D. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Aims of this study is to develop a residential customers' lighting profile ANFIS-based model. This model is expected to address lighting load usage estimation in relation to the dynamic occupancy presence in a residential dwelling, which will take into account the climatic condition (natural lighting) of such an environment (e.g. South Africa) and its income. The objectives are as follows: 1. Develop an ANFIS-based residential lighting load profile model for middle income, low income and high-income earners. 2. Error reduction in residential lighting demand profile model. Performance evaluation and validation of the model using correlation and trend analysis, regression model, South Africa power utility application lighting program, non-weighted approach and comparison with other research studies (methodology).3. Reduction in / or elimination of repeated models for occupant presence and assumptions that residences are occupied at certain periods. 4. Derive meaning from complexities (behavioural trends) associated with lighting usage and extract patterns in such circumstances.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T21:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 Isac Roizenblatt1.pdf: 1331996 bytes, checksum: 00db1f1d51ee22169dd8676aba830c37 (MD5) Isac Roizenblatt2.pdf: 1211617 bytes, checksum: abd9645c16c1accc6c48047d756a179b (MD5) Isac Roizenblatt3.pdf: 2380832 bytes, checksum: 1e432a18b0107a74dcd6ca1193a9bb90 (MD5) Isac Roizenblatt4.pdf: 3712526 bytes, checksum: e586084a1463cba71b69607e396f6cf1 (MD5) Isac Roizenblatt5.pdf: 728060 bytes, checksum: dc7ab86a61f91ce6b1961d41560a942c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-26 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The city at night differs from the city during the day, because nocturnal urban lighting must satisfy several functions such as to create a new environment, to increase the awareness of the beauty and diversity of landscapes, to ensure safety and to attend to the psychomotor needs, to guide through space marks, to highlight places according to their specificity, to enrich festivals and spectacles, and to facilitate leisure. Nevertheless,historically speaking, it has been observed that lighting has been developed to attend to the demands of the cars and has forgotten the demands of the citizens. People s needs at night should be the main objective of the urban lighting, whether it is for the resident, for the student, for the worker or for the tourist. What it is pursued is the lighting which includes a search for identity for historic structures, commercial areas, educational and hospital buildings, as well as for leisure centers. This paper shows that there is a lack of suitable lighting for the cities today. It analyses the several functions of the urban lighting, in order to check its compliance, and need for improvement. / A cidade à noite difere da cidade diurna, pois a iluminação no urbanismo noturno deve satisfazer a uma série de funções como criar o novo ambiente, aumentar a conscientização da beleza e da diversidade de paisagens, promover a segurança, atender às necessidades psicomotoras, orientar pelo balizamento do espaço, promover lugares por suas especificidades, enriquecer festivais e espetáculos, e facilitar o lazer. No entanto, o que é observado - historicamente falando - é uma iluminação desenvolvida para atender às necessidades dos veículos e que esqueceu os cidadãos. As necessidades das pessoas à noite devem ser o principal objetivo da iluminação urbana, seja para o morador, estudante, trabalhador ou turista. Busca-se a iluminação que inclua a procura da identidade de estruturas sejam históricas, sejam comerciais, conjuntos educacionais e hospitalares, assim como áreas de lazer. Este trabalho mostra que falta iluminação adequada para as cidades hoje. Procura examinar as funções da iluminação urbana, para verificar seu atendimento e necessidade de melhorias.

Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Scarazzato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_MairaVieira_M.pdf: 6936584 bytes, checksum: aa4b3e39381353699850fa0a121da1f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Embora a iluminação natural seja um recurso renovável, limpo e gratuito, coadjuvante da eficiência energética do ambiente construído e promotora do bem-estar e saúde de seus usuários, no Brasil ainda é grande o número de projetos que não a utiliza de modo eficiente, ao que parece, por desconhecimento de seus princípios, recursos e formas de avaliação. Por outro lado, no segmento industrial tem-se observado um cuidado crescente com relação à melhoria das condições do ambiente de trabalho, visando maior produtividade, com respeito ao meio ambiente, mas ainda com pouca atenção ao projeto. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar qualitativamente o desempenho dos sistemas de iluminação natural empregados em edifícios industriais na Região Metropolitana de Campinas/SP. A distribuição de luminâncias nos setores de produção de edifícios industriais previamente selecionados foi levantada in loco através de fotografias, com a utilização da técnica de geração de Imagens de Grande Alcance Dinâmico - High Dynamic Range (HDR) convertidas em cores falsas. Na seqüência realizaram-se simulações computacionais para um dia específico sob condição de céu claro com o software DIALux (validado), para fins de comparação com as imagens HDR, uma vez que na situação real não foi possível fazer fotografias somente sob condições de iluminação natural. As condições de céu nas simulações foram as mesmas encontradas quando das visitas às indústrias. Modelo físico para uma das indústrias também foi feito e fotografado com a técnica de imagens HDR a fim de melhor compreensão acerca da distribuição da luz e também com o objetivo de testar a validade do procedimento, não presente na literatura temática sobre iluminação natural. A pesquisa concluiu que os principais problemas relacionados à iluminação natural em setores de produção das indústrias analisadas devem-se aos seguintes fatores: ausência de manutenção dos sistemas para captação da luz natural e falta de integração com o sistema de iluminação artificial, que sinaliza claramente que tais edifícios são concebidos como simples galpões para abrigo das atividades industriais, e não como obra de arquitetura / Abstract: Although daylighting is a renewable resource, clean and costless, support to energy efficiency of a built environment and promoter of wellness state and health, it is not yet used in an efficient way in industrial building design, probably because architects and its clients ignore its principles, resources and possibilities. On the other hand, one notes an increasing interest related to the environment conditions improvement, focused on greater productivity shared with respect to the environment, but yet with few attention to the project. The main goal of this research is to qualitatively analyze in qualitative terms the performance daylighting systems used in industrial buildings at Metropolitan area of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, in order to diagnosticate them and, eventually to suggest possible design strategies for future buildings of such typology, that could encourage a maximum daylight's quality usage. It includes the industrialization phenomena in Brazil and in the city of Campinas, as well as other daylighting principles applied to industrial buildings. The luminance's distribution in the production area of industrial buildings previously selected was taken by photographs taken in loco, with image's creation of High Dynamic Range (HDR) converted in false colors. After that, computer based sequences were simulated in a specific daylighting condition under clear-sky using DIALux software (validated), in comparison with HDR images, since in a real situation it was not possible to take pictures only under pure daylighting. The sky conditions in the simulations were the same ones that were found when visiting industries. A scale model for one of the industries was made and photographed using HDR images technique in order to have a better understanding about light distribution and also to test the procedure validation, that was not in the thematic literature about daylighting. This research concluded that the main problems related with daylighting in manufacturing areas of the industries analyzed are due to the following factors: lack of maintenance of daylighting capture systems and lack of integration with the artificial lighting system, which clearly states that those buildings are created for simple warehouses to place industrial activities, and not as an architectural building / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

In this diplomat theses are considered the effects of light on human beings, especially on physical performance. The goal of this work was to design a suitable method for evaluation of the effects of light on physical performance. Furthermore, to verify designed methods in laboratory environment and the assessment of collected data. After creating this method several people were tested under different light conditions and collected date evaluated. The results are suggesting that high intensity lighting with low wave lengths leads to an increase of physiological activity in organism and therefore to a potential decreasing physical performance.

Innovative and interactive lighting has big opportunities to move from the classical switch to more tangible and embodied ways of interaction, types of interaction that have much more richness and expressivity to them. This will not be of any use if the output would still be just an on/off type of lamp; however, new mediums or output in the form of LED light provide much more flexibility in intensity, colour, multiple sources of light (that work together), etc. Therefore they need more rich ways of input than a switch can provide. This richness of and mapping between input and output should be designed in an adequate way, to create a pleasing and meaningful user experience. The knowledge contribution that is expected through this thesis will be specifically aimed at the area where lighting, aesthetics of interaction and tangible & embodied interaction meet. A framework will be developed that can help designers who want to design innovative and interactive lighting for the home environment in the future. The framework can assist with creating an aesthetic interactive experience with lighting in a more tangible or embodied way (than e.g. just pressing a button or rotating a dimmer). The framework will be exemplified by a lighting design prototype that shows how the framework can be used.

Background: People often experience a feeling of not being safe in public places during the darkhours of the day. That feeling of not being safe is a subjective experience and is individual for everyperson. The natural light has a big impact on how the city is experienced by the population of thecity. Because of Sweden’s geographic location, there are many dark hours of the day over the courseof a year. Artificial lighting therefore needs to be used to compensate for the lack of daylight.Purpose: The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate what different factors there are thatimpact people’s perceived safety. The purpose is also to investigate the lighting’s meaning from asafety perspective.Method: The authors of this study have familiarized themselves with previous research and theorieson the subject. Based on what emerged, the authors have designed a survey that aims to collectqualitative and quantitative data. Data collected through the survey have formed the basis of thisstudy’s empirical data. The study is geographically limited to a specific street located in centralMalmö. The survey took place on three different occasions.Results: From the data analysis, it emerged that lighting is only one of many factors that areimportant for people’s experience of safety in public places. A combination of several factors istherefore required for a place to be perceived as safe by its surroundings. Lighting, human presence,the microclimate of the place, activities on the streets and supervision of the area are some of themain factors that emerged. The results of the study also show that people of the female sex, to agreater extent than men do, generally tend not to feel safe in public places when its dark.Conclusion: The perceived safety is an individual experience that should form the basis for thedesign of a place, in combination with the place’s main purpose. Due to this, it is required that theoutside architect involves the people staying at the site in order to optimize an experience of feelingsafe.Design proposal: Finally, what emerged in the study’s results has been applied as a designproposal for Per Weijersgatan.

The accurate modeling of the variability of illumination in a class of images is a fundamental problem that occurs in many areas of computer vision and graphics. For instance, in computer vision there is the problem of facial recognition. Simply, one would hope to be able to identify a known face under any illumination. On the other hand, in graphics one could imagine a system that, given an image, the illumination model could be identified and then used to create new images. In this thesis we describe a method for learning the illumination model for a class of images. Once the model is learnt it is then used to render new images of the same class under the new illumination. Results are shown for both synthetic and real images. The key contribution of this work is that images of known objects can be re-illuminated using small patches of image data and relatively simple kernel regression models. Additionally, our approach does not require any knowledge of the geometry of the class of objects under consideration making it relatively straightforward to implement. As part of this work we will examine existing geometric and image-based re-lighting techniques; give a detailed description of our geometry-free face re-lighting process; present non-linear regression and basis selection with respect to image synthesis; discuss system limitations; and look at possible extensions and future work.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of the global lighting market and the assessment of the current position of the Czech Republic in this market. The first part is devoted to the theoretical introduction in the field of lighting technology. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the relation between lighting market and energy sector, especially with regard to energy efficiency policy. The market analysis is concentrated primarily on general lighting, which forms the largest and the most important lighting market segment. The development of the Czech lighting market is then discussed in the context of the global as well as the European market. Additionally, the thesis includes analysis of current trends in lighting technology and research conducted among manufacturers of lighting.

As human population grows and develops, more urban areas are expanding. Urbanisation has many impacts on the natural environment and one understudied pollutant is artificial light at night. The aims of this thesis were to examine the impacts of street lighting on bats and investigate the exposure of British bat species to artificial light at night and explored the mitigation option of part-night lighting. The current exposure of British bat species to artificial lighting was assessed using roost locations and population sizes from a long-term dataset (1997-2012) from the Bat Conservation Trust’s National Bat Monitoring Programme on seven bat species (Eptesicus serotinus, Myotis nattereri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, Plecotus auritus, Rhinolophus hipposideros and R. ferrumequinum). These data were combined with satellite imagery in roost sustenance zones and home ranges. Bat roosts were found in areas with brighter light levels than random locations for P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus and Plecotus auritus. Species that forage around streetlights (P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus) had significantly higher light levels in the landscape around their roosts than species which avoid street lit areas (R. hipposideros, M. nattereri and P. auritus). Colony size was negatively correlated with light levels. This study highlights that different species have different requirements in the landscapes around their roosts. To investigate landscapes effects of artificial light at night on the understudied light avoiding species R. ferrumequinum, eight maternity roosts were surveyed to explore the interaction between habitat features and street lighting. At each maternity roost, bat detectors were deployed at 25 paired street lit and dark locations. Street lighting had a significant negative effect on bat activity. Locations closest to the maternity roost had higher bat activity than those further away and road type had a significant effect on bat activity, with the highest bat activity recorded at minor roads compared with A and B roads. These results highlight the large negative impact street lighting can have on bat activity patterns and the need for mitigation. Several mitigation strategies have been suggested to combat the effects of artificial light at night but few have been tested. One of these suggestions is to restrict the hours of lighting through the night, often called part-night lighting. Part-night lighting has been implemented by many local authorities, often switching the lights off after midnight and switching them back on before dusk. To explore the effects of part night lighting on bats, the hourly patterns of activity for R. ferrumequinum were studied. Bat activity was bimodal, with a peak in the first few hours after sunset followed by a smaller peak before sunrise. To capture more than 50% of bat activity during the dark period of the night, street lights would be required to switch off before 11pm. To explore this further, a before-and-after study of part-night lighting was conducted at towns across Devon. Following the conversion from full-night lighting to part-night lighting, switching street lights off at 2 am, there was a significant reduction in P. pipistrellus and a significant increase for P. pygmaeus and Nyctalus noctule activity. Although part-night lighting is not often operational during peak activity periods for bat species, reducing the duration of lighting at night has impacts on activity patterns for several species. This thesis shows that artificial light at night has impacts on bats across the landscapes around their roosts. Artificial lighting has impacts for species in different ways, depending on whether they forage around street lights or avoid street lit areas. For species that avoid street lit areas such as R. ferrumequinum, street lighting can have very significant negative impacts on the availability of areas around their roosts. This highlights the need for conservation measures to reduce impacts of artificial lighting. Although mitigation schemes such as part-night lighting may help to minimize impacts of nighttime lighting, more tailored schemes for bats should devised to achieve greater conservation impacts.

This thesis aims to create new perspectives in urban lighting design by discovering people&amp / #8217 / s preferences in urban lighting through an exploratory research on people&amp / #8217 / s perceptive experience of urban space at night. In this study, I aim to analyze the common approaches and methods of urban lighting design and make their critique through my research results. Primary research objectives include the evaluation of what people perceive from the urban lighting design and how they feel about the design outcomes. In order to explore people&amp / #8217 / s experience of lit urban space at night, my research comprises a survey that aims to discover people&amp / #8217 / s opinions on certain lit urbanscenes collected from the city of Ankara. Urban lighting design is a discipline that emerged to improve the aesthetic quality of urban space. It has significant effects on people and consequently on urban life. However, in this discipline, exploration of people&amp / #8217 / s needs and preference is a neglected phenomenon. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary to review the designer-centered perspective on urban lighting design and question whether existing approach to this discipline has preferable outcomes for people. Through this research I aim to test whether it is appropriate to pursue and carry out the existing type of lighting design, and propose new perspectives to urban lighting.