La variabilité environnementale à laquelle les individus sont constamment exposés est forte. Dans ce contexte, les conditions environnementales en début de vie sont particulièrement importantes puisqu’elles peuvent avoir des conséquences à long terme sur la performance des individus. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer notre compréhension des effets à long-terme des évènements vécus tôt dans la vie, incluant aussi bien les conditions environnementales que la croissance, sur les traits d’histoire de vie des grands mammifères herbivores. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, nous avons utilisé les suivis à long-terme de cinq populations appartenant à quatre espèces d’ongulés. Dans une première partie, nous avons montré que les conditions environnementales en début de vie peuvent influencer la trajectoire entière de croissance corporelle d’un individu. Ensuite, nous avons cherché à savoir si les effets des conditions environnementales en début de vie sur les traits d’histoire de vie à l’âge adulte représentaient des réponses adaptatives à différents environnements ou résultaient seulement de contraintes développementales dues à une restriction alimentaire. Nous avons répondu à cette question en testant notamment des hypothèses issues du domaine médical en populations sauvages / The environment to which individuals are permanently exposed varies greatly over time. The environmental conditions during early life are particularly important in this context because they can have extraordinary long-term consequences on individual performance. The main goal of this PhD thesis was to improve our understanding of the long-term effects of early-life events, including environmental conditions and growth, on life-history traits of large herbivores. In order to meet this objective, we used detailed long-term data from five populations of four species of ungulates. We highlighted that environmental conditions experienced during early life can influence the entire body growth trajectory of an individual. Then, we investigated whether the long-term effects of early environmental conditions on life-history traits represent adaptive responses to differing environments, or are only a consequence of energetic constraints on development. We aimed to address this issue by testing hypotheses issued from human medicine in wild populations

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Abreu de Carvalho.pdf: 1267439 bytes, checksum: 69325aae84c056b8a7dab60a1583f6ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-07 / Facing the new women s role at family, work, knowledge production and society, the woman today have a horizon of possibilities in front of her, which catch myths and traditional values. The archaic and modern life styles living together in an imagination of a generation that supported on the conquest coming from the women s rights movements reach to equilibrate the sense of maternity with other personals interests. Under a systemic perspective, this work proportioned understanding the experience of women s personal realization, witch is comprehended by maternity and career, in a vitality acquisition phase. The experience of the participants, women are among 23 and 35 years old, in married situation or living together with their partners, showed through qualitative methods that maternity is a part of a personal realization project, that embrace ambitions and personal plans. This way, the maternity is delayed and takes a second moment of life, to happen after stability and secure conquest on their professional career and satisfaction in relationships. The values and inheritance coming from the origin families are connected with choices and life projects, making possible to see how the traditional gender and post-modern questions influence the maternity plans, sometimes in peace, sometimes in conflict. The maternity appears like a big decision, which needs planning, because it mixture important moments: the moment that the woman can live the conquest of space on public spheres and the moment that she can reveal hers spaces in the private spheres. She doesn t forget too, that there are new spaces to reach that can be threatened by the realization of maternity / Frente às novas configurações e atuações do feminino na família, no mercado de trabalho, na produção de conhecimento e na sociedade, abre-se à mulher um horizonte de possibilidades, que carregam consigo mitos e valores tradicionais. O arcaico e o moderno convivem no imaginário de uma geração, que apoiada nas conquistas dos movimentos em prol da emancipação da mulher, busca conciliar a maternidade com outros interesses pessoais. Sob uma perspectiva sistêmica, este trabalho propôs-se, então, a compreender a experiência de mulheres Itajubenses em fase de aquisição do ciclo vital, no que tange a realização pessoal, que abraça as esferas da maternidade e da carreira. A experiência das participantes, mulheres entre 23 e 35 anos, casadas ou em coabitação com seus parceiros, abordada por meio de métodos qualitativos evidenciou que a maternidade faz parte de um projeto de realização pessoal, que também engloba ambições e planos pessoais. Deste modo, a maternidade se encontra postergada para um segundo momento de suas vidas conjugais, após a conquista de uma estabilidade e segurança na carreira profissional e satisfação marital. As heranças e valores recebidos das famílias de origem mostraram-se fortemente relacionados com as escolhas de projetos de vida, sendo então possível visualizar como questões de gênero tradicionais e pós-modernas convivem, ora pacificamente, ora em conflito, no planejamento da maternidade. A maternidade surge como uma grande decisão a ser tomada, pois concorre com outras opções de realização num momento em que as mulheres têm a chance de desfrutar do espaço conquistado nas esferas públicas e rever sua atuação na esfera doméstica, não perdendo de vista os novos espaços a serem conquistados mais adiante, que podem ser ameaçados com a concretização da maternidade

Introduction: Le trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) touche 1% de la population mondiale. Pour les personnes vivant avec un TSA, certains éléments de l’environnement (ex.: bruit, lumière, aménagement) constituent des facteurs perturbateurs ; les manifestations peuvent se maintenir durant toute la vie. Il est donc important de pouvoir évaluer l’environnement afin d’y faire des interventions pour les adultes vivant avec un TSA et d’améliorer leur qualité de vie. But: Développer un instrument d’évaluation du milieu de vie des adultes vivant avec un TSA. Méthodologie: Cette étude a été développée en deux étapes: 1) exploration des éléments de l’environnement ayant un impact sur les jeunes vivant avec un TSA auprès des parents et 2) Consultation des utilisateurs potentiels sur une version préliminaire de l’ÉDIPE-version TSA Résultats: L’ÉDIPE-version TSA a été développée sur les bases du Modèle de compétence, qui explique la relation personne-environnement, en considérant les éléments de l’environnement humain et non humain ayant un impact sur les adultes vivant avec un TSA (ex.: éléments sensoriels, concernant la sécurité, la stabilité ou les visiteurs). Lors de la consultation des utilisateurs potentiels (ergothérapeutes), certaines modifications en lien avec le contenu, le mode de passation, le format et l’applicabilité de l’instrument, ont été suggérées. Conclusion: L’ÉDIPE-version TSA pourrait combler un manque dans la pratique clinique et scientifique des ergothérapeutes auprès des adultes vivant avec un TSA. Ainsi, des interventions sur l’environnement adaptées à cette population, seront favorisées. / Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is prevalent in 1% of the world's population. Within individuals living with ASD, some environmental elements (e.g., noise, light, distribution) are just some disruptive factors; the manifestations may persist throughout life. Therefore, it is important to assess the environment in order to provide interventions for adults living with ASD, improving their quality of life. Purpose: To develop tool for assessing the environment of adults living with ASD. Methods: This study was developed in two steps: 1) Exploration of environmental factors that impact young people living with ASD with parents and 2) Consultation of potential users about the first version of the HoPE - ASD version. Results: The HoPE-ASD version was developed on the basis of the Model of Competence, explaining the person-environment relationship, considering the human and non-human environmental components that have an impact on adults living with ASD (e.g., sensory elements, related to the safety and functionality of spaces, stability, visitors or trusted persons). During the consultation of potential users (occupational therapists), some modifications related to the content, mode of administration, format and applicability of the instrument were suggested. Conclusion: The HoPE-ASD version could fill a gap in the clinical and scientific practice of occupational therapists working with adults living with ASD. Thus, environmental interventions adapted to this population will be promoted.