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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Testes de hipóteses em eleições majoritárias / Test of hypothesis in majoritarian election

Fossaluza, Victor 16 June 2008 (has links)
O problema de Inferência sobre uma proporção, amplamente divulgado na literatura estatística, ocupa papel central no desenvolvimento das várias teorias de Inferência Estatística e, invariavelmente, é objeto de investigação e discussão em estudos comparativos entre as diferentes escolas de Inferência. Ademais, a estimação de proporções, bem como teste de hipóteses para proporções, é de grande importância para as diversas áreas do conhecimento, constituindo um método quantitativo simples e universal. Nesse trabalho, é feito um estudo comparativo entre as abordagens clássica e bayesiana do problema de testar as hipóteses de ocorrência ou não de 2º turno em um cenário típico de eleição majoritária (maioria absoluta) em dois turnos no Brasil. / The problem of inference about a proportion, widely explored in the statistical literature, plays a key role in the development of several theories of statistical inference and, invariably, is the object of investigation and discussion in comparative studies among different schools of inference. In addition, the estimation of proportions, as well as test of hypothesis for proportions, is very important in many areas of knowledge as it constitutes a simple and universal quantitative method. In this work a comparative study between the Classical and Bayesian approaches to the problem of testing the hypothesis of occurrence of second round (or not) in a typical scenario of a majoritarian election (absolute majority) in two rounds in Brazil is developed.
72

Extensões do modelo -potência / extension for the alpha-power model

Martinez Florez, Guillermo Domingo 22 June 2011 (has links)
Em analise de dados que apresentam certo grau de assimetria a suposicao que as observações seguem uma distribuição normal, pode resultar ser uma suposição irreal e a aplicação deste modelo pode ocultar características importantes do modelo verdadeiro. Este tipo de situação deu forca á aplicação de modelo assimétricos, destacando-se entre estes a família de distribuições skew-symmetric, desenvolvida por Azzalini (1985). Neste trabalho nos apresentamos uma segunda proposta para a anàlise de dados com presença importante de assimetria e/ou curtose, comparado com a distribuição normal. Nós apresentamos e estudamos algumas propriedades dos modelos alfa-potência e log-alfa-potência, onde também estudamos o problema de estimação, as matrizes de informação observada e esperada de Fisher e o grau do viés dos estimadores mediante alguns processos de simulação. Nós introduzimos um modelo mais estável que o modelo alfa- potência do qual derivamos o caso bimodal desta distribuição e introduzimos os modelos bimodal simêtrico e assimêtrico alfa-potencia. Posteriormente nós estendemos a distribuição alfa-potência para o caso do modelo Birnbaum-Saunders, estudamos as propriedades deste novo modelo, desenvolvemos estimadores para os parametros e propomos estimadores com viés corrigido. Também introduzimos o modelo de regressão alfa-potência para dados censurados e não censurados e para o modelo de regressão log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders; aqui nós derivamos os estimadores dos parâmetros e estudamos algumas técnicas de validação dos modelos. Por ultimo nós fazemos a extensão multivariada do modelo alfa-potência e estudamos alguns processos de estimação dos parâmetros. Para todos os casos estudados apresentam-se ilustrações com dados já analisados previamente com outras suposições de distribuições. / In data analysis where data present certain degree of asymmetry the assunption of normality can result in an unreal situation and the application of this model can hide important caracteristics of the true model. Situations of this type has given strength to the use of asymmetric models with special emphasis on the skew-symmetric distribution developed by Azzalini (1985). In this work we present an alternative for data analysis in the presence of signi¯cant asymmetry or kurtosis, when compared with the normal distribution, as well as other situations that involve such model. We present and study of the properties of the ®-power and log-®-power distributions, where we also study the estimation problem, the observed and expected information matrices and the degree of bias in estimation using simulation procedures. A °exible model version is proposed for the ®-power distribution, following an extension to a bimodal version. Follows next an extension of the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution using the ®-power distribution, where some properties are studied, estimating approaches are developed as well as corrected bias estimator developed. We also develop censored and uncensored regression for the ®-power model and for the log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders regression models, for which model validation techniques are studied. Finally a multivariate extension of the ®-power model is proposed and some estimation procedures are investigated for the model. All the situations investigated were illustrated with data application using data sets previally analysed with other distributions.
73

Ajustes para o teste da razão de verossimilhanças em modelos de regressão beta / Adjusted likelihood ratio statistics in beta regression models

Pinheiro, Eliane Cantinho 23 March 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho considera o problema de fazer inferência com acurácia para pequenas amostras, tomando por base a estatística da razão de verossimilhanças em modelos de regressão beta. Estes, por sua vez, são úteis para modelar proporções contínuas que são afetadas por variáveis independentes. Deduzem-se as estatísticas da razão de verossimilhanças ajustadas de Skovgaard (Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 28 (2001) 3-32) nesta classe de modelos. Os termos do ajuste, que têm uma forma simples e compacta, podem ser implementados em um software estatístico. São feitas simulações de Monte Carlo para mostrar que a inferência baseada nas estatísticas ajustadas propostas é mais confiável do que a inferência usual baseada na estatística da razão de verossimilhanças. Aplicam-se os resultados a um conjunto real de dados. / We consider the issue of performing accurate small-sample likelihood-based inference in beta regression models, which are useful for modeling continuous proportions that are affected by independent variables. We derive Skovgaards (Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 28 (2001) 3-32) adjusted likelihood ratio statistics in this class of models. We show that the adjustment terms have simple compact form that can be easily implemented from standard statistical software. We presentMonte Carlo simulations showing that inference based on the adjusted statistics we propose is more reliable than that based on the usual likelihood ratio statistic. A real data example is presented.
74

Extensões do modelo -potência / extension for the alpha-power model

Guillermo Domingo Martinez Florez 22 June 2011 (has links)
Em analise de dados que apresentam certo grau de assimetria a suposicao que as observações seguem uma distribuição normal, pode resultar ser uma suposição irreal e a aplicação deste modelo pode ocultar características importantes do modelo verdadeiro. Este tipo de situação deu forca á aplicação de modelo assimétricos, destacando-se entre estes a família de distribuições skew-symmetric, desenvolvida por Azzalini (1985). Neste trabalho nos apresentamos uma segunda proposta para a anàlise de dados com presença importante de assimetria e/ou curtose, comparado com a distribuição normal. Nós apresentamos e estudamos algumas propriedades dos modelos alfa-potência e log-alfa-potência, onde também estudamos o problema de estimação, as matrizes de informação observada e esperada de Fisher e o grau do viés dos estimadores mediante alguns processos de simulação. Nós introduzimos um modelo mais estável que o modelo alfa- potência do qual derivamos o caso bimodal desta distribuição e introduzimos os modelos bimodal simêtrico e assimêtrico alfa-potencia. Posteriormente nós estendemos a distribuição alfa-potência para o caso do modelo Birnbaum-Saunders, estudamos as propriedades deste novo modelo, desenvolvemos estimadores para os parametros e propomos estimadores com viés corrigido. Também introduzimos o modelo de regressão alfa-potência para dados censurados e não censurados e para o modelo de regressão log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders; aqui nós derivamos os estimadores dos parâmetros e estudamos algumas técnicas de validação dos modelos. Por ultimo nós fazemos a extensão multivariada do modelo alfa-potência e estudamos alguns processos de estimação dos parâmetros. Para todos os casos estudados apresentam-se ilustrações com dados já analisados previamente com outras suposições de distribuições. / In data analysis where data present certain degree of asymmetry the assunption of normality can result in an unreal situation and the application of this model can hide important caracteristics of the true model. Situations of this type has given strength to the use of asymmetric models with special emphasis on the skew-symmetric distribution developed by Azzalini (1985). In this work we present an alternative for data analysis in the presence of signi¯cant asymmetry or kurtosis, when compared with the normal distribution, as well as other situations that involve such model. We present and study of the properties of the ®-power and log-®-power distributions, where we also study the estimation problem, the observed and expected information matrices and the degree of bias in estimation using simulation procedures. A °exible model version is proposed for the ®-power distribution, following an extension to a bimodal version. Follows next an extension of the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution using the ®-power distribution, where some properties are studied, estimating approaches are developed as well as corrected bias estimator developed. We also develop censored and uncensored regression for the ®-power model and for the log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders regression models, for which model validation techniques are studied. Finally a multivariate extension of the ®-power model is proposed and some estimation procedures are investigated for the model. All the situations investigated were illustrated with data application using data sets previally analysed with other distributions.
75

Ajustes para o teste da razão de verossimilhanças em modelos de regressão beta / Adjusted likelihood ratio statistics in beta regression models

Eliane Cantinho Pinheiro 23 March 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho considera o problema de fazer inferência com acurácia para pequenas amostras, tomando por base a estatística da razão de verossimilhanças em modelos de regressão beta. Estes, por sua vez, são úteis para modelar proporções contínuas que são afetadas por variáveis independentes. Deduzem-se as estatísticas da razão de verossimilhanças ajustadas de Skovgaard (Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 28 (2001) 3-32) nesta classe de modelos. Os termos do ajuste, que têm uma forma simples e compacta, podem ser implementados em um software estatístico. São feitas simulações de Monte Carlo para mostrar que a inferência baseada nas estatísticas ajustadas propostas é mais confiável do que a inferência usual baseada na estatística da razão de verossimilhanças. Aplicam-se os resultados a um conjunto real de dados. / We consider the issue of performing accurate small-sample likelihood-based inference in beta regression models, which are useful for modeling continuous proportions that are affected by independent variables. We derive Skovgaards (Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 28 (2001) 3-32) adjusted likelihood ratio statistics in this class of models. We show that the adjustment terms have simple compact form that can be easily implemented from standard statistical software. We presentMonte Carlo simulations showing that inference based on the adjusted statistics we propose is more reliable than that based on the usual likelihood ratio statistic. A real data example is presented.
76

The new class of Kummer beta generalized distributions: theory and applications / A nova classe de distribuições Kummer beta generalizada: teoria e aplicações

Rodrigo Rossetto Pescim 06 December 2013 (has links)
In this study, a new class of generalized distributions was developed, based on the Kummer beta distribution (NG; KOTZ, 1995), which contains as particular cases the exponentiated and beta generators of distributions. The main feature of the new family of distributions is to provide greater flexibility to the extremes of the density function and therefore, it becomes suitable for analyzing data sets with high degree of asymmetry and kurtosis. Also, two new distributions belonging to the new class of distributions, based on the Birnbaum-Saunders and generalized gamma distributions, that has as main characteristic the hazard function which assumes different forms (unimodal, bathtub shape, increase, decrease) were studied. In all studies, general mathematical properties such as ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, mean deviations, reliability, entropies, order statistics and their moments were discussed. The estimation of parameters is approached by the method of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis and the observed information matrix is derived. It is also considered the likelihood ratio statistics and formal goodness-of-fit tests to compare all the proposed distributions with some of its sub-models and non-nested models. The developed results for all studies were applied to six real data sets. / Neste trabalho, foi proposta uma nova classe de distribuições generalizadas, baseada na distribuição Kummer beta (NG; KOTZ, 1995), que contém como casos particulares os geradores exponencializado e beta de distribuições. A principal característica da nova família de distribuições é fornecer grande flexibilidade para as extremidades da função densidade e portanto, ela torna-se adequada para a análise de conjuntos de dados com alto grau de assimetria e curtose. Também foram estudadas duas novas distribuições que pertencem à nova família de distribuições, baseadas nas distribuições Birnbaum-Saunders e gama generalizada, que possuem função de taxas de falhas que assumem diferentes formas (unimodal, forma de banheira, crescente e decrescente). Em todas as pesquisas, propriedades matemáticas gerais como momentos ordinários e incompletos, função geradora, desvios médio, confiabilidade, entropias, estatísticas de ordem e seus momentos foram discutidas. A estimação dos parâmetros é abordada pelo método da máxima verossimilhança e pela análise bayesiana e a matriz de informação observada foi derivada. Considerou-se, também, a estatística de razão de verossimilhanças e testes formais de qualidade de ajuste para comparar todas as distribuições propostas com alguns de seus submodelos e modelos não encaixados. Os resultados desenvolvidos foram aplicados a seis conjuntos de dados.
77

Detection and diagnostic of freeplay induced limit cycle oscillation in the flight control system of a civil aircraf / Détection et diagnostic des oscillations en cycle limite induites par les jeux mécaniques dans le système de commande de vol d’un avion civil

Urbano, Simone 18 April 2019 (has links)
Cette étude est le résultat d’une thèse CIFRE de trois ans entre le bureau d’étude d’Airbus (domaine du contrôle de l’avion) et le laboratoire TéSA à Toulouse. L’objectif principal est de proposer, développer et valider une solution logicielle pour la détection et le diagnostic d’un type spécifique de vibrations des gouvernes de profondeur et direction, appelée oscillation en cycle limite (limit cycle oscillation ou LCO en anglais), basée sur les signaux existants dans les avions civils. LCO est un terme mathématique générique définissant un mode périodique indépendant de conditions initiales et se produisant dans des systèmes non linéaires non conservatifs. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons au phénomène de LCO induit par les jeux mécaniques dans les gouvernes d’un avion civil. Les conséquences du LCO sont l’augmentation locale de la charge structurelle, la dégradation des qualités de vol, la réduction de la durée de vie de l’actionneur, la dégradation du confort du poste de pilotage et de la cabine, ainsi que l’augmentation des coûts de maintenance. L’état de l’art en matière de détection et de diagnostic du LCO induit par le jeu mécanique est basé sur la sensibilité du pilote aux vibrations et sur le contrôle périodique du jeu sur les gouvernes. Cette étude propose une solution basée sur les données (issues de la boucle d’asservissement des actionneurs qui agissent sur les gouvernes) pour aider au diagnostic du LCO et à l’isolement du jeu mécanique. L’objectif est d’améliorer encore plus la disponibilité des avions et de réduire les coûts de maintenance en fournissant aux compagnies aériennes un signal de contrôle pour le LCO et les jeux mécaniques. Pour cette raison, deux solutions algorithmiques pour le diagnostic des vibrations et des jeux ont été proposées. Un détecteur en temps réel pour la détection du LCO est tout d’abord proposé basé sur la théorie du rapport de vraisemblance généralisé (generalized likelihood ratio test ou GLRT en anglais). Certaines variantes et simplifications sont également proposées pour satisfaire les contraintes industrielles. Un détecteur de jeu mécanique est introduit basé sur l’identification d’un modèle de Wiener. Des approches paramétrique (estimateur de maximum de vraisemblance) et non paramétrique (régression par noyau) sont explorées, ainsi que certaines variantes des méthodes non paramétriques. En particulier, le problème de l’estimation d’un cycle d’hystérésis (choisi comme la non-linéarité de sortie d’un modèle de Wiener) est abordé. Ainsi, les problèmes avec et sans contraintes sont étudiés. Une analyse théorique, numérique (sur simulateur) et expérimentale (données de vol et laboratoire) est réalisée pour étudier les performances des détecteurs proposés et pour identifier les limitations et la faisabilité industrielle. Les résultats numériques et expérimentaux obtenus confirment que le GLRT proposé (et ses variantes / simplifications) est une méthode très efficace pour le diagnostic du LCO en termes de performance, robustesse et coût calculatoire. D’autre part, l’algorithme de diagnostic des jeux mécaniques est capable de détecter des niveaux de jeu relativement importants, mais il ne fournit pas de résultats cohérents pour des niveaux de jeu relativement faibles. En outre, des types d’entrée spécifiques sont nécessaires pour garantir des résultats répétitifs et cohérents. Des études complémentaires pourraient être menées afin de comparer les résultats de GLRT avec une approche Bayésienne et pour approfondir les possibilités et les limites de la méthode paramétrique proposée pour l’identification du modèle de Wiener. / This research study is the result of a 3 years CIFRE PhD thesis between the Airbus design office(Aircraft Control domain) and TéSA laboratory in Toulouse. The main goal is to propose, developand validate a software solution for the detection and diagnosis of a specific type of elevator andrudder vibration, called limit cycle oscillation (LCO), based on existing signals available in flightcontrol computers on board in-series aircraft. LCO is a generic mathematical term defining aninitial condition-independent periodic mode occurring in nonconservative nonlinear systems. Thisstudy focuses on the LCO phenomenon induced by mechanical freeplays in the control surface ofa civil aircraft. The LCO consequences are local structural load augmentation, flight handlingqualities deterioration, actuator operational life reduction, cockpit and cabin comfort deteriorationand maintenance cost augmentation. The state-of-the-art for freeplay induced LCO detection anddiagnosis is based on the pilot sensitivity to vibration and to periodic freeplay check on the controlsurfaces. This study is thought to propose a data-driven solution to help LCO and freeplaydiagnosis. The goal is to improve even more aircraft availability and reduce the maintenance costsby providing to the airlines a condition monitoring signal for LCO and freeplays. For this reason,two algorithmic solutions for vibration and freeplay diagnosis are investigated in this PhD thesis. Areal time detector for LCO diagnosis is first proposed based on the theory of the generalized likeli hood ratio test (GLRT). Some variants and simplifications are also proposed to be compliantwith the industrial constraints. In a second part of this work, a mechanical freeplay detector isintroduced based on the theory of Wiener model identification. Parametric (maximum likelihoodestimator) and non parametric (kernel regression) approaches are investigated, as well as somevariants to well-known nonparametric methods. In particular, the problem of hysteresis cycleestimation (as the output nonlinearity of a Wiener model) is tackled. Moreover, the constrainedand unconstrained problems are studied. A theoretical, numerical (simulator) and experimental(flight data and laboratory) analysis is carried out to investigate the performance of the proposeddetectors and to identify limitations and industrial feasibility. The obtained numerical andexperimental results confirm that the proposed GLR test (and its variants/simplifications) is a very appealing method for LCO diagnostic in terms of performance, robustness and computationalcost. On the other hand, the proposed freeplay diagnostic algorithm is able to detect relativelylarge freeplay levels, but it does not provide consistent results for relatively small freeplay levels. Moreover, specific input types are needed to guarantee repetitive and consistent results. Further studies should be carried out in order to compare the GLRT results with a Bayesian approach and to investigate more deeply the possibilities and limitations of the proposed parametric method for Wiener model identification.
78

Statistical signal processing in sensor networks with applications to fault detection in helicopter transmissions

Galati, F. Antonio Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis two different problems in distributed sensor networks are considered. Part I involves optimal quantiser design for decentralised estimation of a two-state hidden Markov model with dual sensors. The notion of optimality for quantiser design is based on minimising the probability of error in estimating the hidden Markov state. Equations for the filter error are derived for the continuous (unquantised) sensor outputs (signals), which are used to benchmark the performance of the quantisers. Minimising the probability of filter error to obtain the quantiser breakpoints is a difficult problem therefore an alternative method is employed. The quantiser breakpoints are obtained by maximising the mutual information between the quantised signals and the hidden Markov state. This method is known to work well for the single sensor case. Cases with independent and correlated noise across the signals are considered. The method is then applied to Markov processes with Gaussian signal noise, and further investigated through simulation studies. Simulations involving both independent and correlated noise across the sensors are performed and a number of interesting new theoretical results are obtained, particularly in the case of correlated noise. In Part II, the focus shifts to the detection of faults in helicopter transmission systems. The aim of the investigation is to determine whether the acoustic signature can be used for fault detection and diagnosis. To investigate this, statistical change detection algorithms are applied to acoustic vibration data obtained from the main rotor gearbox of a Bell 206 helicopter, which is run at high load under test conditions.
79

The Effects of Technological Change on Productivity and Factor Demand in U.S. Apparel Industry 1958-1996 : An Econometric Analysis

Rezagholi, Mahmoud January 2007 (has links)
<p>In this dissertation I study substantially the effects of disembodied technical change on the total factor productivity and inputs demand in U.S. Apparel industry during 1958-1996. A time series input-output data set over the sector employs to estimate an error corrected model of a four-factor transcendental logarithmic cost function. The empirical results indicate technical impact on the total factor productivity at the rate of 9% on average. Technical progress has in addition a biased effect on factor augmenting in the sector.</p>
80

The Effects of Technological Change on Productivity and Factor Demand in U.S. Apparel Industry 1958-1996 : An Econometric Analysis

Rezagholi, Mahmoud January 2007 (has links)
In this dissertation I study substantially the effects of disembodied technical change on the total factor productivity and inputs demand in U.S. Apparel industry during 1958-1996. A time series input-output data set over the sector employs to estimate an error corrected model of a four-factor transcendental logarithmic cost function. The empirical results indicate technical impact on the total factor productivity at the rate of 9% on average. Technical progress has in addition a biased effect on factor augmenting in the sector.

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