização aquática de água doce, formação de oxidantes fotoquímicos, ecotoxicidade de água doce e toxicidade humana foi utilizado o método de avaliação de impacto ReCiPe. Foram avaliadas também as categorias de ecotoxicidade e toxicidade humana, utilizando o método USEtox. Nas análises envolvendo um WC aerado a etapa de operação se mostrou com um maior potencial de causar impactos ambientais para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas, com resultados variando entre 63,9% para a categoria de toxicidade humana e 99,8% para a categoria de eutrofização de água doce. Na comparação de materiais utilizados na construção dos sistemas, o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da fibra de vidro foi até 4,7 vezes menor que o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da alvenaria em tijolos para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas. Contudo, a utilização de fibra de vidro ao invés de alvenaria em tijolos apresentou custos mais elevados. O custo do ciclo de vida por m3 de esgoto tratado do sistema envolvendo um WC com aeração mostrou-se cerca de 1,8 vezes menor do que o do sistema sem aeração. Os resultados encontrados trazem contribuições que podem auxiliar na tomada de decisão no que diz respeito à implantação e operação de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto, visando tornar estes mais sustentáveis do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental / Although wastewater treatment systems, allow for the elimination or reduction of pollutants and unwanted substances in wastewater, they also cause environmental impacts. One tool that can evaluate the environmental performance of wastewater treatment systems is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which can be complemented by Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), which calculates the total cost of a project over its entire life cycle. In the present study, the LCA and LCCA were used to analyze the potential environmental impacts and costs of different wastewater treatment pilot plant configurations involving constructed wetlands (CW) with and without aeration. The modeling of the systems and the calculations involved in the assessment of the life cycle impacts were performed using the openLCA v. 1.6.3 software. The impact assessment method used for the impact categories of terrestrial acidification, climate change, freshwater aquatic eutrophication, formation of photochemical oxidants, ecotoxicity and human toxicity was ReCiPe. The categories of ecotoxicity and human toxicity were also evaluated using the USEtox method. In the analyzes involving an aerated CW, the operation stage showed the greatest potential to cause environmental impacts for all impact categories analyzed, with results varying between 63.9% for the category of human toxicity and 99.8% for the category of freshwater eutrophication. The comparison of materials used in the construction of systems has demonstrated that the potential to cause environmental impacts of fiberglass was up to 4.7 times less than the potential to cause environmental impacts of brick masonry for all impact categories analyzed. However, the use of fiberglass instead of masonry in bricks has presented higher costs. The life cycle cost per cubic meter of treated sewage of the system involving a CW with aeration was about 1.8 times smaller than that of the system without aeration. Results can aid in decision making regarding the implementation and operation of wastewater treatment plants, in order to make these systems more sustainable from an economic and environmental point of views

L’utilisation croissante du vocable de la transition dans le débat public contribue à l’émergence de nouvelles méthodes de recherche dont les géographes commencent à se saisir. La transition invite à réfléchir dans un cadre d’action nouveau. Appliquée au domaine des énergies, elle rencontre le géographe dans ses interprétations des dynamiques spatiales. Ce cadre spatio-temporel inédit, où sont introduites les notions de territorialisation de l’énergie et de réversibilité, constitue une opportunité pour le géographe de penser ces enjeux nouveaux selon des approches du couple espace-temps réinterprétées. Dans ce contexte, la thèse vise à comprendre et à analyser les mécanismes socio-spatiaux mis à l’épreuve par le développement des énergies renouvelables, et plus particulièrement des éoliennes. La spécificité de la démarche réside dans une traduction géographique de l’Analyse de Cycle de Vie. Pour ce faire, la thèse réinvestit le concept de paysage dans son interprétation dynamique. Cependant, l’analyse de cycle de vie nous invite à repenser la dynamique paysagère selon la notion d’événement. La thèse interroge l’arrivée d’un projet éolien comme un événement et s’intéresse à ses modes de surgissement, les déstabilisations socio-spatiales induites et les mécanismes de régulation entrepris par les individus. L’objectif de la recherche est d’expérimenter la conduite d’une Analyse sociale de Cycle de Vie des représentations paysagères de l’éolien. L’ambition se voit confrontée à une contrainte majeure, celle du temps. Le temps imparti de la thèse rencontre les temps politiques et les temps de l’expérience. Événements construits ou événement subis, ils impactent différemment les représentations socio-spatiales selon des échelles de temps variables. L’intention d’une recherche diachronique nous enjoint à réfléchir aux enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques stimulants de l’élaboration d‘un corpus particulier où peuvent être analysées conjointement des données de natures et de sources diverses. L’analyse est menée sur les discours et particulièrement sur les références spatiales et les sensibilités des individus face à l’arrivée d’éoliennes sur un territoire. La thèse retrace les étapes des cycles de vie de l’événement-éolien traduites et interprétées selon les contextes de terrains. / The increasing use of the transition terms in the public debate contributes to the emergence of new research methods whom geographers begin to apprehend. Transition invites to consider a new action framework. In the matter of energy domain, the transition concept involves geographers in their socio-spatial interpretations. This new spatiotemporal frame, where are introduced the notions of territorialisation of the energy and the reversibility, provides an opportunity to consider these issues from a reinterpretation of the space-time couple. In this context, the thesis aims in understanding and analyzing of socio-spatial mechanisms tested by the renewable energies development, especially wind turbines. The specificity of this approach may be a geographical rendition of the Life Cycle Assessment method. For this purpose, the thesis requires the concept of landscape in its dynamic meaning. However, the life cycle assessment invites us to reshape the idea of landscape dynamics according to the notion of event. The thesis explores the arrival of a wind turbines project as an event and it focus on its sudden emergence, the induced socio-spatial destabilizations and the individual and social adaptations. The purpose of this research is to investigate a Social Life Cycle Assessment of the landscape representations of the wind energy. This ambition faces a time constraint. The allowed time of a PhD thesis faces political times and the times of the experience. Created events or suffered events impact the socio-spatial representations differently and over various timescales. Considering a diachronic study brings about rethinking the epistemological and methodological issues raised by a corpus which gathers several types of data, from different sources and which would be analyzed together. The analysis is led on discourses and especially on spatial textual references along with the individual sensibilities revealed when a wind turbines project is initiated on territory. The thesis tracks the life cycle steps of windpower-events that we interpret according to the socio-spatial context of the study terrains.

Submitted by Michel Decian Carvalho (micheldecian@outlook.com) on 2019-01-25T19:33:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ecoeficiência em sistemas de produção de frangos de corte.pdf: 2316978 bytes, checksum: 73c26d3d5c3921fc687fb53c493beb9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucas Paganine (lucaspaganine@ibict.br) on 2019-02-05T17:10:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ecoeficiência em sistemas de produção de frangos de corte.pdf: 2316978 bytes, checksum: 73c26d3d5c3921fc687fb53c493beb9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-05T17:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Ecoeficiência em sistemas de produção de frangos de corte.pdf: 2316978 bytes, checksum: 73c26d3d5c3921fc687fb53c493beb9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / The consumption of chicken meat as a source of animal protein is increasing. Largescale confinement systems are responsible for meeting this demand. As a result, the consumption of inputs and the environmental changes that these systems provide intensify. The production chain of Brazilian broiler chicken is characterized by a system of integration between producer and the agroindustry, and both are inserted in a globalized market, where the imported inputs and export much of the production is exported to foreign markets. To evaluate the economic and environmental performance of production systems responsible for representing this food supply, an eco-efficiency assessment was made. The eco-efficiency assessment addressed two methods for quantifying environmental impacts and valuation of product systems, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Economic Value Added (EVA). The approach comprised the stages of agricultural production, breeding and fattening of chickens. Four products in three different systems were evaluated, Griller, Broiler and heavy broiler chickens produced in Negative pressure automated dark house aviaries, and the same chickens produced in Conventional positive pressure aviaries. Also, for comparison an alternative system of positive pressure was used to represent the production of organic chickens that serves a niche market but receives attention for studies in other countries. The Functional Unit (UF) was 1 kg of live chicken ready to be shipped to the slaughterhouse, and the method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (AICV) was done with CML 2. The results showed that most of the impacts comes from the agricultural stage of grain production for the rations, and from the use of electric power to feed the equipment of the barracks. Conventional systems presented negative results for the generation of economic value and environmental impacts like the Dark House systems. Chickens produced in organic systems positively outperformed the other products in terms of economic valuation but had results of potential environmental impact much higher. It was possible to conclude that for conventional systems special attention needs to be paid regarding the return on investment, especially in relation to rates for capital remuneration, to provide new ventures that, in addition to smaller environmental impacts, can also generate greater economic profit. / O consumo da carne de frango como fonte de proteína animal é crescente em todo mundo. Os sistemas de produção de confinamento em larga escala são responsáveis por atender essa demanda. Em função disso o consumo de insumos e as trocas ambientais que estes sistemas proporcionam se intensificam. A cadeia produtiva do frango de corte no Brasil é caracterizada em sua maioria por sistemas de integração entre produtores e agroindústrias, e estão inseridos em um mercado globalizado onde importam insumos e exportam boa parte da produção para mercados externos. Para avaliar o desempenho econômico e ambiental dos sistemas de produção responsáveis por representar essa oferta de alimentos, uma avaliação de ecoeficiência foi feita. A avaliação de ecoeficiência abordou dois métodos para quantificar os impactos ambientais e a valoração dos sistemas de produto, a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e o Valor Econômico Agregado (EVA). A abordagem foi do berço ao portão dos aviários, compreendendo as etapas de produção agrícola, fábrica de ração e engorda dos frangos. Quatro produtos em três sistemas diferentes foram avaliados, os frangos Griller, Broiler e pesados produzidos em aviários automatizados de pressão negativa Dark House, e os mesmos frangos produzidos em aviários de pressão positiva convencionais. Ainda para comparação, um sistema alternativo de pressão positiva foi utilizado representando a produção de frangos orgânicos que atende um determinado nicho de mercado e recebe atenção para estudos similares em outros países. A Unidade Funcional (UF) usada é de 1 kg de frango vivo pronto para embarcar para o abatedouro, e a Análise de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) foi feita com o método CML 2 baseline. Os resultados mostraram que a maior parte dos impactos vem da etapa agrícola da produção de grãos usados na fabricação das rações, e por seguinte do uso de energia elétrica para alimentar os equipamentos dos aviários. Os sistemas convencionais apresentaram resultados negativos para geração de valor econômico e impactos ambientais similares aos sistemas Dark House. Os frangos produzidos em sistemas orgânicos superaram positivamente os demais produtos quanto a valoração econômica, mas tiveram resultados de potencial impacto ambiental muito acima em todas as categorias de impacto analisadas. Foi possível concluir que para sistemas convencionais uma atenção especial precisa ser dada quanto ao retorno dos investimentos, principalmente com relação as taxas para remuneração do capital, de forma a proporcionar a novos empreendimentos que além de impactos ambientais menores também possam gerar maior lucro econômico.