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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Design and fabrication of photonic crystals and diffraction gratings for ultra thin film Si solar cells / Conception et réalisation de cristaux photoniques et de réseaux de diffraction pour les cellules photovoltaïques silicium en couches ultra-minces

Meng, Xianqin 15 October 2012 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse est consacré au piégeage de la lumière par des cristaux photoniques(CP) et des réseaux de diffraction. L’objectif consiste à intégrer de telles structures dans des cellules solaires à couches ultra-minces de silicium, afin d’augmenter leur rendement de conversion. Nous avons conçu et optimisé des cellules solaires en silicium cristallin (c-Si) assistées par les CP, grâce à la méthode FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain). En gravant un CP 2Ddans la couche active de silicium, l’absorption intégrée sur l’ensemble du spectre est augmentée de 50%. Cette amélioration est atteinte en combinant des modes de Bloch lent et des résonances Fabry-Perot. Afin de réaliser de telles cellules solaires, nous avons développé une filière technologique combinant insolation holographique, gravure ionique réactive et gravure ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma). Nous avons étudié l’influence des paramètres de ces procédés sur la structuration réalisée. Enfin, les caractéristiques optiques et électriques de ces objets ont été mesurées par nos collaborateurs de l’IMEC, en Belgique. Les mesures d’absorption sont en bon accord avec les prédictions théoriques. De plus, l’absorption intégrée est peu sensible à l’angle d’incidence de la lumière solaire. La cellule solaire structurée comme un CP 2D présente finalement un courant de court-circuit d’environ 15mA/cm², soit20% plus élevé que dans le cas de la cellule de référence. Par ailleurs, nous avons conçu une cellule solaire en c-Si plus complexe, intégrant des réseaux de diffraction avant et arrière. L’absorption aux grandes longueurs d’onde est augmentée du fait de la période élevée (750 nm) du réseau arrière, tandis que la réflexion en face avant est diminuée du fait de la faible période (250 nm) du réseau avant. Nous avons prédit une augmentation du courant de court-circuit jusqu’à 30m A/cm² pour ce dispositif, en comparaison avec la valeur de 18 mA/cm² correspondant à la cellule de référence non structurée. Ces résultats sont première étape vers le développement de futures générations de cellules solaires assistées par des cristaux photoniques et des réseaux de diffraction. / Gratings are considered. The goal is to integrate such structures into ultra-thin film silicon photovoltaic solar cells, with a view to improve their conversion efficiency. First, a PCs assisted ultra-thin film crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell is designed optimized by using the Finite Different Time Domain (FDTD) approach. An increase over50% is achieved for the absorption, as integrated over the whole spectral range, by patterning a 2D PCs in the active Si layer. This enhancement is achieved by combining Slow Bloch modes and Fabry-Perot modes. In order to fabricate such solar cells, we developed a process based on Laser Holographic Lithography, Reactive Ion Etching and Inductivity Coupled Plasma etching. We have investigated the influence of the parameters taking part in these processes on the obtained patterns. Finally the optical and electrical properties of the devices have been characterized by our co-workers at IMEC, Belgium. Absorption measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical simulations. Moreover, the integrated absorption is tolerant with regard to the sunlight angle of incidence. The final fabricated 2D PCs patterned solar cell exhibits a 20% higher short circuit current (Jsc = 15mA/cm2) than the reference. Additionally, a more complex thin film c-Si solar cells integrating front and back diffraction gratings has been designed. Long wavelength absorption is increased thanks to the long period (750 nm) back grating, while the incident light reflection is reduced by using a short period (250 nm) front grating. A short-circuit current increase up to 30 mA/cm² is predicted for this device, far above the 18 mA/cm² value for the unpatterned reference These are first steps towards the development of a future generation of PC and diffraction grating assisted solar cells.
22

Light Management in Optoelectronic Devices with Disordered and Chaotic Structures

Khan, Yasser 07 1900 (has links)
With experimental realization, energy harvesting capabilities of chaotic microstructures were explored. Incident photons falling into chaotic trajectories resulted in energy buildup for certain frequencies. As a consequence, many fold enhancement in light trapping was observed. These ellipsoid like chaotic microstructures demonstrated 25% enhancement in light trapping at 450nm excitation and 15% enhancement at 550nm excitation. Optimization of these structures can drive novel chaos-assisted energy harvesting systems. In subsequent sections of the thesis, prospect of broadband light extraction from white light emitting diodes were investigated, which is an unchallenged but quintessential problem in solid-state lighting. Size dependent scattering allows microstructures to interact strongly with narrow-band light. If disorder is introduced in spread and sizes of microstructures, broadband light extraction is possible. A novel scheme with Voronoi tessellation to quantify disorder in physical systems was also introduced, and a link between voronoi disorder and state disorder of statistical mechanics was established. Overall, in this thesis some nascent concepts regarding disorder and chaos were investigated to efficiently manage electromagnetic waves in optoelectronic devices.
23

Ultrathin and nanowire-based GaAs solar cells / Cellules solaires en GaAs ultra-minces et à base de nanofils

Chen, Hung-Ling 16 October 2018 (has links)
Confiner la lumière dans un volume réduit d'absorbeur photovoltaïque offre de nouvelles voies pour les cellules solaires à haute rendement. Ceci peut être réalisé en utilisant des nanostructures pour le piégeage optique ou des nanofils de semi-conducteurs. Dans une première partie, nous présentons la conception et la fabrication de cellules solaires ultra-minces (205 nm) en GaAs. Nous obtenons des résonances multiples grâce à un miroir arrière nanostructuré en TiO2/Ag fabriqué par nanoimpression, résultant en un courant de court-circuit élevé de 24,6 mA/cm². Nous obtenons le record d’efficacité de 19,9%. Nous analysons les mécanismes des pertes et nous proposons une voie réaliste vers un rendement de 25% en utilisant un absorbeur de GaAs de 200 nm d'épaisseur seulement. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions les propriétés de nanofils en GaAs crûs sur substrats Si et nous explorons leur potentiel comme absorbeur photovoltaïque. Un dopage élevé est souhaité dans les cellules solaires à nanofils en jonction coeur-coquille, mais la caractérisation à l'échelle d'un nanofil unique reste difficile. Nous montrons que la cathodoluminescence (CL) peut être utilisée pour déterminer les niveaux de dopage de GaAs de type n et p avec une résolution nanométrique. Les semi-conducteurs III-V de type n présentent une émission décalée vers le bleu, à cause du remplissage de la bande de conduction, tandis que les semi-conducteurs de type p présentent une émission décalée vers le rouge due à la réduction du gap. La loi de Planck généralisée est utilisée pour fitter tout le spectre et ainsi évaluer quantitativement le niveau de dopage. Nous utilisons également la polarimétrie de CL pour déterminer sélectivement les propriétés de phases wurtzite/zinc-blende d'un nanofil unique. Nous montrons enfin des cellules solaires fonctionnelles à nanofils de GaAs. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives vers une nouvelle génération de cellules photovoltaïques. / Confining sunlight in a reduced volume of photovoltaic absorber offers new directions for high-efficiency solar cells. This can be achieved using nanophotonic structures for light trapping, or semiconductor nanowires. First, we have designed and fabricated ultrathin (205 nm) GaAs solar cells. Multi-resonant light trapping is achieved with a nanostructured TiO2/Ag back mirror fabricated using nanoimprint lithography, resulting in a high short-circuit current of 24.6 mA/cm². We obtain the record 1 sun efficiency of 19.9%. A detailed loss analysis is carried out and we provide a realistic pathway toward 25% efficiency using only 200 nm-thick GaAs absorber. Second, we investigate the properties of GaAs nanowires grown on Si substrates and we explore their potential as active absorber. High doping is desired in core-shell nanowire solar cells, but the characterization of single nanowires remains challenging. We show that cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping can be used to determine both n-type and p-type doping levels of GaAs with nanometer scale resolution. n-type III-V semiconductor shows characteristic blueshift emission due to the conduction band filling, while p-type semiconductor exhibits redshift emission due to the dominant bandgap narrowing. The generalized Planck’s law is used to fit the whole spectra and allows for quantitative doping assessment. We also use CL polarimetry to determine selectively the properties of wurtzite and zincblende phases of single nanowires. Finally, we demonstrate successful GaAs nanowire solar cells. These works open new perspectives for next-generation photovoltaics.
24

Light trapping substrates and electrodes for flexible organic photovoltaics

Park, Yoonseok 20 February 2017 (has links)
Organic solar cells are one of the most promising candidates for future solar power generation. They are thin and lightweight with several additional advantages such as scalability, environmental sustainability and low cost for processing and installation. However, the low charge carrier mobility of the absorbing material for organic solar cells requires thin absorber layers, limiting photon harvesting and the overall power conversion efficiency. Several attempts, e.g., periodically patterned structures and scattering layers have been tried to enhance the absorption of thin-film solar cells as light trapping elements. However, much effort is required to introduce light trapping structures to conventional rigid metal oxide electrodes and glass substrate. For instance, almost 13 hours are required to fabricate micro structures of 1 m2 area on glass, in contrast, 1 minute on PET using a same laser set-up and an additional scattering layers are demanded for providing light trapping effects to solar cells. In the last years, flexibility is emerging as the one of the major advantages of organic solar cells. To realize flexibility of solar cells, the classically used glass substrates and ITO electrodes are too brittle. Therefore, polymer materials are promising candidates to replace them as flexible electrodes and substrates. In this thesis, the highly transparent conducting polymer, PEDOT:PSS and PET equipped with an AlOx encapsulation layer are used as electrode and substrate, respectively. Besides the flexibility, additional light trapping elements, e.g. scattering particles, nano- and microstructures can be easily applied to the polymer materials since they have the potential for easier shaping and processing. In this study, we apply different light trapping and in-coupling approaches to organic solar cells. First, PET substrates are structured with a direct laser interference patterning system, which is a powerful and scalable one-step technique for patterning polymers. Almost 80 % of the light is diffracted by these patterned PET substrates and thereby the light path in the absorption layer is increased. Optical display films, commercially developed to be used as back light units of liquid crystal displays are also examined as light trapping substrates and exhibit similar enhancement as patterned PET. Moreover, since PEDOT:PSS is prepared by a solution-based process, TiO2 nanoparticles are added as light scattering elements to the PEDOT:PSS electrodes. Consequently, those electrodes provide a dual function as electrical contact and light trapping element. Finally, 2- or 3-dimensional nanostructures are printed by a nano-imprinting technique onto the surface of PEDOT:PSS with PDMS stamps. By controlling the temperature and the time of PEDOT:PSS during an annealing step, nanostructures are transferred from PDMS masks to PEDOT:PSS. To evaluate the effects of light trapping for all above mentioned approaches, flexible organic solar cells are produced by vacuum evaporation using blends of DCV5T-Me and C60 as absorber layer. The substrates are optically characterized using UV-vis spectrometer and goniometer measurements. The topography of the samples is measured by atomic force microscopy, scanning microscopy and optical microscopy. Bending tests with various radii are performed to test the flexibility of the substrates. In summary, light trapping effects are successfully implemented in the electrodes and substrates for OPVs, giving efficiency improvements of up to 16 %. The light trapping mechanisms in our approaches are extensively discussed in this thesis. / Organische Photovoltaik ist einer der vielversprechendsten Kandidaten für die zukünftige Solarstromgewinnung auf flexiblen Substraten. Um diese Flexibilität zu ermöglichen, sind herkömliche Glassubstrate mit ITO-Elektroden zu spröde. Ein vielversprechender Kandidat, um sowohl flexible Elektroden als auch flexible Substrate herzustellen, sind Polymere, da diese sehr biegsam und leicht zu verarbeiten sind. Deshalb wird in dieser Arbeit das hoch transparente, leitfähige Polymer PEDOT:PSS als Elektrode und PET (mit einer AlOx Verkapselungsschicht) als Substrat untersucht. Aufgrund der guten Prozessierbarkeit der Polymere konnten wir zusätzlich zu den eigentlichen Funktionen des Substrates und der Elektrode noch den Mechanismus des Lichteinfangs hinzufügen. Zusätzlich zu ihrer Flexibilität haben organische Solarzellen noch weitere Vorteile: sie sind dünn, leicht, skalierbar und verursachen vergleichsweise geringe Kosten für Herstellung und Installation. Ein Nachteil organischer Solarzellen ist die vergleichsweise geringe Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit der Absorbermaterialien, welche oft die Schichtdicke der Absorbermaterialien begrenzt. Dies hat weniger absorbierte Photonen, weniger Stromdichte und somit einen geringeren Wirkungsgrad zur Folge. In den letzten Jahren wurden periodisch strukturierte Substrate und streuende Schichten als Lichteinfangelemente eingesetzt, um den Wirkungsgrad organischer Solarzellen mit dünnen Absorberschichten zu erhöhen. Gestaltungsregeln für solche Lichteinfangelemente sind noch weitestgehend unbekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit strukturieren wir PET Substrate mit einem direkten Laserinterferenzsystem, welches ein leistungsfähiges, skalierbares Einschrittverfahren zur Polymerstrukturierung ist. Da PEDOT:PSS aus der Lösung prozessiert wird, können wir weiterhin Nanopartikel hinzufügen, die der Elektrode zusätzlich noch lichtstreuende Eigenschaften geben. Außerdem können 2- bzw. 3-dimensionale Nanostrukturen leicht mithilfe einer Stempeltechnik eingeprägt werden. Um die Effekte des Lichteinfangs, welcher durch die oben genannten Methoden erzeugt wird, zu untersuchen, werden flexible organische Solarzellen mittels Vakuumverdampfung prozessiert. DCV5T-Me und C60 bilden dabei die photoaktive Schicht. Somit werden die Licht fangenden Eigenschaften dieser flexiblen Solarzellen ausgenutzt und ausführlich in der Arbeit diskutiert.
25

Design, Modeling, and Optimization of Thin and Ultra-thin Photonic Power Converters Operating at 1310 nm Laser Illumination

Nouri, Neda 01 December 2022 (has links)
Photonic power converters (PPCs) are one of the main components of optical power transmission systems, converting optical power injected by a monochromatic optical source (laser or LED) to electrical power via the photovoltaic effect. This thesis focuses on designing and optimizing ultra-thin single junction InAlGaAs PPC with integrated back reflectors (BR) for operation at the telecommunications wavelength of 1310 nm and numerically studies the light trapping capability of three BR types: planar, cubic nanotextured, and pyramidal nanotextured. Optical simulations were performed by coupling finite difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations with a particle swarm optimization, while electrical simulations were carried out by the finite element drift-diffusion method. With 90% absorptance, optoelectrical simulations revealed that ultra-thin PPCs with 5.6- to 8.4-fold thinner absorber layers can have open circuit voltages (Voc) that are 9-12% larger and power conversion efficiencies that are 9-10% (relative) larger than conventional thick PPCs. Of the studied BR designs, pyramidal BRs exhibit the highest performance for ultra-thin designs, reaching an efficiency of 43.2% with 90% absorptance, demonstrating the superior light trapping capability relative to planar and cubic nanotextured BRs. The sensitivity of optical absorptance to variations in device thickness and incident light wavelength is also investigated numerically in thin PPCs with planar and pyramidal nanotextured BRs. Optical simulation results revealed that BR-induced resonances shift from constructive to destructive interference with thickness variations of ~100 nm and ~70 nm in planar and pyramidal nanotextured BRs, respectively. Also in PPCs with pyramidal BR, a 50 nm variation of the nanotextures’ geometry (base width and height of pyramids) drops the absorptance by more than 25% (absolute).
26

Hemispherical Dish Microconcentrators for Light-Trapping in Silicon Solar Cells / Hemispherical Dish Microconcentrators for Light-Trapping

MONTEIRO GONCALVES, LETICIA January 2018 (has links)
To improve the performance of solar energy converters and its implementation as a more sustainable electricity source worldwide, researchers have been trying to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices while lowering their costs. Conversion efficiency of solar cells can be enhanced through light trapping structures and concentration of incoming light. Light trapping is usually realized by texturization of the solar cell’s surfaces, while concentration is achieved by addition of external apparatus, such as reflectors. A novel design for silicon solar cells is proposed in this thesis, which contains hemispherical dish microconcentrators for light trapping purposes. Through a process flow that includes maskless photolithography, thermal reflow, and metallization via sputtering, the microconcentrators were fabricated and demonstrated to have good concentration properties. Further studies need to be done for optimization of the hemispherical structures, as well as successfully perform the proposed upconverting photolithography for auto-aligned exposure of the photoresist at the microconcentrator’s focus, thus allowing a complete solar cell to be created based on this design. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)
27

Cristaux photoniques pour le contrôle de l'absorption dans les cellules solaires photovoltaïques silicium ultraminces

Gomard, Guillaume 08 October 2012 (has links)
La technologie photovoltaïque se caractérise par sa capacité à réduire constamment le coût de l’électricité délivrée, notamment grâce aux innovations technologiques. Un pas important a été franchi dans ce sens grâce à la mise en place d’une filière utilisant des couches minces, réduisant significativement la quantité de matériau actif nécessaire. Aujourd’hui, ces efforts se poursuivent et des couches semi-conductrices ultraminces voient le jour. Du fait de leur faible épaisseur, ces couches souffrent d’une faible absorption de la lumière, ce qui limite le rendement de conversion des cellules. Pour répondre à ce problème, les concepts issus de la nano-photonique peuvent être employés afin de contrôler la lumière à l’échelle des longueurs d’onde mises en jeu. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons de structurer la couche active des cellules solaires en cristal photonique (CP) absorbant. Cette nano-structure périodique assure simultanément une collection efficace de la lumière aux faibles longueurs d’onde et un piégeage des photons dans la couche active (ici en silicium amorphe hydrogéné) pour les longueurs d’onde situées près de la bande interdite du matériau absorbant. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des simulations optiques ont été utilisées de manière à optimiser les paramètres du CP, engendrant ainsi une augmentation de l’absorption de plus de 27% dans la couche active sur l’ensemble du spectre utile, et à établir des règles de design en vue de la fabrication des cellules structurées. Les principes physiques régissant leurs propriétés optiques ont été identifiés à partir d’une description analytique du système. Des mesures optiques réalisées sur les échantillons structurés, ont conforté les résultats de simulation et mis en évidence la robustesse de l’absorption de la cellule à l’égard de l’angle d’incidence de la lumière et des imperfections technologiques. Des simulations opto-électriques complémentaires ont démontré qu’une augmentation du rendement de conversion est réalisable, à condition d’introduire une étape de passivation de surface appropriée dans le procédé de fabrication de ces cellules. / The photovoltaic technology is pursuing its constant effort for lowering the price of the electricity delivered, notably thanks to the technological innovations. The use of thin-films based solar cells was an important step towards that direction since it enabled to decrease the amount of active material needed. Recently, ultrathin semi-conductor layers have emerged. Due to their limited thickness, those layers are suffering from a weak absorption of the incoming light which degrades the conversion yield of the resulting cells. To tackle this issue, nano-photonic concepts may offer well-suited solutions to handle the light at the wavelength scale. In this context, we propose to pattern the active layer of solar cells as an absorbing photonic crystal (PC). This periodical nano-structure ensures simultaneously an efficient collection of the light at low wavelengths, together with an appropriate method for trapping photons inside the active layer for the wavelengths close to the material bandgap, which in our case consists in hydrogenated amorphous silicon. In the framework of this study, optical simulations were used to optimize the PC parameters so as to provide a significant (+27% in the sole active layer) absorption increase over the whole spectrum considered and guidelines for the fabrication of the patterned cells. The physics principles ruling their optical properties were identified out of an analytical description of the system. Optical measurements carried on the patterned samples confirmed the simulation results and highlighted the robustness of the overall absorption with regards to the angle of incidence of the light and technological imperfections. In addition, opto-electrical simulations revealed that an increase of the conversion yield can be expected, provided that an appropriated surface passivation step is introduced in the fabrication process.
28

The application of light trapping structures and of InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells and quantum dots to improving the performance of single-junction GaAs solar cells

McPheeters, Claiborne Ott 12 July 2012 (has links)
High efficiency photovoltaic solar cells are expected to continue to be important for a variety of terrestrial and space power applications. Solar cells made of optically thick materials often cannot meet the cost, efficiency, or physical requirements for specialized applications and, increasingly, for traditional applications. This dissertation investigates improving the performance of single-junction GaAs solar cells by incorporating InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells and quantum dots to increase their spectral response bandwidth, and by incorporating structures that confine light in the devices to improve their absorption of it. InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots-in-wells extend the response of GaAs homojunction devices to wavelengths >1200 nm. Nanoparticles that are randomly deposited on the top of optically thick devices scatter light into waveguide modes of the device structures, increasing their absorption of electromagnetic energy and improving their short-circuit current by up to 16%. Multiply periodic diffractive structures have been optimized using rigorous software algorithms and fabricated on the back sides of thin film quantum dot-in-well solar cells, improving their spectral response at wavelengths 850 nm to 1200 nm, where only the quantum dot-in-well structures absorb light, by factors of up to 10. The improvement results from coupling of diffracted light to waveguide modes of the thin film device structure, and from Fabry-Perot interference effects. Simulations of absorption in these device structures corroborate the measured results and indicate that quantum well solar cells of ~2 µm in thickness, and which are equipped with optimized backside gratings, can achieve 1 Sun Airmass 0 short-circuit current densities of up to ~5 mA/cm2 (15%) greater than GaAs homojunction devices, and of up to >2 mA/cm2 (7%) greater than quantum well devices, with planar back reflectors. A combination of Fabry-Perot interference and diffraction into waveguide modes of the thin devices is shown to dominate the simulated device response spectra. Simulations also demonstrate the importance of low-loss metals for realizing optimal light trapping structures. Such device geometries are promising for reducing the cost of high efficiency solar cells that may be suitable for a variety of traditional and emerging applications. / text
29

Advanced photonic crystal assisted thin film solar cells : from order to pseudo-disorder / Photovoltaïques à cellules solaires en couches minches avancées à cristaux photoniques : de l'ordre au pseudo-désordre

Ding, He 29 January 2016 (has links)
Dans les cellules solaires en couches minces de silicium, il est important de maximiser l'efficacité d'absorption, notamment afin d'atteindre une densité de courant de court-circuit (Jsc) suffisante. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons développé des stratégies de piégeage de la lumière à base de cristaux photoniques (CP) simplement périodiques et des structures plus complexes, pseudo-désordonnées. Ce travail vise à intégrer de telles structures dans des cellules solaires en couches minces de silicium cristallin (c-Si). Tout d'abord, un CP à maille carrée de trous cylindriques ou de nano-pyramides inversées ont été intégrés dans cellules solaires à hétérojonction a-Si:H/c-Si en couches minces. L'absorption dans la seule couche absorbante (c-Si) est optimisée grâce à des simulations numériques utilisant la méthode de différences finies dans le domaine temporel. Le Jsc est augmenté de 56,4% (trous cylindriques) et 104,8% (nanopyramides inversées) par rapport au cas sans motif. Nous avons également examiné des structures plus élaborées, où plus un CP de trous cylindriques est introduit en face arrière. Deuxièmement, nous avons considéré des nanostructures complexes mais réalistes pseudo-désordonné, sur la base de supercellules périodiquement reproduites où les trous sont placés au hasard. Dans de telles structures l'absorption peut être augmentée par rapport à un réseau carré de trous optimisé, par augmentation de la densité spectrale de modes optiques. La simulation basée sur l'analyse rigoureuse couplée et la fabrication par lithographie par faisceau électronique et les technologies de gravure ionique réactive ont été effectués, conduisant à une augmentation de l'absorption nette d'environ 2,1% en théorie, et de 2,7% expérimentalement. Enfin, nous avons mis en place des structures pseudo-désordonnées avec supercellules de tailles différentes, dans les couches c-Si de plusieurs épaisseurs dans la gamme 1-8μm. Les mécanismes d'absorption dans ces structures ont été analysés, à la fois dans les espaces réel et réciproque, en vue de déterminer des critères de conception. En outre, la réponse angulaire de la structure pseudo-désordonnée optimisée est plus stable que celle du réseau carré optimisé, en particulier dans les grandes longueurs d'onde. / In thin film silicon solar cells, it is important to take control of the absorption efficiency, in order to reach a high enough short-circuit current density (Jsc). To reach this goal, we have developed light trapping strategies based on simply periodic photonic crystals (PC) and more complex pattern structures. This work aims at integrating such structures into thin film crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. Firstly, a simply periodic square lattice PC structure of cylindrical holes or inverted nano-pyramids have been considered in a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction thin film solar cells. The absorption in the sole absorbing layer (c-Si) is considered and optimized in numerical simulations based on the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The Jsc are increased by 56.4% (cylindrical holes) and 104.8% (inverted nano-pyramids) compared to the unpatterned case. We also considered more advanced structures where an additional cylindrical holes structure is introduced in the bottom. Secondly, we have considered complex but realistic “pseudo-disordered” nanostructures, based on periodically reproduced supercells where the holes are randomly shifted. In such structures the absorption could be increased compared with fully optimized square lattice of holes, by increasing the spectral density of optical modes. Simulation based on Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis and fabrication by electronic beam lithography and reactive ion etching technologies have been performed, leading to a net absorption increase of about 2.1% theoretically, and 2.7% experimentally. Lastly, we have introduced pseudo-disordered structures with supercells of different size, in c-Si layers of several thicknesses in the 1-8μm range. The absorption mechanisms in such structures were analyzed, both in the real and reciprocal spaces, with a view to determine design guidelines. Moreover, the angular response of the optimized pseudo-disordered structure appears to be more stable than in the optimized square lattice of holes periodic case, especially in the long wavelength range.
30

Fabrication and Characterization of a Wrinkled Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Film Bilayer System

Ingale, Himanshu A. January 2017 (has links)
No description available.

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