Centralized infrastructure (CI) is difficult to sustain with limited water and fossil fuel resources because CI withdraws 100% of water demand from the environment as an open-loop system and electricity is consumed to transport and treat water and wastewater while demand is increasing. Hybrid infrastructure (HI) is proposed to combine CI with decentralized alternatives such as low impact development (LID) technologies (i.e., xeriscaping, rain gardens, and rainwater harvesting) or greywater reclamation systems with membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Water, wastewater, and stormwater systems in the City of Atlanta (COA) were regarded as CI. HI was compared to CI using life cycle environmental impacts measured by water reuse index (WRI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) scores. WRI is a ratio of water withdrawal to sustainable water resources of wastewater (i.e., return flow) and stormwater discharge, which presents water stress level (e.g., 0.2 ~ 0.4: medium-high level). LCA score is determined as % of annual world average environmental damage per capita. As stormwater runoff, water demand, greywater generation, rainwater harvesting, etc. vary depending on land use and population density, feasibility of decentralized alternatives was evaluated in eleven residential communities. Five single-family residential communities were designated as between R-1 of 16 people/10 acres and R-5 of 169 people/10 acres and six multi-family residential communities were designated as between RG-1 of 148 people/10 acres and RG-6 of 5,808 people/10 acres. HI with LID technologies reduced WRI of COA that relies on CI from 0.45 to 0.12. HI reduced the LCA scores of CI with combined sewer system (CSS) by between 1% for RG-6 and 68% for R-1 and the LCA scores of CI with separate sewer system (SSS) by between 0% for RG-6 and 18% for R-1. As population density increases for the multi-family residential communities, harvested rainwater decreases and a small amount of water demand is satisfied. Consequently, it has a negligible impact on the LCA scores in RG-6. HI with greywater reclamation system reduced WRI of COA from 0.45 to 0.35. HI resulted in the LCA scores greater as compared to CI in the five single-family communities and RG-1, RG-2, and RG-3 because of the electricity consumption of small-scale MBR. However, the electricity consumption per kgal decreases with increasing MBR treatment capacity and the LCA scores were reduced by 5% for RG-4, 15% for RG-5, and 21% for RG-6. The MBR treatment capacity of RG-4 is 15.6 kgal/day.

Actuellement, les matériaux collectés à partir de produits en fin de vie sont recyclés en matière première pour être réutilisés dans un nouveau cycle de production. Cependant, la consommation énergétique des filières de recyclage reste importante. Le processus du recyclage fait aussi perdre la valeur ajoutée et l’énergie utilisée durant la fabrication de pièces originales. Aujourd’hui, les techniques de fabrication additive sont suffisamment performantes et permettent une fabrication de produits avec un matériau compatible avec l’usage. La prise en compte des performances de ces nouvelles techniques dans une stratégie soutenable peut ouvrir des pistes pour modifier les pièces et les réutiliser directement sans retourner au niveau de matière première. Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer une stratégie soutenable, qui permet de donner une nouvelle vie à une pièce en fin de vie (ou une pièce existante) en la transformant directement en une nouvelle pièce destinée à un autre produit. Afin de développer une telle stratégie, les travaux menés de la thèse visent à résoudre les verrous scientifiques suivants :Le premier verrou scientifique est lié à la faisabilité technologique : est-il possible de déposer de la matière sur une pièce existante en utilisant les techniques de fabrication additive pour obtenir la nouvelle pièce avec une bonne santé de matière ? Cette question a été résolue en réalisant une étude expérimentale sur l’observation de microstructures et de propriétés mécaniques des éprouvettes, qui sont fabriquées par ajout de nouvelles entités sur une pièce existante en EBM. Le deuxième verrou scientifique est lié à l’étude de la chaîne complète de fabrication d’un point de vue technologique. Comment concevoir des gammes de fabrication en combinant intelligemment des opérations additives et soustractives pour obtenir la pièce attendue à partir de la pièce existante ? Une méthode de conception des gammes de fabrication combinant les procédés additifs et soustractifs a été proposée en s’appuyant sur le concept d’entités de fabrication additive et soustractive. Le troisième verrou scientifique est lié à la soutenabilité et la stratégie présente-t-elle des avantages par rapport à la stratégie conventionnelle en termes de soutenabilité ? Une approche s’appuyant sur la méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) a aussi été développée pour évaluer des impacts environnementaux. Des critères permettant de qualifier le domaine de la stratégie proposée vis-à-vis de la stratégie conventionnelle ont été identifiés / Currently, materials collected from end-of-life (EoL) products are recycled into raw material for reusing in a new production cycle. However, energy consumptions of recycling sectors remain important. The added values and energy used in the manufacture of original parts are also lost during the material recycling process. Nowadays, additive manufacturing techniques are sufficiently efficient and allow the manufacture of products with a material compatible with the use. Taking into account the performances of these techniques in a sustainable strategy can open the ways to modify parts and reuse them directly without returning to the raw material level. This thesis aims to develop a sustainable strategy, which allows giving a new life to an EoL part (or an existing part) by transforming it directly into a new part intended for another product. In order to develop such a strategy, the works of the thesis aims to solve the following scientific issues : the first scientific issue is related to the technological feasibility : is it possible to deposit material on an existing part using additive manufacturing technologies to obtain the new part with good material health ? This question is solved by carrying out an experimental study on the observation of microstructures and mechanical properties of the samples, which are manufactured by adding new features into an existing part in EBM. The second scientific issue is related to the study of the complete manufacturing chain from a technological point of view. How to design the process planning for additive and subtractive manufacturing combination to manufacture the expected part from the existing part ? To solve this question, a methodology to design the process planning for combining these manufacturing processes has been proposed based on the concept of additive manufacturing and machining features.The third scientific issue is linked to the sustainability and does the new strategy have advantages in comparison to the conventional strategy in terms of sustainability ? An approach based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method has also been developed to assess environmental impacts. The criteria for qualifying the domain of the proposed strategy vis-a-vis the conventional strategy were also identified

[pt] Com a crescente demanda – nacional e internacional – por biocombustíveis e a pressão internacional para redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, o Brasil teria muito a ganhar, do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental, com um aumento na eficiência e oferta de biocombustíveis. O advento da produção de biocombustíveis produzidos em fazendas de alga possibilita uma relação de simbiose com usinas de cana-de-açúcar. Tais algas se alimentam, entre outras substâncias, de dióxido de carbono, e a abundante biomassa de cana queimada em caldeiras, aliada à incidência solar privilegiada no Brasil, fazem da utilização de algas em usinas de cana uma possibilidade de conversão de emissões de gás de efeito estufa em biocombustível. Essa dissertação tem como objetivo estimar o resultado da implantação de uma fazenda de algas em uma usina de cana-de-açúcar. A usina em questão sofreu vistoria e fez-se o levantamento da produção de energia renovável e as emissões atmosféricas dos principais gases de efeito estufa (CH4, N2O e CO2), através da metodologia de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). A meta, a partir desta análise e com o uso de dados primário de uma empresa que instala fazendas de alga, é estimar o acréscimo de biocombustível gerado por algas e o decréscimo das emissões de GEE no processo produtivo. Os resultados obtidos na Usina Estudada mostram que caso a mesma implantasse uma fazenda de algas em seu parque industrial, sua eficiência energética na produção de energia através do etanol quase triplicaria ao passo em que emitiria quatro vezes menos poluentes em sua cadeia de produção. Caso a usina optasse por gerar exclusivamente Biodiesel, produziria Biodiesel (B100) para 19 anos de subsistência com um combustível 78,4 por cento menos poluente em termos de GEE. Aproximações mostram que caso a totalidade da lavoura de cana implante fazendas de algas no Brasil, apenas o Biodiesel gerado neste processo seria equivalente à quase 70 por cento da produção Brasileira de diesel de 2012. / [en] With the demand for Biofuels growing – in Brazil and abroad – and with worldwide efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Brazil would have much to gain, from an environmental and economic point of view, from increasing the efficiency and offer of biofuels. The advent of biofuels produced in algae farms enabled a symbiotic relationship with ethanol plants. Such algae feeds off, among other things, Carbon Dioxide, and the abundant biomass burned in ethanol plants boilers, along with Brazil s privileged solar incidence, and this regime permits such farms to convert GHG to biofuel. The objective of this study was to investigate an ethanol plant as a productive system to understand how the addition of an algae farm could change the status quo of energy efficiency and emission of pollutant gases. The system analyzed includes the sugarcane sowing, the plantation handling, the harvesting, the industrial activities, and the Ethanol distribution. The goal, from this analysis and using primary data from a company that installs algae farms, is to estimate the increase of biofuel generated by algae and decrease GHG emissions in the production process. The results obtained in Plant Studied show that an algae farm in its industrial grounds would better its energy efficiency in almost threefold, while generating four times less atmospheric pollution in their production chain. If the plant chose to produce exclusively Biodiesel, production of B100 Biodiesel would be enough for the industry s diesel needs for 19 years, with a 78.4 percent cleaner fuel in terms of GHG emissions. Approximations show that if all the sugar cane fields implant algae farms in Brazil, the Biodiesel generated in this process would be equivalent to almost 70 percent of the Brazilian production of diesel from 2012.

Cette recherche vise à étudier les impacts environnementaux d'une technologie émergente de production d’électricité basée sur une source renouvelable, les systèmes géothermiques stimulés (EGS), par l’analyse de leur cycle de vie (ACV).Après avoir analysé plusieurs études de cas, nous avons développé un modèle ACV paramétré capable de caractériser les performances environnementales de la filière EGS. Nos résultats montrent que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des EGS sur leur cycle de vie sont bien inférieures à celles des centrales utilisant des combustibles fossiles.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mis au point un cadre méthodologique pour appliquer l'analyse de sensibilité globale (GSA) à l’ACV des technologies émergentes comme les EGS, prenant en compte les incertitudes élevées liées à leur caractère innovant. Nous avons appliqué notre nouvelle approche GSA pour développer un modèle ACV simplifié, à destination des décideurs, permettant une estimation rapide des impacts des EGS à partir de seulement cinq paramètres clefs: capacité installée, profondeur de forage, nombre de puits, débit géothermal et durée de vie.L'approche méthodologique développée dans cette thèse est applicable à d'autres technologies et ouvre de larges perspectives de recherche dans le domaine de l'évaluation environnementale. / This thesis investigates the environmental impacts of an emerging renewable energy technology, the enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach.Following the analysis of several EGS case studies, we developed a parameterized LCA model able to provide a global overview of the life cycle impacts of the EGS technology. The greenhouse gas emissions of EGS are found comparable with other renewable energy systems and far better than those of power plants based on fossil fuels.In a second stage, we developed a methodological framework for the application of global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to the LCA of emerging technologies like the EGS, taking into account the high uncertainties related to their description. We applied our new GSA approach to generate a simplified LCA model, aimed at decision makers, allowing a rapid estimation of the life cycle impacts of EGS from only five key parameters: installed capacity, drilling depth, number of wells, flow rate and lifetime.The methodological approach developed in this thesis is applicable to other technologies and opens large research perspectives in the field of environmental assessment.

Identifier les « hotspots » environnementaux de l’agriculture est crucial dans un contexte où l’humanité doit produire plus et polluer moins. L’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) est un outil puissant pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des systèmes agricoles, mais souffre encore de lacunes, notamment pour l’évaluation des impacts lies à la consommation d’eau douce et la salinisation des eaux et des sols. La complexité fondamentale réside dans le double statut de l’eau et du sol en ACV qui sont à la fois des ressources et des compartiments. Les trois questions auxquelles la thèse répond sont: Comment mieux évaluer les impacts associés aux flux d’eau et de sels? Quel modèle devrait être développé pour un inventaire pertinent des flux d’eau et de sels au champ? Le modèle développé est-il opérationnel pour une étude ACV d’une culture pérenne? La première question a été traitée grâce à une revue de la littérature sur les impacts salinisations en ACV. Cette revue détaille les principaux mécanismes environnementaux de la salinisation, les facteurs impliqués, et discute du statut du sol et de l’eau, notamment en définissant une frontière cohérente entre technosphère et écosphere. Pour répondre à la seconde question, une analyse critique des bases de données d’inventaire eau et ACV de produits agroalimentaires a montré leur inaptitude pour l’ecodesign basé sur l’ACV: elles fournissent des estimations d’eau consommée théorique, se basent sur des données et méthodes qui présentent des limites, et ne permettent pas le calcul des impacts liés à l’usage consommateur et dégradant de l’eau. Pour l’ecodesign des systèmes agricoles basé sur l’ACV, l’inventaire des flux d’eau et de sels devrait se fonder sur un modèle simulant l’évapotranspiration, la percolation profonde et le ruissèlement, prenant en compte les spécificités de la culture, les conditions pédoclimatiques et les pratiques agricoles. Le modèle Aquacrop de la FAO est un modèle pertinent et opérationnel pour les cultures herbacées, mais il n’existe pas de modèle dédié aux cultures pérennes pour le moment. Pour pallier à ce manque, un modèle simple et « sur mesure », appelé E.T., a été élaboré pour l’inventaire des flux d’eau et de sels au champ, pour les cultures annuelles et pérennes. Le modèle combine un bilan journalier de l’eau et des sels, prenant en compte le sol, le climat, les pratiques agricoles et d’éventuels stress salin ou hydrique. Un premier test du modèle a démontré son pouvoir discriminant des pratiques agricoles et sa robustesse. Son domaine de validité peut être étendu et sa précision augmentée grâce aux recommandations fournies. E.T. a aussi été appliquée dans une ACV de Mandarine cultivée au Maroc. Pour la plupart des catégories d’impacts, l’usage d’électricité pour l’irrigation était un contributeur majeur, révélant une forte connexion entre l’eau et l’énergie. L’usage d’eau avait une contribution majeure aux dommages sur les trois aires de protection. Dans l’ensemble, pour améliorer davantage la prise en compte des impacts liés à l’usage de l’eau (dont la salinisation) nous recommandons d’adopter une approche plus mécaniste et hydrologique. / Identifying the environmental hot spots of agriculture is crucial in a context where humanity has to produce more food and pollute less. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of agricultural systems, but is still fraught with shortcomings, notably for the evaluation of impacts of freshwater use and of salinisation of water and soil. The core complexity lies in the double status of water and soil resources in LCA which are both a resource and a compartment. The three questions answered by the thesis were: How to better assess the impacts associated with water and salts fluxes? What model should be developed for a relevant inventory of field water and salts fluxes? Is the developed model operational for an LCA study on a perennial crop? The first question was answered through a literature review on salinisation impacts in LCA. It revealed the main environmental mechanisms of salinisation, the factors involved, and discussed the soil and water status, notably through a consistent definition of the technosphere and ecosphere boundary. To answer the second question, a critical analysis of water inventory and agri-food LCA databases showed their inadequacy for the LCA-based ecodesign of cropping systems: they provide estimates of theoretical water consumed, rely on data and methods presenting limitations, and do not support the calculation of both consumptive and degradative water use impacts. For the LCA-based ecodesign of cropping systems, the inventory of water flows should be based on a model simulating evapotranspiration, deep percolation and runoff accounting for crop specificities, pedo-climatic conditions and agricultural managements. For herbaceous crops, the FAO Aquacrop model constitutes a relevant and operational model, but no dedicated model is available to-date for perennials. To fill this gap, a tailored and simple model, so called E.T., was elaborated for the inventory of field water and salt flows for annual and perennial crops. The model combines daily water and salts balances, accounting for soil, climate, agricultural practices and possible crop water and salinity stresses. A first testing of the E.T. model demonstrated its discriminating power for agricultural practices and its robustness. Its validity domain can be extended and its accuracy increased thanks to the recommendations provided. E.T. was also tested in the LCA of a Mandarin grown in Morocco. For most impact categories, electricity use for irrigation was the main contributor revealing a water-energy nexus. Water use had a major contribution to damages for all areas of protection. Overall, to further improve the assessment of impacts due to water use (including salinization impacts) we recommend using a more mechanistic and hydrological approach.

La rareté de l'eau douce de bonne qualité pour l'humanité est un problème qui devient de plus aiguë (d'actualité). Les populations humaines croissantes ainsi que l'augmentation des activités industrielles et agricoles jouent un rôle majeur dans l'épuisement et la pollution des ressources en eau douce. Cette situation devient de plus en plus grave dans des pays disposant de ressources limites d'eau comme l'Arabie Saoudite qui est le plus grand pays au monde sans ressources naturelles d'eau douce. En même temps, l'Arabie saoudite est le troisième plus grand consommateur d'eau par habitant dans le monde. Pour remédier à cette pénurie d'eau douce, différentes technologies de dessalement d'eau de mer sont utilisées actuellement. Malgré plus de trente-deux usines de dessalement, le pays fait face à un défi de taille pour alimenter sa population avec eau en quantité suffisante (nécessaire). Dans ce contexte, en premier lieu, nous présentons un procédé pour produire la quantité requise d'eau, avec un impact minimum sur l'environnement, tout en maintenant sa bonne qualité. En outre, les possibilités pour l'utilisation des énergies alternatives pour réduire l'impact environnemental des besoins de dessalement sont examinées, ainsi que la pertinence des différents types d'énergie alternative qui pourraient être utilisés dans le cas particulier de l'Arabie Saoudite. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) étant une méthode holistique de l'évaluation des impacts environnementaux des produits, a été utilisée pour évaluer l'impact environnemental du processus de dessalement et en identifier les principales raisons de cet impact. A cet effet, une collaboration avec une usine de dessalement en Arabie Saoudite a été mise en place, soldée par de multiples visites sur place. Ces dernières nous ont permis de comprendre le processus de dessalement, recueillir des données nécessaires et considère les possibilités d'introduire des sources d'énergie alternatives pour alimenter l'usine de dessalement. Afin d'évaluer l'impact environnemental du processus de dessalement une ACV basée sur le logiciel SimaPro a été réalisée. Les résultats de l'étude ont montré que le choix le plus pertinent concernant la technologie de dessalement dans le contexte de l'Arabie Saoudite est l'Osmose inverse (RO). Le modèle LCA a également montré que l'électricité produite à partir de combustibles fossiles a été responsable de 92,8% des dommages environnementaux causés. En outre, l'étude a montré, que les solutions les plus appropriées pour approvisionner en électricité la technologie RO de dessalement sont l'énergie solaire et l'énergie éolienne au lieu du pétrole brut fossile actuellement utilisé. L'ACV a montré également que l'utilisation de l'énergie alternative comme source d'énergie au dessalement peut réduire considérablement l'impact environnemental. / The scarcity of fresh water with enough (good) quality for human been is a problem which becomes more acute day by day. The increasing human populations along with increasing industrial and agricultural activities are adding more burden towered the depletion and pollution of fresh water resources. This situation becomes more serious in countries with limit water resources as Saudi Arabia which is the largest country in the world without natural fresh water resources. At the same time, Saudi Arabia is the third-largest per capita water consumer worldwide. To overcome the water shortage, sea water desalination technology has been used so far. Despite more than thirty-two desalination plants, the country faces a significant challenge to supply its population with the required amount of water. In this context, in the first place, this thesis presents a method for producing the required amount of water with minimal environmental impact while maintaining the required water quality need to be developed. Further, the possibilities of alternative energy in reducing the environmental impact from desalination needs are investigated, along with the suitability of different types of alternative energy that could be utilized in the particularly case of Saudi Arabia. Life cycle assessment (LCA) being a holistic method of assessing the environmental impacts of products it was used to assess the environmental impact of the desalination process and identifying the main reasons behind this damages. For this purpose, a collaboration with a desalination plant in Saudi Arabia was set up, which included visiting the plant several times. This allowed us to understand the desalination process, collect the required data and consider the possibilities of introducing alternative energy sources to power the desalination plants. In order to assess the environmental impact of the desalination process a LCA based on SimaPro software was performed. The results of the study showed that the most likely choice of desalination technology within the Saudi Arabian context is Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination. The LCA model showed also that electricity produced from fossil fuel was the responsible of 92.8% of the environmental damages. Further, the most suitable alternatives to produce electricity to RO desalination are solar energy and wind energy instead of fossil crude oil. The LCA showed that using alternative energy as the source to supply electricity to desalination may substantially reduce the environmental impact.

Dans le contexte actuel, où la préservation des ressources et le développement durable sont devenus des enjeux importants de ce siècle, la production de matériaux tant performants que respectueux de l’environnement est devenue indispensable. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse porte sur l’élaboration de matrices poreuses de biopolymères en utilisant la technologie CO2 supercritique (CO2-SC). L’utilisation du PLA permet de produire des matrices 100% biosourcées et biodégradables, alors que l’utilisation de CO2-SC permet de diminuer l’impact écologique des procédés de mise en forme. Dans un premier temps une étude paramétrique de la mise en forme de matrice de PLA par une méthode de séparation de phase thermique (TIPS) couplée à un séchage par CO2 a été réalisée. Elle a permis de produire des matrices microcellulaires de faible densité (entre 60 et 320 kg/m3) et aux propriétés structurales mécaniques modulables. L’ensemble du procédé a fait l’objet d’une analyse de cycle de vie et il a été démontré que l’utilisation du CO2-SC en remplacement de la lyophilisation a réduit d’entre 50 et 90% l’impact environnemental. Dans un second temps une étude in-situ de la séparation de phase par tomographie-X en rayonnement synchrotron a permis de mieux comprendre la mécanistique de notre procédé. Enfin, la dernière partie de ce travail a été consacré à la mise en forme de matrice de PLA sans solvant, en utilisant le CO2-SC comme agent gonflant. Les résultats obtenus ont servi à réaliser une étude comparative des deux procédés développés. / In the present context, where the preservation of resources and sustainable development became the main issues of this century, the production of more efficient and environmentally friendly materials is essential. Thus, this work deals with thedevelopment of biobased polymeric porous matrix using SC-CO2. The use of PLA makes it possible to produce 100% biosourced and biodegradable matrices, while the use of CO2-SC reduces the ecological impact of the shaping processes. In a first step, a parametric study of PLA matrix shaping by a thermal induced phase separation (TIPS) method coupled to CO2 drying was performed. Low density microcellular matrices were obtained with tunable structural and mechanical properties. The whole process was analyze by life cycle assessment and the results showed that SC-CO2 replacing freeze drying has reduced the environmental impact between 50 and 90%. Secondly, a phase separation in situ study by tomography-X synchrotron radiation tomography allowed us to better understand the mechanics of our process. Finally, the last part of this work was devoted to the implementation of a solvent free process, using SC-CO2 as a blowing agent. The results obtained were used to carry out a comparative study of the two processes developed.

Because of the increasing demand for the provision of energy worldwide and the numerous damages caused by a major use of fossil sources, the contribution of renewable energies has been increasing significantly in the global energy mix with the aim at moving towards a more sustainable development. In this context, this work aims at the development of a general methodology for designing PV systems based on ecodesign principles and taking into account simultaneously both techno-economic and environmental considerations. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of PV systems, an environmental assessment technique was used based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The environmental model was successfully coupled with the design stage model of a PV grid-connected system (PVGCS). The PVGCS design model was then developed involving the estimation of solar radiation received in a specific geographic location, the calculation of the annual energy generated from the solar radiation received, the characteristics of the different components and the evaluation of the techno-economic criteria through Energy PayBack Time (EPBT) and PayBack Time (PBT). The performance model was then embedded in an outer multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization loop based on a variant of NSGA-II. A set of Pareto solutions was generated representing the optimal trade-off between the objectives considered in the analysis. A multi-variable statistical method (i.e., Principal Componet Analysis, PCA) was then applied to detect and omit redundant objectives that could be left out of the analysis without disturbing the main features of the solution space. Finally, a decision-making tool based on M-TOPSIS was used to select the alternative that provided a better compromise among all the objective functions that have been investigated. The results showed that while the PV modules based on c-Si have a better performance in energy generation, the environmental aspect is what makes them fall to the last positions. TF PV modules present the best trade-off in all scenarios under consideration. A special attention was paid to recycling process of PV module even if there is not yet enough information currently available for all the technologies evaluated. The main cause of this lack of information is the lifetime of PV modules. The data relative to the recycling processes for m-Si and CdTe PV technologies were introduced in the optimization procedure for ecodesign. By considering energy production and EPBT as optimization criteria into a bi-objective optimization cases, the importance of the benefits of PV modules end-of-life management was confirmed. An economic study of the recycling strategy must be investigated in order to have a more comprehensive view for decision making.

A avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta que avalia os aspectos ambientais e os impactos potenciais ao longo do ciclo de vida de um produto, desde a aquisição de matérias-primas, passando por produção, uso e disposição. Suas características possibilitam a aplicação da ferramenta na comparação de produtos. Um setor que costuma ser alvo deste tipo de análise é o de embalagens, por possuir o período de uso muito curto e não necessariamente ligado ao produto embalado. Neste trabalho, a metodologia de avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) é aplicada à indústria de embalagens descartáveis para frutas, com a finalidade de comparar o desempenho ambiental de caixas de madeira e de papelão ondulado (PO). A metodologia para realização da ACV utilizada está de acordo com o descrito na família de normas ISO 14040, sendo dividida em quatro etapas: definição de objetivo e escopo, análise de inventário, avaliação de impacto e interpretação dos resultados. O cenáriobase da avaliação considera a produção energética segundo a matriz dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, e disposição de resíduos sólidos em aterro controlado. Na avaliação de impacto, foi realizada a análise no nível de caracterização e dano normalizado. Os resultados obtidos, no nível de caracterização, demonstram que as embalagens em madeira são mais interessantes ambientalmente do que as em PO, para a maioria das categorias de impacto avaliadas. Para as categorias relacionadas à saúde humana, os escores das embalagens em madeira são 75% menores para carcinogênicos e não-carcinogênicos. Os escores do cenário PO foram melhores para as categorias de radiação ionizante, depleção do ozônio estratosférico e oxidação fotoquímica, sendo entre 62% e 74% menores que os do cenário madeira. Para mudanças climáticas, o ciclo de vida PO possui valor de impacto 25% maior que o madeira. Já para as categorias relacionadas à qualidade do ecossistema, o valor obtido para o ciclo de vida madeira é 95% menor para eutrofização e 70% menor para ecotoxicidade dos corpos d’água. Os resultados obtidos na caracterização conduziram à avaliação no nível de dano normalizado. Na avaliação de dano normalizado, foi demonstrado que a maior vantagem do ciclo de vida PO é a baixa utilização de recursos minerais e energéticos. Para as demais categorias de dano – mudanças climáticas, saúde humana e qualidade do ecossistema – o ciclo de vida da madeira demonstrou melhor comportamento que o do PO. A discussão dos resultados evidencia que os processos que mais contribuem para os impactos, nos dois ciclos de vida analisados, estão relacionados à extração da madeira, produção de energia e disposição dos resíduos sólidos. Para o cenário PO, cabe destacar ainda a produção de celulose pelo processo Kraft. A avaliação de cenários permite inferir que a matriz energética e a disposição final de resíduos sólidos teve influência direta nos resultados da ACV. A partir dos resultados obtidos, constata-se que a embalagem em madeira possui comportamento ambiental melhor que a em PO para o cenário-base avaliado. / Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool which evaluates the environment aspects and the potential impacts through a product life cycle, from the acquisition of raw materials to production, use and final disposition. Theirs features enable the use of this tool application on the products comparison. One industry that is the target of this kind of analysis is packaging, for it has a very short time of usage and not necessarily linked to the packaged product. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to the fruit disposable packages industry, aiming at comparing wood and corrugated cardboard boxes environmental performances. The methodology used to apply the LCA is in accordance with what is indicated on the ISO Standards 14040, and it is divided in four stages: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation. The assessment baseline scenario takes into consideration the energetic production according to the Rio Grande do Sul energy matrix and the landfill solid wastes disposition. In the impact assessment, an analysis was made on the level of characterization and normalized damage. The results obtained at the characterization level show that the wood packages are more environmentally interesting than those in corrugated cardboard to most of the impact categories assessed. In relation to the categories related to human health, the wood packages scores are 75% lower to carcinogenics and non-carcinogenics. The corrugated cardboard scenario scores are better to the ionizing radiation, stratospheric ozone depletion and photochemical oxidation categories, being among 62% and 74% lower than those of the wood scenario. For climate changes, the corrugated cardboard life cycle has an impact value 25% higher than the wood one. For the categories related to ecosystem quality, the value obtained for the wood life cycle is 95% lower for eutrophication and 70% lower for water bodies’ ecotoxicity. The characterization results conducted to the normalized damage assessment. For normalization at damage level, it was demonstrated that the major advantage of the corrugated cardboard life cycle is its low utilization of energy and mineral resources. For the other damage categories – climate change, human health and ecosystem quality – the wood life cycle showed better performance than corrugated cardboard life cycle. The results discussion demonstrates that the processes that contribute most to the impacts, in both life cycles analyzed, are related to wood extraction, energy production and solid wastes disposition. For the corrugated cardboard scenario, it is also interesting to call attention to the cellulose production by the Kraft process. Scenario evaluation demonstrates that the energetic production matrix and the final solid waste disposition have a direct influence on LCA results. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the wood package has a better environmental performance that the one in corrugated cardboard in the baseline scenario assessed.

Les besoins en électricité des populations ivoiriennes vivant en milieu rural non couvert par le réseau électrique interconnecté sont satisfaits par des groupes électrogènes fonctionnant au gazole. L’utilisation de cette source d’énergie fossile comporte des risques à savoir la menace sur l’approvisionnement en électricité de ces zones et l’accroissement des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Face à ces risques, la recherche de sources d’énergies alternatives reste une préoccupation majeure. Parmi les solutions, nous proposons comme source d’énergie d’utiliser le biodiesel de jatropha pour alimenter ces groupes électrogènes en zones rurales isolées. Cependant, avant d’envisager un tel projet, il importe d’en étudier la faisabilité et la pérennité. C’est le travail abordé dans cette thèse où les performances environnementales et énergétiques du biodiesel de jatropha utilisé comme combustible par un groupe électrogène servant à produire de l’électricité pour une localité ivoirienne isolée ont été étudiées à partir de la méthode de l’analyse du cycle de vie complétée par une analyse exergétique et une analyse technico-économique. / Some remote areas in Côte d’Ivoire are not covered by the interconnected grid. For these areas, the electricity needs of people are met by diesel generators. There are some risks with the use of diesel as fossil fuel such as the threat to the electricity supply of these areas and the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. These risks make alternative energy a major concern. Among the solutions that could be considered, we propose the jatropha biodiesel as energy source used in the diesel generators to produce electricity in these remote areas. However, it’s important before considering such a project to study its feasibility. It is the work dedicated to this thesis where the environmental and energy performances of jatropha biodiesel used as fuel by diesel generator have been studied through the life cycle assessment completed by an exergy analysis, technical analysis and economical analysis.