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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_dp_me_guara_prot.pdf: 1770377 bytes, checksum: d4bf624a96905b5751f7cece02041ed7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A atual matriz energética mundial baseia-se fundamentalmente na utilização de combustíveis fósseis, mas por questões ambientais 9efeito estufa e as emissões de CO2) e econômicas (preço do barril), o petróleo vem sendo substituído por outras formas de energia como os pellets de madeira que possuem grande potencial para suprir as necessidades atuais de energia com menor impacto ambiental. Desta forma, este estudo objetiva comparar as principais características químicas (carbono fixo, voláteis, cinzas, extrativos, lignina e holocelulose) característica físicas (comprimento, diâmetro, densidade a granel, teor de umidade e durabilidade mecânica), característica téricas (poder calorífico superior e inferior, densidade energética e termogravimetria) e as emissões de CO e NOx, desses biocombustíveis, com os padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pelas normas nacionais e internacionais. Foram analisadas quatro procedências de pellets (um de eucalipto e três de pinus), uma amostra de serragem de eucalipto, uma amostra de casca de pinus e uma amostra de cavacos de pinus. Os pellets foram produzidos no Brasil e obtidos diretamente com os produtores em suas embalagens comerciais de venda e efetuadas análises seguindo normas padrões. A amostragem de gás foi realizada utilizando um analisador eletroquímico de gases para a determinação dos teores de monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono e óxidos de nitrogênio presentes nos gases de combustão. Essas análises mostraram que o poder calorífico inferior dos pellets P1, pellets P3 e pellets P$, não atingiram valores mínimos exigidos na norma austríaca, que estabelce valores> 18MJ/kg e alemã que exige valores de 17,5 a 19,5 MJ/kg. Quanto ao teor de umidade, os resultados mostraram que a maioria atingiu este parâmetro de qualidade. A durabilidade mecânica dos pellets P1, pellets P3 e pellets P4 estão abaixo... / The current world-wide energy model is based basically on the oil fuel use, but for environment questions (greenhouse effect and CO2 emissions) and economic ( barrel of the price), the oil comes being substituted for other forms of energy as wood pelletsthat it possess great potential to supply the current necessities of energy with lesser environment impact. In such a way, this objective study to compare the main chemistries characteristics (fixed carbonm volatile, ashes, extratives, lignin and holocellulose), physica characteristics (length, diameter , in bulk density, moisture content and mechanical durability), thermal characteristics (heating value, net heating value energy density, thermogravimetric) and the emissions CO and NOx, of this bioenergy with the standards of quality established by the national and international norms. The four analyzed samples had been wooden origin of pellets (onde eucalyptus and three of the pinus), one sample of the sawdust of the eucalyptus, one sample of the pinus bark and one sample the wood pinus chips. The wood pellets were produced in Brazil and gotten directly with the producers in commercial packings, and made analysis regarding standard rules. An electrochemical analyzer of gases... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Samuel Euzédice de Lucena / Banca: Leonardo Mesquita / Banca: Luiz Otávio Saraiva Ferreira / Resumo: Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um circuito conversor estático chaveado controlado por PWM para fornecer corrente contínua a LEDs de potência para uma luminária de iluminação pública. Inicialmente é feita uma introdução sobre iluminação pública, são apresentados os principais conceitos de Luminotécnica, são descritos os detalhes sobre as tecnologias de lâmpadas mais utilizadas em iluminação pública no Brasil e é elaborada uma comparação entre tais tecnologias e o LED branco de potência, que desponta como a fonte de luz mais promissora. Em seguida, são apresentadas as topologias clássicas de conversores estáticos chaveados, com explicações sobre a dinâmica de operação e detalhes das formas de onda de cada topologia. Finalmente, é feito o desenvolvimento detalhado do conversor estático chaveado PWM, constituído de um retificador com conversor Boost com controle para correção do fator de potência associado a um conversor Buck para controle da corrente fornecida a um arranjo de LEDs. Também são apresentados os resultados de simulações computacionais através do software PSIM para a validação do projeto / Abstract: This work treats the circuit development of a switching power converter controlled by PWM to supply direct current for power LEDs in a public lighting luminaire. Initially, are presented an introduction about public lighting and the main concepts about Lighting, are described the details about lamp technologies more used in public lighting in Brazil and it is elaborated a comparison among these technologies and the white power LED, which appears as the more promising light source. After those, the classic topologies of static switching power converters are presented, with explanations about the dynamics of operation and details about the waveforms of each topology. Finally, the development of the static switching PWM power converter is detailed, consisting of a rectifier with a controlled Boost converter for the power factor correction, associated to a Buck converter for controlling the supplied current to a LED string. The results of computational simulations through software PSIM for the validation of the project are also presented / Mestre

Discomfort glare is considered to be an annoyance or distraction caused by sources of non-uniform or high luminance within the field of view of an observer. There are still significant gaps in our understanding of the conditions that characterise the magnitude and occurrence of discomfort glare, this being especially evident in the presence of large sources of luminance such as windows. The large degree of scatter that is observed when subjective evaluations of glare sensation are compared against calculated glare indices suggests that discomfort glare may be dependent on other variables beyond the physical and photometric parameters that are commonly embedded in glare formulae (e.g., source luminance, source size, background luminance, and position index). There are strong reasons to believe that some of these variables might be linked to the time of day when the observer is exposed to the glare source. In response, this thesis investigated the research hypothesis that subjective glare sensation is associated with temporal variability. This hypothesis was tested in two stages. The first stage was conducted within a laboratory setting, and sought to examine temporal effects under controlled artificial lighting conditions. The collection of temporal variables and personal factors – thereby examining the scatter in glare responses across the independent variable (time of day) and isolating potential confounding variables – enabled to identify factors that could influence the subjective evaluation of glare sensation along the day. Having established the presence of a temporal effect on glare response, the influences detected were further explored within a test room with direct access to daylight, whereby temporal variables and personal factors were measured in conjunction to glare sensation for them to be statistically masked from the analysis. The results confirmed the hypothesis of an increased tolerance to glare as the day progresses. This supported the conclusion that physical and photometric parameters alone are not sufficient for a robust prediction of discomfort glare.

This document chronicles the lighting design and production process of Jonathan Larson's RENT at SIU between the pre-design analysis stage in March 2012 and opening night on October 18, 2012 from an analytic perspective focusing on the relationship between lighting design and other major production elements. The first chapter details my artistic, pragmatic, and personal goals regarding the project. The second chapter exhibits my analysis and research of Larson's musical. By examining the incubation, selection, and implementation phases of the design and production process, the third chapter defines the methods by which I accomplished the project goals. The fourth and final chapter is an evaluation of the design and production process outcome in relation to the goals laid out in the first. The appendices include all documents associated with the design process: inspirational and research imagery, idea renderings, the lighting plot and paperwork, and production photographs. Two supplementary files are included alongside this document. The first is a collection of all pertinent lighting design paperwork and the second is a video compilation including a rendered flythrough of the scenery and several clips of performance footage referenced in Chapter Three.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lauar_acf_me_bauru.pdf: 848606 bytes, checksum: b5ef401bbc4819a1518d94c006c66852 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A ergonomia é uma área do conhecimento que tem como um de seus principais objetivos a análise de situações de trabalho, a fim de definir parâmetros e propostas de transformações que viabilizem o conforto, a segurança e a eficiência no trabalho. Assim, projeta e/ou adapta situações de trabalho, compatíveis com as capacidades e os limites do homem. Dentre os diversos critérios que descrevem a análise ergonômica do trabalho a iluminação, como condição ambiental, quando mal projetada e distribuída pode refletir sobre as condições de trabalho, afetando a saúde e a eficiência dos trabalhadores, repercutindo inclusive na produtividade. Diante do exposto este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso por meio da avaliação das condições de iluminação de espaços de trabalho em quatro salas do escritório central de uma empresa de reflorestamento, inserida no contexto urbano de u ma cidade de porte médio em Minas Gerais. Os métodos utilizados basearam-se em observações, medições da iluminação, além da utilização de questionários. Os parâmetros de iluminação foram aplicados em quatro salas distintas em tamanho, distribuição de luminárias e número de usuários. Através de dados quantitativos, verificou-se a relação dos valore de iluminância real das salas, nas condições em que as mesmas são utilizadas com os valores indicados e sugeridos nas Normas. Na avaliação qualitativa levou-se em conta a interação entre o usuário e o ambiente iluminado, e nesse sentido, as boas condições de visão para o correto desempenho de tarefas. Com os dados e resultados abordados, pretende-se contribuir para a melhoria das condições de trabalho e design do ambiente construído com consequente aumento da eficiência dos trabalhadores subsidiando uma abordagem que privilegia o contexto real além de construir um diagrama... / Ergonomics is an area of knowledge that has as one of its main objectives the analysis of work situations in order to set parameters and proposed changes that allow the confort, safety and work efficiency. Thus designs and or adapting work situations consistent with the capabilities an limitations of man. Among the several criteria that describe the ergonomic analysis of work lilghting and environmental conditions, affecting the health and efficiency of workers, including impacting on productivity. In this light this paper presents a case study through the evaluation of the lighting conditions of work spaces in four rooms of the headquarters of a company reflorestation, inserted in the urban context o a medium sized city in Minas Gerais. The methods used were based on observations, measurements of the illumination, and the use of questionnaires. The lighting parameters were applied in four different rooms in size, distribution of lamps and number of usrs. Through quantitative data, there was a relation ship between the iluminance values of real rooms, he conditions under which they are used with the values shown and suggested in the standarts. The qualitative assessment took in to account the interaction betwenn the user and an illuminated environment, and in that sense, good viewing condition for the proper performance of tasks. With the data and results discussed, we intend to contribute to the improvement of working conditions and design of the built environment with consequent increased efficiency of subsidizing workers a approach that focuses on real context and build a diagram of relationships between variables that serve as basis for further studies addressing the discussion of the effectiveness of the lighting... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / The electrical supply utility, ESKOM, cannot cope with the growing demand in South Africa. This results in load shedding and power outages. This capacity can be augmented, by conducting energy audits, retrofitting government buildings, designing and installing cost-effective lighting systems, and using renewable energy sources in rural areas. Households in rural areas depend on candles and paraffin lamps to supply light at night. Solar panels as renewable energy sources are very expensive in conventional lighting systems. The problem is that a cost-effective, affordable lighting system has not yet been designed. The following four projects have been completed by the author: - Software development for a lighting design in general - Efficient high bright light emitting diode (HB-LED) lighting system - Energy audit and retrofit of the Nuwe Hoop School in Worcester - Optimization of hybrid solar-diesel system Firstly, the author wrote a program that is used in lighting designs. This illumination software is utilized for educational purposes. A manual step-by-step lighting design procedure was compiled. The JAVA object-oriented programming language was used to write the code of the design software. Real life design parameters are fed to the program, to confirm proper implementation. The software package will perform illuminance calculations to display relevant Isolux diagrams for educational purposes.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The development of solar roads to convert insolation on vast stretches of land to electrical energy, otherwise dedicated solely for transportation, is in its nascent stage. A great potential is seen for PV application with the maturing of solar road technology. Apart from increasing the versatility by smart utilization of land resources, widening the cover of renewable energy generation will lead to a sustainable, secure energy future. A stand-alone solar pathway for public park lighting or area lighting system, completely independent of the power grid, was designed and operated. Public lighting for 65 m stretch of walkway located next to the Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering Department building, was chosen as a case study in this study. The case study presented simplified method for sizing, performance evaluation and simulation of a stand-alone solar pathway to power public lighting on the Bellville Campus of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Depending on the requirements of the electrical, the quantity and quality of lighting, as well as the required duration of the lighting were calculated. Battery storage capacity, based on the desired autonomy period, and maximum and average daily depth of discharge, were sized. PV array size, based on the type and specifications of PV module, the time of year with the highest average daily lighting load and minimum solar radiation, were selected and measured. Control strategies for battery protection and lighting control conditions were determined, and the control set points were specified. The operating efficiency of solar pathway was evaluated and showed excellent performance compared to the expected with annual average value of the monthly performance ratio and system efficiency. A stand-alone solar pathway system was programmed using MATLAB, in order to size a PV system to the supply public lighting for the walkway. The computer program used, can be applied to any site with different weather conditions.

O serviço de iluminação pública no Brasil é prestado pelos municípios e concessionárias de energia elétrica. Do ponto de vista institucional, este serviço é regulamentado por leis, decretos e resoluções, e do ponto de vista técnico, por normas específicas, que foram analisadas neste trabalho. Especial ênfase foi dada à análise dos conflitos de interesse entre os principais prestadores deste serviço e as propostas de mediação, com base na revisão do regulamento específico sobre o fornecimento de energia elétrica para iluminação pública, proposta pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ANEEL. Apresentamos ainda uma análise sobre a regulamentação geral das tarifas de energia elétrica e, em particular, sobre as tarifas de iluminação pública. No primeiro caso, fizemos uma revisão conceitual da teoria dos custos marginais, para determinação da estrutura tarifária, e apresentamos um exemplo de aplicação da metodologia adaptada no Brasil para o cálculo das tarifas de iluminação pública. No segundo, discutimos os três tipos de tarifas adotados na iluminação pública e as controvérsias na aplicação das mesmas por parte das concessionárias. A cobrança dos serviços aos usuários por meio da taxa de Iluminação Pública, foi analisada com base na teoria econômica e nos princípios tributários aplicados a essa espécie de tributo. Sob a ótica de cada ator, identificamos as oportunidades e barreiras para eficiência energética, em particular na iluminação pública, setor (ou segmento) que no Brasil apresenta um potencial técnico de conservação de energia elétrica estimado em 553 MW. Este potencial equivale a uma redução de 23% na potência total instalada nos sistemas de iluminação pública, com a substituição de aproximadamente 10,8 milhões de lâmpadas. Finalmente, realizamos um estudo de caso na cidade de João Pessoa, capital do Estado da Paraíba. Os resultados deste estudo registraram uma redução de 43% no consumo de energia elétrica no sistema de iluminação pública, pela substituição dos equipamentos existentes por outros mais eficientes. Com base nesses resultados, concluímos que a eficiência energética e a gestão adequada dos sistemas de iluminação pública podem contribuir para reduzir a demanda de energia elétrica, melhorar a qualidade dos serviços e minimizar os impactos sociais e ambientais produzidos pela construção e operação de novas usinas de geração de energia elétrica. Para tal, devem-se adotar estratégias que conciliem os interesses entre os principais atores e eliminem as barreiras existentes. Acreditamos que essa meta seria conseguida pela maior participação dos agentes públicos e privados e principalmente pelo aperfeiçoamento da legislação de incentivo à eficiência energética. / Public lighting in Brazil is a service provided by cities and by utilities. From the institutional point of view this service is regulated through laws, codes, and resolutions, and from the technical point of view, it is regulated through specific rules and guides, which were analyzed in this work. Special emphasis was given to both, the analysis of the conflict of interests among the main provides of this service, and to proposals of mediation, based on the review of the specific regulation about the electrical energy supply for public lighting, proposed by the National Agency for Electrical Energy (ANEEL). We also present an analysis about general regulation of electrical energy tariffs, and, in particular, about public lighting tariffs. Regarding the general regulation, we performed a conceptual review about marginal costs theory, used for the determination of the tariff structure, and presented an example of methodology application, used in Brazil for the calculation of public lighting tariffs. Concerning the public lighting tariffs, we discussed the 3 types of tariffs and controversies about their use by utilities. These services are charged to consumers through the public lighting fees, which were also analyzed based on economic theory and the taxing principles. From the perspective of each actor, we identified opportunities and barriers for the energy efficiency. In public lighting, a technical saving potential amounting to 558MW was estimated for Brazil, by improving efficiency of approximately 10,8 million lamps, out of a total of 13 million lamps currently installed. This potential is equivalent to a 23% reduction in total peak demand required by currently installed public lighting system. Finally, we performed a case study for the city of João Pessoa, the capital of Paraiba State. The results of this study showed a reduction of 43% in the consumption of electrical energy in the public lighting system, through the substitution of the existing equipment by more efficient one. Based on these results, we concluded that the energy efficiency and adequate management of the public lighting systems could contribute to reduce the demand of electrical energy, to improve quality of services and to minimize the social and environmental impacts due to construction and operation of new electric power plants. To achieve this goal, new strategies to conciliate interests among the main actors and to eliminate existent barrier should be adopted. We believe that these strategies could be reached though stronger engagement of public and private agents and, mainly, by enacting adequate legislation and by stimulating energy efficiency.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para o uso eficiente de iluminação para os setores residencial e de iluminação publica, num contexto de planejamento integrado de recursos, para a área da empresa eletrica Ambato S.A.RCN. concessionaria do serviço de energia elétrica da região central do Equador. E compreende a caracterização dos usos finais de energia e das curvas de carga, a avaliação das redes de distribuição e a análise dos programas de gerenciamento da demanda (GLD) e sua comparação com as alternativas de oferta. A caracterização dos usos finais de energia elétrica e das curvas de carga para a cidade de Ambato, foi realizada a partir da pesquisa de campo realizada para a cidade de Cuenca no ano de 1991, pelo Instituto Equatoriano de Eletrificação (INECEL), mediante a análise dos aspectos geográficos, climáticos, socio-econômicos e dos consumos de energia eletrica por estrato, obtidos das concessionárias das duas regiões. Avaliações técnicas e econômicas das redes primárias de distribuição existentes foram realizadas, sugerindo um plano de obras, para manter e melhorar a qualidade e confiabilidade do serviço. Os programas de GLD analisados compreendem a substituição das lâmpadas incandescentes de 60W pelas fluorescentes compactas de 15W (ilum) no setor residencial, e a troca das lâmpadas de vapor de mercúrio pelas de vapor de sódio, sendo T1 (125Hg-70Na); T2 (175Hg100Na); e T3 (250Hg-150Na), no setor deiluminação pública. O custo de energia conservada (CEC) foi de 25,2 US$/lVlWh para ilum; de 6,4 US$lMWh para T1; de 24,9 US$/MWh para T2; e de -21,7 US$/MWh para T3, e 0 indice de efetividade de custo (IEC) obtido foi de -0,75 para T3; de 0,88 para T2; de 0,23 para T1; e 0,41 na ilum. Os resultados indicam que com a implementação destes programas de gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda (GLD) em iluminação, pode-se evitar uma demanda total de 9,8 MW (8%) e obter uma diminuição do consumo de energia de 44,6 GWh (8,6%) para o ano de 2008. / This work presents a proposal for the improvement of energy efficiency in the residential and public lighting, under an integrated by using an resource planning framewoñt, for the Ambato electric utility region in Ecuador. Energy end-uses and load curves were characterized, distribuition system grid was evaluated, demand side management (DSM) programs were analized and compared to supply options. Energy end-uses and load curves for the Ambato area were estimated from a field research, conducted for the Cuenca area in 1991 by the Ecuadorian Electric Institute (INECEL), aftera comparison of geographic, ctimatic, socio-economic data and energy consumtion by range for both, Ambato and Cuenca, utilities. As a result of an assessment of distribuition system grid, aiming at maintainnig and inproving service quality and reliability, a work plan was developed. DSM programs evaiuated included substitution of 15W compact uorescent lamp (CFL) for 60W incandesoent lamps - (ilum), in residential sector, and substitution of 70W (T1), 100W (T 2) and 150W (T3) sodium (Na) lamps for 125W, 175W and 250W mercury (Hg) lamps respectivility in public lighting. Cost saved of energy is estimated at 25,2 US$fMWh for CFL lamps and 6,4 US$/NIWh for TOW , 24,9 US$Ilill\\Nl\'| for 100W and -21,7 US$/MWh for 150W sodium lamps; cost effectiveness factors are: of -0,75 for T3; 0,88 for T2; 0,23 for T1 and 0,41 for ilum. Results show that DSM programs many allow, by the year 2008, a reduction of 9,8 MW (8%) in peak power and reduction in energy demand of 44,6 GWh (8,6%).