För byggnader har drift- och underhållskostnader ofta större ekonomiska konsekvenser än den initiala investeringen och livscykelkostnader (LCC) har i upphandlingslagstiftningen lyfts fram som ett sätt att verka för hållbar upphandling. Med tanke på dessa omständigheter bör det vara intressant för offentliga fastighetsägare att tillämpa arbetssätt där de tidigt i projekten kan överskåda de långsiktiga ekonomiska konsekvenserna av deras val genom att analyser LCC. Genom att analysera textinnehållet i upphandlingsdokument har målet med det här examensarbetet varit att söka svar på frågan om hur offentliga fastighetsägare formulerar sina krav, jämförelse mellan anbud respektive uppdragsbeskrivning vad gäller LCC när de upphandlar projekterande konsulter. Undersökningen visade att det fanns ett antal upphandlingar där LCC-relaterade formuleringar fanns men omfattningen är begränsad och detaljerna kring varför och hur LCC-analyserna skulle göras är få. Det var också ett fåtal av de undersökta organisationerna som hade sådana formuleringar. Vidare visade undersökningen att krav på kompetens och arbetssätt kopplat till LCC helt saknades och att jämförelse mellan anbud endast i ett fall vägde in livscykelaspekter. Detta får till följd att anbudsgivarna saknar incitament att utveckla sina tjänster vad gäller LCC eftersom att det inte skulle ge dem några konkurrensfördelar när offentliga fastighetsägare genomför upphandlingar. Undersökningen visar dock på att en ambition fanns om att uppdragen skulle resultera i kostnadseffektiva och hållbara byggnader men det fanns i många fall ingen beskrivning om hur detta skulle uppnås. Slutsatsen som drogs av undersökningen är att den ekonomiska hållbarheten och den långsiktiga ekonomiska förutsägbarheten inte prioriterades högt men att det finns flera sätt som detta kan utvecklas på. Detta antingen genom att de offentliga fastighetsägarna bestämmer sig för när, varför och hur LCC-analyser ska genomföras under fastighetsprojektens tidiga skeden så att projekteringen kan styras av dessa analyser. Alternativt kan de implementera arbetssätt där de upphandlar fastighetsprojekt i ett tidigare skede och utvärdera vilket anbud som är de mest fördelaktiga genom att jämföra de olika förslagens LCC. Båda dessa förändringar skulle bidra till mer hållbara upphandlingar. / The running and maintenance costs of buildings often have a larger economic impact than the initial investment and Life-cycle costs (LCC) has been highlighted as a means of achieving sustainable procurement. Because of these circumstances it should be of interest to public property owners to adopt procedures where they can foresee the long-term economic impact of choices in the early stages of their projects by analyzing LCC. By analyzing the textual content of procurement documents, this degree project tried answering the question of how public property owners phrased their requirements, comparison between tenders and assignment conditions with regards to LCC when procuring design consultants. The survey showed that a number of the procurements had LCC related texts in the procurement documents but the extent of this was limited and the details about why and how the LCC analysis are supposed to be conducted were scarce. The number of organizations which had these texts where few. The survey also showed that there were no requirements regarding competence and procedures relating to LCC and that a comparison of tenders relating to life-cycle aspects only was applied in one procurement procedure. This leads to a lack of incentive for the tendering consultants to develop their services in regards to LCC because that would not give them any advantage in the competition for public property owner contracts. In contrast, there was an apparent ambition of designing cost effective and sustainable buildings in these contracts but there were in many of the cases no description of how this was to be achieved. The conclusion that was drawn from the survey was that the economic sustainability and the long-term economic predictability was not highly prioritized but there are a number of ways in which this can be developed. This can be achieved by the public property owners either by deciding when, why and how LCC analysis are to be conducted in the early stages of property projects so that the design is guided by these analysis. Another option is to implement early stage project procurement where the most advantageous tender is decided by comparing LCC. Both of these changes would contribute to more sustainable procurements.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The concrete is the principal featured in the construction industry, in terms of volume and demand of natural resources for its production. It is need to seek sustainability through researches to assist in the upgrade industry. Studies for this purpose have been gaining ground in different areas, and exploring important information to human knowledge. Besides the environmental assessment, it is interesting to apply economic aspects. This research seeks to assess the sustainability of structural concrete by durability testing of carbonation in the laboratory and analyzing the modular Life Cycle Assessment (LCA - m) through the computer program SimaPro and Life Cycle Costs Analysis (LCCA). Evaluated the sustainability assessment of a reinforced concrete pillar of a standard building in Santa Maria region, RS - Brazil, ranging from the cement type (CPII - Z, CPIV and CPV-ARI) and characteristic strength levels (fck 30 and 50 MPa), since the phases of production, use, maintenance and deconstruction/recycling of this functional unit (period between cradle-togate). It is useful life was estimate by the analysis of carbonation coefficients, by natural and accelerated methods. It was conclude that the increase in concrete strength from 30 to 50 MPa is favorable in all the studied factors. The cement variation was decisive for fck = 30 MPa, for the life of the project for minimum standard was not met with CPIV and CPV-ARI. The cement CPII-Z achieved the best results. / O concreto é o principal destaque na indústria da construção, em termos de volume e demanda de recursos naturais para sua produção. É preciso buscar sua sustentabilidade, através de pesquisas que auxiliem na atualização da indústria. Estudos com esta finalidade vêm ganhando espaço nas diferentes áreas, e explorando informações importantes para o conhecimento humano. Além da avaliação ambiental, torna-se interessante a aplicação de aspectos econômicos. Esta pesquisa busca avaliar quantitativamente a sustentabilidade do concreto estrutural através de ensaio de durabilidade à carbonatação em laboratório utilizando Análise do Ciclo de Vida modular (ACV-m) por meio do programa computacional SimaPro e do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (CCV). Avaliou-se a sustentabilidade de um pilar de concreto armado de uma edificação padrão da região de Santa Maria, RS Brasil, variando-se o tipo de cimento (CPII-Z, CPIV e CPV-ARI) e níveis de resistência característica à compressão (fck 30 e 50 MPa), desde as fases de produção, de uso, de manutenção e de desconstrução/reciclagem desta unidade funcional estrutural (período compreendido entre berço e o túmulo). Sua vida útil foi estimada pela análise dos coeficientes de carbonatação, por meio dos métodos natural e acelerado. Concluiu-se que o acréscimo da resistência do concreto de 30 para 50 MPa é favorável em todos os fatores estudados. A variação do cimento foi decisiva para fck = 30 MPa, pois a vida útil de projeto mínima por norma não foi atingida com CPIV e CPV-ARI. O cimento CPII-Z obteve os melhores resultados.

The diploma thesis analyzes detached house created in BIM software. In the practical part was modeled BIM model, which was attributed the Information. Of the exported data was created budget and calculated total cost of building. The part of this work is calculate life-cycle cost and analysis of the most costies parts. The main result of this work is the demonstrace private investors and public procurement the advantages of BIM attitute to projects, Also calculate the price of building and life cycle costs in the studies BIM model can help investor to show how much they will cost of building without investor didn´t invest too much project funds and thus could reconsider the rejection or modification project.

The diploma thesis analyzes the overall life cycle costs of a passive family house. In the theoretical part the thesis deals with the definitions of concepts needed to understand the given issue and to determine the costs in individual parts. In the practical part the knowledge and procedures to two passive family houses are applied.

The current civil engineering reality is showing disturbing fact that no profession are present in all phases the life cycle of a construction object. Is becoming increasingly evident need for interconnection of all participants of the investment process in all phases the life cycle of a construction object, and it is thanks to facility management. Facility management in the Czech Republic is still relatively new and continually develops. Facility management is introduced including the associated standards in this thesis.Thesis deals with the position of facility manager and define facility management principles. The proposed methodology for monitoring of the operational life cycle cost of buildings is also presented on the specific construction object. Defined facility management principles are then set in the context of cost management of the selected construction object. The aim of the doctoral thesis is to prove or disprove that the application of the facility management principles can optimize the costs of administrative buildings.

We have come a long way in the pursuit of reducing our carbon footprint from our way of living, bycontinuously development of batteries and charging infrastructure for electric vehicles to decrease thedemand for fossil fuels, improving the overall energy efficiency and to increase awareness of the problemto the population. One of the industries, that during the last decades has undergone vast improvements,is the development of the airplane engines due to increased emission regulations, for the aviationindustry, and to reduce the costs of air travel. Despite tighter regulations, global impact from travellingby air is increasing due to the explosive increase in number of travels and travellers. In order to copewith the situation, it is of course necessary to further develop fuel and emission effective airplanes, butalso to study the whole chain of emission sources correlated to the air transport industry. So, whilewaiting for improved airplanes there are well known emission effective technologies that can beimplemented already today – implement electric vehicles as support vehicles at airports.Today, and throughout history, most of the focus of air travel has been on the airplane itself. This thesis,that was carried out at KTH Royal Institute of Technology during late spring and autumn 2018, didinstead study the support vehicles used in airports. In this thesis, a generic economic model wasdeveloped in order to estimate the costs involved when replacing traditionally vehicles to suggestedelectrically propelled alternatives. To test and support the development of an economic model, a casestudy has been carried out at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. This case study included a field study to thementioned airport, and in combination with interviews with former employees from one of the groundhandling companies that are currently active in the airport. Raw data was collected over the equipmentand vehicles currently in use. This data was used to describe the vehicles purpose, requirements and toensure that the alternative electric vehicles proposed would offer at least the same performance as thetraditional vehicles. The developed generic economic model was modulated with five stages thatrepresented a selection of input parameters. The collected data became a result in itself and was used asinput to three concurrent theses.The results from the five stages presents the costs during an investment period of between of one tofifteen years. One of the most significant result could be seen from Stage V. This stage showed that thecombined cost to replace all vehicles currently used, with either all new diesel vehicles or electricalternative vehicles, are lower for electric vehicles than for diesel vehicles. Another significant resultcould be seen from the investigation of Stage IV, Stage IV-B, were the model was modulated to representthe case of replacing a vehicle. The results showed that the Letter and Cargo procedures, that travel thefarthest and has the highest fuel consumption of the investigated vehicles, had negative costs throughthe whole investment period. This means that the expenses will always be lower when these vehicles arereplaced. The model was validated through a sensitivity analysis, performed on the discount rates,depreciation rates and as well as costs for battery replacement during the depreciation period. / Vi har kommit långt i vår strävan att minska vårt koldioxidavtryck genom vårat sätt att leva, genom attkontinuerligt utveckla batterier och laddningsinfrastruktur för elfordon med syftet att minskaefterfrågan på fossila bränslen, förbättra den totala energieffektiviteten och öka befolkningensmedvetenhet om problemet. En av de branscher, som under de senaste decennierna har genomgått storaförbättringar, är utvecklingen av flygplansmotorer och regler för flygplan. Men eftersom antaletflygresenärer fortsätter att öka årligen krävs ytterligare arbete för att förbättra den totala effektivitetenoch minska det negativa globala avtrycket från flygresor. Medan väntan på att morgondagens flygplanska utvecklas så finns det teknik som redan kan appliceras idag – elfordon.I dag, och genom historien, har det mesta av all fokus för flygresor varit på flygplanen själva. Dettaexamensarbete, som genomfördes på KTH, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, under den senare delen avvåren och hösten 2018, utredde istället de fordon som omger ett flygplan, under den tid flygplanet stårstilla på en flygplats. Under denna uppsats utvecklades en generisk ekonomiskmodell, med syftet attestimera kostnaderna att ersätta och använda elfordon istället för de nuvarande fordonen. För attutveckla den ekonomiska modellen genomfördes en fallstudie på Stockholm Arlanda Airport.Fallstudien innehöll en fältundersökning till den nämnda flygplatsen, och i kombination med intervjuermed tidigare anställda från ett av de marktjänstföretag som är verksamma på flygplatsen, insamladesrådata om vilken utrustning och fordon som vid tillfället användes. Denna data användes för att beskrivafordonens syfte, vilka krav som ställs på fordonen. Detta var för att säkerställa att det valda elfordonetkunde utföra uppgiften. Den utvecklade generiska ekonomiska modellen modulerades med fem steg,som representerade vilka indataparametrar som bör väljas. De insamlade uppgifterna blev ett resultat isig och användes som indata till tre samtidiga avhandlingar.Den generiska modellen resultat presenterade kostnaderna från de fem stegen under en varierandeinvesteringsperiod på ett till femton år. Ett av de viktigaste resultaten var från Steg V, som visade attden sammanlagda kostnaden för att ersätta alla de fordon som för närvarande används, med antingenalla nya dieselfordon eller elektriska alternativa fordon, är lägre för elfordon än för dieselfordon. Detandra betydande resultatet kommer från undersökningen av Steg IV, Steg IV-B. I Steg IV-B moduleradesmodellen i syfte att representera scenariot då ett fordon ska ersättas, där Letter och Cargo procedurernavar de som färdades längst och även har den högsta bränsleförbrukningen utav de undersökta fordonen,hade en negativ kostnad under hela investeringslängden. Detta betyder att kostnaderna alltid är lägre,om fordonet ersätts. Modellen har validerats med hjälp utav en känslighetsanalys som utfördes pådiskonteringsräntan, avskrivningssatsen och kostnader för ersättningsbatterier.

I detta examensarbete utreds förutsättningarna för solcellsdriven belysning som belysningsalternativ för gång- och cykelvägar på landsbygden. Det finns gång- och cykelvägar i landsbygden som sällan trafikeras, detta gör att kommuner och vägföreningar lämnar dem utan belysning. Därför är det önskvärt att kunna erbjuda en belysningsteknik som har noll elkostnader och ingen kabeldragning. Studiens hypotes var att solcellsdriven belysningsanläggningar kan rekommenderas som gatubelysning för gång- och cykelvägar på landsbygden. Resultaten visar att Sveriges låga solinstrålning är den största utmaningen för att öka investeringsviljan hos kommuner och vägföreningar. För att öka energibesparing hos solcellsdriven belysning behövs därför avancerad närvarostyrd teknik. Tidigare installerad solcellsbelysning har visat positiv resultat. Resultaten visar också att belysningsanläggning med närvarostyrd solcellsbelysning kan ge en ekonomisk besparing på upptill 58 % jämfört med en nätansluten LED-belysning. Besparingen varierar beroende typ av solcellsbelysning som används i belysningsanläggningen. Solcellsdriven belysningsteknik minskar också koldioxidutsläpp. / In this thesis the solar-powered lightning are investigated as lightning options forwalk and cycle paths in countryside. Rarely used walk and bicycle paths in thecountryside are left without lighting by municipalities and roads associations.Therefore, it is desirable to offer a lightning technology that has zero electricitycosts and no cable routing. The study’s hypothesis was that solar-powered lightning installations can be recommendedas street lightning for walk and cycle paths in the countryside. resultsshow that solar radiation in Sweden is low which makes it difficult for Sweden’smunicipalities and associations willing to invest. To increase energy savings insolar lighting system, advanced presence-controlled technology is needed. The results show that presence-controlled solar lightning can provide an economicalsaving of 58 % compared to a LED network connected lightning. The savingvary depending on the type of solar lightning used. Solar LED street lighting technologyalso reduces carbon dioxide emissions.

1 Abstract With effect from 1 January 2021, municipalities, as contracting authorities, have to comply with environmentally responsible procurement principles, taking into account the nature and purpose of the contract. In this context, we are talking about green public procurement, the requirements of which arise from the European Union directives. This thesis deals with green public procurement by municipalities in the Czech Republic. Since this issue has not yet been explored and widespread in the Czech Republic, the introduction of the new obligation may cause difficulties for municipalities in practice. Therefore, this paper focuses on the attitudes of Czech municipalities towards green public procurement and analyses the specifics of the preparation of green public procurement compared to other public procurement and the resulting new requirements imposed on municipalities. The thesis is intended to serve as a basic insight into the examined issues as well as a potential basis for the practice of municipalities as contracting authorities. The thesis is based on the theoretical background of public interest, sustainable development, good governance and public finance. In terms of methodology, a qualitative type of research was chosen for the purposes of this thesis and a case study was chosen as a type...

The diploma thesis purpose is to choose optimal structure of the modernisation of slab block flat roof, according to building life cycle coast minimalisation. Based on the theoretical knowledge, the design of the stack was made in different phases and based on the building life cycle cost, considering the decreasing value of money over time. The selection of the optimal solution followed, taking account the specific conditions of the given scope of realization and the specific object. The choice is justified by the related analysis of key items.

The Master’s thesis deals with the energy savings of a prefabricated house. In the theoretical part, the issue of investment and risk management are first dealt with. Afterwards, the thesis deals with large panel construction in the Czech Republic, energy performance of buildings, heat losses, and especially methods for invesment appraisal. The main objective of the thesis is the economic analysis and the life-cycle analysis. The case study deals with the calculation of saving on heating the prefabricated house after its refurbishment and calculation of economic indicators.