Kaohsiung Harbor is the most significant container harbor of Taiwan. Embracing the excellent geographical features for container transportation, it used to be the most attractive hub port for most of container liners. However, because of Taiwan¡¦s conservative cross-strait policy and the transformation of industries, Kaohsiung Harbor became less and less attractive for its clients in recent decade. To figure out a solution for the authority of Kaohsiung Harbor, the researcher used the Grounded Theory to interview 10 container transportation experts. Then find out 97 concept of how container liners choose their hub port when they¡¦re planning their routes. After this, the researcher integrates those concepts into 16 categories and finds their organic connection in between. Finally, researcher refines 5 central categories out of the 16 categories. Base on the relations between the central categories, researcher creates the hub port selecting model of container liners. According to what researcher found, we acknowledge that within this model, the most important hub port selecting factor for container liners is Operation Cost, then goes to Efficiency, Influence of Authority, Government Policy, and Safety.

Abstract It was on Nov 19th 2005 that the Japanese Fishery Delegation announced in the annual conference of International Commission For The Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) that Taiwanese Atlantic Tuna Fishing Vessel Fleet laundered the fish at the high sea, violating the regulations on the Conservation of Tuna. As a result, they completely amputated the quota of tuna fish sales to Japan (quota) and cancelled the status of member nation in ICCAT. Finally, Taiwanese Fishery Delegation remained the member nation status unchanged after our efforts to explain the tough situation facing Taiwanese Tuna Fishing industry to Japan, but the quota was greatly downsized to 4,600 Metric Tons. Such severe action of revenge not only resulted in the complete collapse of Taiwan¡¦s Tuna Fishing activities in the Atlantic Ocean but also exposed Taiwanese Far Sea Fishing management to the International Fishery nations¡¦ practical competition crisis. The development of Taiwan¡¦s Far Sea Tuna Fishing Industry has extended across Tri-ocean. Taiwan has the most Tuna Long Liners, and our catches have exceeded those from some other countries, ranking No.1 in the world. Therefore, it has undeniably had a great influence on the development of some other nations¡¦ fishing industry. Moreover, Taiwanese fishing business owners have taken every opportunistic ways to sell the fish out of the quota to Japan. We were able to survive by good luck in the transitional period of fishing development before the year of 2000. But Tri-ocean Tuna Conservation Commissions have greatly increased the awareness of concept of Tuna Conservation in recent days, so it was unavoidable that they will impose as certain of regulations on the catch. If both Taiwan¡¦s government and fishing business owner don¡¦t find a solution to this sticky problem, it is just a matter of time that Taiwanese Long Liners will be evicted from Tri-Ocean. This research was started in the development process of Taiwan¡¦s Far Sea Tuna Industry, introducing the Tuna Conservation organizations of Tri-Ocean, (ICCAT, WCPFC, IATTC, IOTC, CCSBT), and the profiles on nutrition facts of Tuna Fish, fishing method and Fishing cooperation. This research also further groped and analyzed how both Taiwanese Fishing Authority and Fishing business owners reacted to the sanction pressure facing Taiwan in Tri-Ocean regions. This research will be used as the reference for both Taiwan¡¦s far sea Tuna Business owners and its decision-makers in face of meeting the severe pressure created by international quota. It will be instrumental to promoting Tuna fish consumption also. Keywords: Flag Of Convenience, Fishing Cooperation, Quota¡FTuna Long Liner, Sashimi Fishing Vessel.

abstract: A method for evaluating the integrity of geosynthetic elements of a waste containment system subject to seismic loading is developed using a large strain finite difference numerical computer program. The method accounts for the effect of interaction between the geosynthetic elements and the overlying waste on seismic response and allows for explicit calculation of forces and strains in the geosynthetic elements. Based upon comparison of numerical results to experimental data, an elastic-perfectly plastic interface model is demonstrated to adequately reproduce the cyclic behavior of typical geomembrane-geotextile and geomembrane-geomembrane interfaces provided the appropriate interface properties are used. New constitutive models are developed for the in-plane cyclic shear behavior of textured geomembrane/geosynthetic clay liner (GMX/GCL) interfaces and GCLs. The GMX/GCL model is an empirical model and the GCL model is a kinematic hardening, isotropic softening multi yield surface plasticity model. Both new models allows for degradation in the cyclic shear resistance from a peak to a large displacement shear strength. The ability of the finite difference model to predict forces and strains in a geosynthetic element modeled as a beam element with zero moment of inertia sandwiched between two interface elements is demonstrated using hypothetical models of a heap leach pad and two typical landfill configurations. The numerical model is then used to conduct back analyses of the performance of two lined municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills subjected to strong ground motions in the Northridge earthquake. The modulus reduction "backbone curve" employed with the Masing criterion and 2% Rayleigh damping to model the cyclic behavior of MSW was established by back-analysis of the response of the Operating Industries Inc. landfill to five different earthquakes, three small magnitude nearby events and two larger magnitude distant events. The numerical back analysis was able to predict the tears observed in the Chiquita Canyon Landfill liner system after the earthquake if strain concentrations due to seams and scratches in the geomembrane are taken into account. The apparent good performance of the Lopez Canyon landfill geomembrane and the observed tension in the overlying geotextile after the Northridge event was also successfully predicted using the numerical model. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011

In order to meet the increasingly strict emissions targets required in modern civil aviation, lean burn combustors are being pursued as a means to reduce the environmental impact of gas-turbine engines. By adopting a lean air/fuel mixture NOx production may be reduced. The increase in proportional amount of high pressure air entering directly into the combustor reduces the amount available for cooling of the combustor liner tiles. A reduced mass of air places restrictions on the porosity of cooling arrays, requiring a departure from applications of pedestal and slotted film cooling typically used to cool double skin combustor liners. An alternative approach applied to lean burn combustors places impingement and effusion arrays on the cold and hot skins respectively for cooling of both sides of the hot liner skin. Although impingement cooling is well established as a means of promoting forced convection cooling, there are many areas on a liner tile where cooling behaviour is not well characterised. Additionally, film cooling reduces combustive efficiency and increases the production of NOx and CO, prompting interest in reducing its use in combustor cooling. The research for this thesis has focussed on investigations into current and proposed geometries to identify methods to enhance cold side cooling in lean burn applications. A fully modelled combustor liner tile has been used for investigation into the impact of structural and pressure blockages on cold side cooling performance of an impingementeffusion array using a transient liquid crystal technique to measure heat transfer performance. Research has found structural blockages can reduce heat transfer performance to ~60% of typical values, with crossflow development due to pressure blockage producing similar reductions in Nusselt values to ~70% of typical. A second investigation explored enhanced cooling geometries combining a distributed impingement feed over roughened channels of pedestals at variable height (H/D) and pitch (P/D). A newly proposed 'Shielded Impingement' concept combines full height pedestals, to protect impingement jets from developing crossflow, with quarter height pedestals for turbulence enhancement of crossflow cooling. The research has found that Shielded Impingement geometries displayed the strongest cooling performance of all tested designs due primarily to increased downstream Nusselt numbers. Pressure losses were comparable to short pedestal geometries, with little apparent effect of full height pedestals. Low pressure losses mean that application to extended channels in line with the full tile geometry is possible.

This thesis aims at clarifying the relationship between the value of the plot and the optimization, modernization or construction of a new line structure, especially a large scale line structure such as a railway or a road. This thesis was written in order to determine more precisely the total amount for the purchase, rental, and setting-up of easements on the plots affected by the construction. Upon calculating the budget price all the factors affecting the value of the plot are not emphasized now. Thus, the aim is to match the budget price as closely as possible with the financial resources which were actually spent. In most cases these structures fall under the category of “structures in the public interest”, and so they comply with respective legal regulations. What is essential is the database of affected plots whose value changes depending on the change of their use, character, and attractiveness based on the respective legal regulations. The thesis attempts at obtaining as much information as possible on the behaviour of the plot owner and construction investor from a large database of affected plots, and to cover the development of the value affected by the construction both in positive and negative terms.

Transpiration cooling as potential replacement of multi-hole effusion cooling for gas turbine engines combustion liner application is investigated by comparing their cooling film effectiveness based on the mass transfer analogy (CFEM). Pressure sensitive paint was used to measure CFEM over PM surfaces which was found to be on average 40% higher than multi-hole effusion cooling. High porosity PM with low resistance to flow movement were found to offer uneven distribution of exiting coolant, with large amounts leaving the trailing edge, leading to lopsided CFEM. Design of anisotropic PM based on PM properties (porosity, permeability, and inertia coefficient) were investigated using numerical models to obtain more uniform CFEM. Heat transfer analysis of different PM showed that anisotropic samples offered better thermal protection over isotropic PM for the same porosity. Comparison between cooling film effectiveness obtained from temperatures CFET against CFEM revealed large differences in the predicted protection. This is attributed to the assumptions made to apply CFEM, nonetheless, CFEM remains a good proxy to study and improve transpiration cooling. A method for creating a CAD model of designed PM is proposed based on critical characteristics of transpiration cooling for future use in 3D printing manufacturing.

The purpose of this study was to identify specific nutrients or nutritional biomarkers of dietary intake that are associated with stunting among children ages 2 and older in sub-Saharan Africa. This is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Twelve studies from sub-Saharan Africa met the eligibility criteria, including 11 observational studies and one randomized control trial. Nine of the 12 studies assessed dietary intake of macronutrients. Four studies found a significant association between proteins and stunting. Four found that children with stunting had lower dietary fat intakes or lower blood or serum levels of certain fatty acids. Five assessed dietary intake of micronutrients or looked at serum levels micronutrients. Children with stunting had lower intakes or biomarkers for, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and choline. Children with stunting tend to consume diets lower in nutrients of high-quality protein foods like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and micronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and choline.

No description available.

Commercial aviation transportation has experienced an overwhelming growth over the years. However, this expansion has encountered an important barrier: noise. Several studies have shown that residents in these areas experience problems such as stress and sleep disturbance. These problems have translated into demands for a better quality of life from airport residents which in turn have translated into more stringent aircraft noise regulations. As a result, large amounts of resources have been diverted towards the improvement of existing noise attenuation technologies and the development of more effective ones. In terms of turbofan generated noise, the most widely used technology is that of absorbent materials or liners. In recent investigations Alonso et al. have combined Herschel/Quincke (HQ) tubes with liners. This combination has the potential of effectively controlling pure tones and broadband noise in inlet sections of modern turbofan engines. Since a comprehensive approach for engine noise reduction will involve both inlet and aft HQ-Liner systems, additional research efforts were needed to evaluate their performance at reducing aft fan radiation In the present work, a combination of traditional liners and Herschel/Quincke waveguide resonators for aft fan radiation control is proposed. A theoretical model is developed in order to predict noise reduction due to such systems. The newly developed tool was then utilized to design an HQ-liner that was installed and tested in the aft section of the NASA Active Noise Control Fan (ANCF) rig. This experimental data was utilized to prove the potential of these systems and to validate the mathematical model. Analytical predictions correlate well with experiments. The NASA ANCF rig is not representative of a real turbofan engine. In order to assess the behavior of HQ-Liners in a more realistic environment a new system was specifically designed for a generic turbofan engine and its performance analyzed. The sound field inside HQ tubes has been described assuming plane waves only. This assumption limits the model to frequencies below the tube first resonance. In order to overcome this limitation a new model accounting for higher order modes inside the tubes has been developed. / Ph. D.

The international liner shipping industry has been undergoing major structural changes caused by a number of factors. Liner companies have responded to these challenges by engaging in mergers and acquisitions and by forming global strategic alliances. Many of these organizational changes have reportedly been undertaken to achieve, among other things, economies of scale. This paper systematically addresses two questions — whether there are economies of scale in international liner shipping, and if so, what are the implications of those economies for industry structure. To determine whether scale advantages exist, George Stigler's "Survivorship Principle" is used with current data in three phases. All three phases of the study show that increasing returns to scale are present. In each application of the survivorship test, small and medium sized firms experienced significant decline in their share of the industry's capacity, while the largest firms continued to gain market share over the 20-year test period. The existence of economies of scale at both the firm and plant level is most pronounced during the shorter 1987-1997 period, subsequent to significant regulatory changes. The study empirically verifies that economies of scale in liner shipping have been increasing in response to technology-driven productivity growth, regulatory changes, and higher world-wide trade flows. The pursuit of economies of scale also appears to be contributing to the consolidation occurring in the industry today via both mergers and acquisitions, and the formation of global strategic alliances. Lastly, the study discusses the implications of economies of scale on firm structure within the context of current industry economics, and evaluates business strategies presently being pursued. / Master of Arts