O presente trabalho avaliou o comportamento hidráulico e reativo de um solo argiloso compactado na energia proctor modificada, com adição de cimento Portland, para fins de aplicação em barreiras impermeáveis de fundo em aterros de resíduos sólidos industriais e de mineração, quando submetido à ação de carga estática de resíduos e em contato com lixiviado ácido enriquecido com os metais cádmio e chumbo. Um Latossolo argiloso residual da cidade de Passo Fundo - RS foi utilizado para moldagem de corpos de prova. A adição de cimento nas proporções de 0% a 2% teve como objetivo melhorar as condições reativas da barreira. Para verificação do comportamento hidráulico foram executados ensaios de condutividade hidráulica. O comportamento reativo foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de difusão, os quais foram realizados com aplicação de carga estática variável (0 kPa a 500 kPa). Soluções contaminantes contendo respectivamente 10 mg/L de cádmio e 10 mg/L de chumbo foram elaboradas com pH variando na faixa de 1 a 6. A partir de ensaio de difusão foram determinados o fator de retardamento (Rd), o coeficiente de distribuição (Kd) e o coeficiente de difusão efetiva (D*), para cada combinação de pH, % cimento e carga estática aplicada. Os resultados obtidos para a mistura compactada investigada indicaram um baixo coeficiente de condutividade hidráulica (<10-9 m/s) e valores que sofreram redução com o acréscimo de cimento. Em relação ao comportamento reativo, os valores de Rd e Kd sofreram incrementos, principalmente com o aumento do pH da solução contaminante, evidenciando o aumento da retenção dos metais. O D* não sofreu influência para os ensaios com Cd e sofreu redução devido à intensa precipitação química em solução que ocorreu devido ao acréscimo de cimento nos ensaios com Pb. A ação conjunta do aumento do pH e da adição de cimento à barreira ocasionou a maior ocorrência de reações de precipitação na barreira, do que reações de adsorção, o que não foi favorável porque possibilita que o contaminante permaneça em solução e possa ser solubilizado em presença de meio ácido. Nesse sentido, a condição que se apresentou mais favorável para o projeto de uma barreira impermeável e reativa foi de 0% de cimento para Pb e 1% de cimento para Cd, as quais desencadearam maiores os valores de Rd e Kd, considerando o contaminante na sua condição mais ácida (pH 1). Em relação à magnitude dos parâmetros Rd e Kd, Pb apresentou maiores valores do que Cd, indicando menor mobilidade. / This study evaluated the hydraulic and reactive behavior of a clayey soil compacted at modified energy proctor, with and without the addition of Portland cement, aiming at its use as containment barriers for industrial and mining solid waste disposal facilities, when subjected to the action of a static load simulating the solid waste mass and to an acid leachate enriched with metals cadmium and lead. A clayey residual Oxisol from Passo Fundo - RS was used for molding specimens. The cement addition in the proportions of 0% to 2% aimed to improve the reactive potential of barrier. Tests of hydraulic conductivity were performed to investigate the hydraulic behavior. The reactive behavior was evaluated through diffusion tests which were conducted with variable static load (0 kPa to 500 kPa). Contaminant solutions were prepared with pH varying from 1 to 6 and 10 mg/L, for both cadmium and lead. The retardation factor (Rd), the distribution coefficient (Kd) and the effective diffusion coefficient (D*) were determined for each combination of pH, % cement and static load. The results obtained showed a low hydraulic conductivity coefficient (<10-9 m/s) and values that decreased with the increasing cement content. Regarding the reactive behavior, the values of Kd and Rd increased mainly with the pH solution increment, causing the increase of metals retention. D* was not affected in the tests with Cd, but was reduced in the tests with Pb, probably by the intense chemical precipitation that occurred due to the cement addition. The combined action of increasing both the pH and the cement addition caused a higher level of precipitation reactions, which allows the contaminant to remain in solution and be solubilized in acid environment. In this sense, the condition which was most favorable for the design of an reactive and impermeable barrier was 0% cement for Pb and 1% cement for Cd, which provided the highest Rd and Kd values, considering the contaminant at its most acidic condition. Regarding the parameters Rd and Kd magnitudes, Pb showed higher values than Cd, indicating less mobility.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 chaves_cal_me_arafo.pdf: 1976512 bytes, checksum: 337945ed5713a7c6624f79a6e9161818 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito citotóxico dos monômeros isobutil metacrilato (IBMA) e 1,6 – Hexanediol dimetacrilato (1,6 – HDMA), do plastificante di-n-butil ftalato (DBP), e dos produtos de degradação ácido metacrílico (AM) e ácido benzóico (AB) sobre células L929. Esses compostos foram testados em faixas de concentrações liberadas, em um período de 30 dias, por materiais reembasadores rígidos, previamente quantificadas em estudos anteriores. O efeito citotóxico foi verificado por meio dos testes de MTT e 3H-timidina, após as células terem sido expostas às substâncias testadas nas concentrações estabelecidas. A classificação da citotoxicidade foi baseada na viabilidade celular em relação ao controle (células expostas ao meio sem as substâncias testadas). A atividade de síntese de DNA foi inibida por todos os compostos. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que o teste de 3H-timidina foi mais sensível que o teste de MTT e que os compostos avaliados mostraram diferentes níveis de citotoxicidade in vitro. A atividade da desidrogenase mitocondrial diminuiu nas células tratadas com os monômeros, o plastificante e o produto de degradação AM; porém, para o AB, a maioria das concentrações testadas não apresentou efeito citotóxico. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the monomers 1,6 – hexanediol dimethacrylate (1,6 - HDMA) and isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), the plasticizer di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and the degradation by-products methacrylic acid (MA) and benzoic acid (BA) on L929 cells. These compounds were tested in the range of concentrations released in 30 days from hard chairside reline resins that were quantified in previous investigations. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by using MTT and 3H - thymidine assays after the cells had been exposed to the test compounds at the given concentrations. Cytotoxicity was rated based on cell viability relative to controls (cells exposed to medium without test substances). The results presented in this study demonstrated that the 3H-thymidine assay was more sensitive than the MTT assay, and all compounds tested showed varying degrees of cytotoxic effect in vitro. DNA synthesis activity was inhibited by all compounds. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity decreased in cells treated with monomers, plasticizer and MA by-product, whereas no cytotoxic effect was observed on contact with BA at the majority of concentrations tested.

Le besoin permanent de réduire le bruit des moteurs d’avion constitue un véritable engouement pour le développement de nouveaux traitements acoustiques. Les traitements traditionnels de type résonateur continuent d’être utilisé et permettent d’atténuer le son sur une bande de fréquence restreinte malgré l’augmentation du nombre de degré de liberté. Une alternative possible est l’utilisation de matériaux poreux, dit à réaction non localisée, qui permettent d’élargir le spectre d’atténuation. Ce rapport est consacré à la modélisation d’un traitement acoustique basé sur des matériaux poreux dans les conditions d’une manche d’entrée d’air de turboréacteur. Un modèle semi-analytique a donc été développé pour le calcul de la perte par transmission d’un conduit cylindrique traité en paroi et soumis à un écoulement uniforme. Une étude paramétrique a ensuite été réalisée afin de cibler les caractéristiques du traitement optimal pour une configuration aéronautique donnée. Des résultats expérimentaux sur une veine à échelle réduite sont également montrés et témoignent d’un certain accord avec le calcul. Enfin, dans le but d’approfondir les connaissances théoriques sur le problème, une étude préliminaire sur les effets d’une couche limite est réalisée et montre que sa prise en compte parait indispensable pour bien choisir les traitements acoustiques, surtout à haute fréquence. / The constant need to reduce noise emissions from aircraft engine leads to a real demand for developing new acoustic treatments. Conventional liners based on resonatorlike structure continue to be used and provide narrow-band attenuation in spite of an increasing degree of freedom. A possible alternative is the use of porous materials (nonlocally reacting), which offer the possibility of broadening the attenuation spectrum. This report deals with the modelling of an acoustic treatment based on porous materials for aeroengine nacelle inlet. A semi-analytical model is developed for predicting the transmission loss of a treated cylindrical duct containing uniform mean flow. Then, a parametrical study is carried out in order to target the optimal liner characteristics for a given turbofan duct application. Also, experiments have been performed on a small-scale duct and have shown agreement with the simulation. Finally, for a better theoretical unv derstanding of the problem, a preliminary study on the effect of a boundary layer is conducted and shows that its consideration seems to be essential for optimal choice of acoustic lining, espacially at high frequencies.

Orientador: João Neudenir Arioli Filho / Banca: Francisco de Assis Mollo Junior / Banca: Maximiliano Piero Neisser / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à tração e dureza Shore A de dois materiais reembasadores macios (Eversoft e Molloplast-B), processados juntamente com três resinas acrílicas de base de dentadura (SR Triplex, Lucitone 550 e Acron MC), polimerizadas com diferentes ciclos de polimerização. As amostras para o ensaio de tração eram divididas em dois segmentos de resina acrílica, cada um com 60 x 10 x 10 mm, e um segmento central de material reembasador macio, com 3 x 10 x 10 mm. Dez espécimes foram confeccionados para cada combinação resina acrílica/material reembasador, polimerizados por três ciclos diferentes de polimerização, como segue: SR Triplex - 2 horas a 100ºC; Lucitone 550 - 90 minutos a 73ºC, seguido de 2 horas a 100ºC, e Acron MC - energia por microondas por 10 minutos a 850W. As amostras foram testadas em uma máquina de ensaios universais MTS-810, a uma velocidade de 5 mm/min. Os valores médios de resistência de união foram calculados e expressos em megapascals (MPa), e o tipo de falha foi avaliado e anotado como coesiva, adesiva ou mista. As amostras para a avaliação da dureza Shore A consistiam de corpos-de-prova com dimensões de 36 x 7 x 6 mm preparados com os dois materiais macios de reembasamento. Dez amostras de cada material também foram polimerizadas pelos ciclos de polimerização já apresentados e a dureza foi determinada em um durômetro Shore A, de acordo com as normas D-2240 da ASTM. Os dados de ambos os testes foram analisados pela análise de variância e teste de Tukey permitindo concluir que: a) o maior valor de resistência de união foi apresentado pelo material Molloplast-B, quando processado com as resinas acrílicas Lucitone 550 (1,41 +0,15 MPa) e SR Triplex (1,40 + 0,10 MPa),... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength and Shore A hardness of two soft denture liners (Eversoft and Molloplast-B), processed against three heat-cured denture base acrylic resins (SR Triplex, Lucitone 550 and Acron MC), and polymerized by different curing cycles (water bath and microwave energy). Tensile specimens consisted of two segments of acrylic resin, each 60 x 10 x 10 mm, and a central segment of soft liner, 3 x 10 x 10 mm. Ten specimens were prepared by each liner/resin combination, and were cured by three different curing cycles, as follows: SR Triplex - boiling water for 2 hours; Lucitone 550 - 73ºC for 90 minutes, plus 2 hours at 100ºC; and Acron MC - microwave activation at 850W for 10 minutes. Specimens were tested in an MTS-810 Universal Testing Machine, at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Mean bond strength was calculated and expressed in megapascals (MPa), and the type of failure was assessed and recorded as being cohesive, adhesive, or mixed. Shore A specimens consisted of 36 x 7 x 6 mm samples prepared with the two soft liners. Ten samples of each liner were polymerized by the curing cycles early presented. Hardness was determined in a Shore A durometer, according the ASTM D-2240 specification. Data from both tests were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test, showing that: a) the highest bond strength was presented by Molloplast-B, when processed against Lucitone 550 (1.41 +0.15 MPa) and SR Triplex (1.40 + 0.10 MPa) acrylic resins, and the lowest values were observed for Eversoft, when processed against Acron MC resin (0.38 + 0.06 MPa), b) when polymerized by microwave energy, both Molloplast-B and Eversoft presented their lowest bond strength values, when compared with the groups cured in water bath (p< .05), and c)...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da desinfecção utilizando energia por microondas sobre os materiais reembasadores macios Mollopast-B e Ufi Gel P contaminados com os microorganismos C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis e P. aeruginosa. Além disso, foi analisado o efeito desta técnica na dureza dos materiais reembasadores macios. Para avaliar a efetividade da desinfecção, foram confeccionados 200 corpos-de-prova de cada material sobre bases de resinas termopolimerizadas seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Os corpos-de-prova foram imersos meio de cultura TSB inoculados com os microrganismos C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis e P. aeruginosa e submetidos à desinfecção em microondas pelos tempos de 3, 4, 5 e 6 minutos a potência de 650W. Alíquotas da suspensão resultante das diluições seriadas de 10-2-10 -5 foram semeadas em placas de petri e após 48 h de incubação o número de colônias foi calculado (ufc/mL). Para a avaliação do efeito da desinfecção com energia por microondas sobre a dureza dos materiais, 40 corpos-de-prova de cada reembasador macio foram submetidos aos diferentes tempos de desinfecção em microondas (3, 4, 5 e 6 min). As mediadas de dureza foram realizadas com um durômetro shore A em diferentes períodos: imediatamente após a confecção dos corpos, 24, 48 h e após 7 dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,01). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: a - os tempos de 4, 5 e 6 minutos de irradiação com energia por microondas esterilizou os corpos-de-prova dos materiais Molloplast B e Ufi Gel P; b - 3 minutos de irradiação promoveu a desinfecção dos corpos-de-prova do material Molloplast B contaminados com B. subtilis, S. aureus e P. aeruginosa; c - a dureza apresentou maiores alterações nos tempos de desinfecção 5 e 6 min. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different times of exposure in microwave to disinfect two long-term soft lining materials (Molloplast B and Ufi Gel P) and the effects of this method on the hardness of these materials. Specimens of soft liners were made on an acrylic denture base resin and individually inoculated with C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa. After 24 hours at 37º C, 160 specimens of each material were individually submitted to microwave irradiation at 650 W for 3, 4, 5 and 6 minutes. Forty specimens were used as positive controls. Replicated specimens were plated on selective media appropriate for each microorganism. After incubation at 37ºC for 48 hours, colonies counts were quantified for each plated specimens (ufc/mL). To evaluate the effects of disinfection with microwave energy at different times of exposure on the hardness, fifty rectangular specimens (36 x 7 x 6 mm in thickness) were made for each material. Ten samples of each material were immersed in 200 mL of distilled water and disinfected in a microwave oven for 3, 4, 5 and 6 minutes at 650 W. The specimens were microwaved twice and hardness values were obtained with a Shore A durometer at different times: immediately after specimen fabrication and after 24, 48 hours and 7 days. Control specimens of each material were not disinfected and were maintained in distilled water during the role experimental period. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.01). The results showed that: a- sterilization was obtained at 6, 5 and 4 minutes of microwave irradiation for all specimens relined with Ufi Gel P and Molloplast B contaminated with all microorganisms; b- the specimens relined with Molloplast B contaminated with B. subtilis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and irradiated for 3 minutes demonstrated growth after incubation; c- the 6 minutes of microwave disinfection promoted the lower shore A hardness mean values for Molloplast. / Orientador: João Neudenir Arioli Filho / Coorientador: Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio / Banca: Helena de Freitas Oliveira Paranhos / Banca: Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita / Banca: Wirley Gonçalves Assunção / Banca: Francisco de Assis Mollo Junior / Doutor

Nas últimas décadas, questões sobre o controle de emissões em motores à combustão interna e sobre a redução de consumo de combustível vêm sendo debatidas globalmente, com claros desdobramentos em especificações de controles mais restritos, a fim de permitir a comercialização de novos motores à combustão interna a consumidores mais exigentes, que presam pela qualidade de vida e meio ambiente. Mesmo com a introdução de novas tecnologias, os motores ainda apresentam uma grande perda da energia gerada por conta do atrito mecânico. Com base neste contexto, os projetos dos novos motores visam uma melhor eficiência térmica e mecânica, com auxílio de soluções de engenharia que possam beneficiar o desempenho dos motores, resultando em uma melhor queima do combustível e menor atrito. Um dos contribuintes mais relevantes para o atrito num motor é o sistema pistão-anel de pistão-camisa de cilindro que é o foco de muitos trabalhos em busca da redução das perdas por atrito. As propriedades dos filmes à base de carbono tipo diamante (Diamond-Like Carbon - DLC) são bem conhecidas por apresentam alta resistência ao desgaste e baixo coeficiente de atrito, tornando-se adequados para diferentes aplicações tribológicas. O presente trabalho discute a viabilidade técnica de se aplicar um filme DLC amorfo hidrogenado, com gradiente de composição química, sobre a superfície interna brunida de camisas de cilindro para redução do atrito. A metodologia aborda duas espessuras de filme: 2,5 e 12,5 &mu;m, depositadas pelo processo de deposição química em fase vapor assistida por plasma (PACVD), como alternativa para redução do atrito do motor e, consequentemente, redução no consumo específico de combustível, e ainda na redução do desgaste dos anéis de pistão e da superfície de trabalho da camisa de cilindro. Comparando camisas de cilindro com mesma rugosidade na superfície interna, denominadas camisas de referência (sem revestimento interno) e camisas recobertas com filme DLC, testes de bancada com movimento recíproco de contato mostraram redução do coeficiente de atrito (COF) em até 19%. Testes de motor ciclo Otto e Diesel em banco de prova com dinamômetro conferiram, respectivamente, uma redução da pressão média efetiva de atrito (FMEP) do motor em até 12% e consumo específico de combustível (BSFC) em até 2,5% em rotações de 1000 a 1400 rpm. / In the last few decades questions about emissions level control for internal combustion engines as well as fuel consumption reduction have been debated in a global bases with clear deployments in more restricted control specifications to allow the commercialization of new internal combustion engines to more restrictive markets that look for a better life quality and environment. Even with the introduction of new technologies the engines still present a significant loss of energy due to the mechanical friction. With base in this context, the new development projects seek for high mechanical-thermal efficiency linked with engineer that can benefit the engine performance with a better combustion process and reduced friction as well. One of the most relevant contributors for the friction in an engine is the piston-piston ring-cylinder liner system which has been the focus of many research works with focus on reduce engine friction losses. The properties of Diamond-Like Carbon films (DLC) are well-known such as superior wear resistance and low friction coefficients that makes suitable for many different tribology applications. This work evaluates the application of a graded hydrogen amorphous DLC film with applied over cylinder liner running surface. The methodology approach two coating thickness: 2.5 and 12.5 &mu;m, deposited by the plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition process (PACVD) as the alternative solution for engine friction reduction and thus a reduction on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and a improved wear resistance behavior of the piston rings and cylinder liner contact surfaces as well. By using baseline parts without inner DLC coating and DLC coated parts with similar running roughness surfaces, comparative reciprocating bench tests showed a tendency of coefficient of friction (COF) reduction in up to 19%. In a same trend, fired gasoline and diesel engine tests showed a friction mean effective pressure reduction (FMEP) in to 12% and small brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) in up to 2.5% at low engine speed range respectively.

O presente trabalho avaliou o comportamento hidráulico e reativo de um solo argiloso compactado na energia proctor modificada, com adição de cimento Portland, para fins de aplicação em barreiras impermeáveis de fundo em aterros de resíduos sólidos industriais e de mineração, quando submetido à ação de carga estática de resíduos e em contato com lixiviado ácido enriquecido com os metais cádmio e chumbo. Um Latossolo argiloso residual da cidade de Passo Fundo - RS foi utilizado para moldagem de corpos de prova. A adição de cimento nas proporções de 0% a 2% teve como objetivo melhorar as condições reativas da barreira. Para verificação do comportamento hidráulico foram executados ensaios de condutividade hidráulica. O comportamento reativo foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de difusão, os quais foram realizados com aplicação de carga estática variável (0 kPa a 500 kPa). Soluções contaminantes contendo respectivamente 10 mg/L de cádmio e 10 mg/L de chumbo foram elaboradas com pH variando na faixa de 1 a 6. A partir de ensaio de difusão foram determinados o fator de retardamento (Rd), o coeficiente de distribuição (Kd) e o coeficiente de difusão efetiva (D*), para cada combinação de pH, % cimento e carga estática aplicada. Os resultados obtidos para a mistura compactada investigada indicaram um baixo coeficiente de condutividade hidráulica (<10-9 m/s) e valores que sofreram redução com o acréscimo de cimento. Em relação ao comportamento reativo, os valores de Rd e Kd sofreram incrementos, principalmente com o aumento do pH da solução contaminante, evidenciando o aumento da retenção dos metais. O D* não sofreu influência para os ensaios com Cd e sofreu redução devido à intensa precipitação química em solução que ocorreu devido ao acréscimo de cimento nos ensaios com Pb. A ação conjunta do aumento do pH e da adição de cimento à barreira ocasionou a maior ocorrência de reações de precipitação na barreira, do que reações de adsorção, o que não foi favorável porque possibilita que o contaminante permaneça em solução e possa ser solubilizado em presença de meio ácido. Nesse sentido, a condição que se apresentou mais favorável para o projeto de uma barreira impermeável e reativa foi de 0% de cimento para Pb e 1% de cimento para Cd, as quais desencadearam maiores os valores de Rd e Kd, considerando o contaminante na sua condição mais ácida (pH 1). Em relação à magnitude dos parâmetros Rd e Kd, Pb apresentou maiores valores do que Cd, indicando menor mobilidade. / This study evaluated the hydraulic and reactive behavior of a clayey soil compacted at modified energy proctor, with and without the addition of Portland cement, aiming at its use as containment barriers for industrial and mining solid waste disposal facilities, when subjected to the action of a static load simulating the solid waste mass and to an acid leachate enriched with metals cadmium and lead. A clayey residual Oxisol from Passo Fundo - RS was used for molding specimens. The cement addition in the proportions of 0% to 2% aimed to improve the reactive potential of barrier. Tests of hydraulic conductivity were performed to investigate the hydraulic behavior. The reactive behavior was evaluated through diffusion tests which were conducted with variable static load (0 kPa to 500 kPa). Contaminant solutions were prepared with pH varying from 1 to 6 and 10 mg/L, for both cadmium and lead. The retardation factor (Rd), the distribution coefficient (Kd) and the effective diffusion coefficient (D*) were determined for each combination of pH, % cement and static load. The results obtained showed a low hydraulic conductivity coefficient (<10-9 m/s) and values that decreased with the increasing cement content. Regarding the reactive behavior, the values of Kd and Rd increased mainly with the pH solution increment, causing the increase of metals retention. D* was not affected in the tests with Cd, but was reduced in the tests with Pb, probably by the intense chemical precipitation that occurred due to the cement addition. The combined action of increasing both the pH and the cement addition caused a higher level of precipitation reactions, which allows the contaminant to remain in solution and be solubilized in acid environment. In this sense, the condition which was most favorable for the design of an reactive and impermeable barrier was 0% cement for Pb and 1% cement for Cd, which provided the highest Rd and Kd values, considering the contaminant at its most acidic condition. Regarding the parameters Rd and Kd magnitudes, Pb showed higher values than Cd, indicating less mobility.

A laboratory test program was conducted to determine the moisture-suction relationships of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Moisture-suction relationships were determined by combining suction data from pressure plate tests, contact filter paper tests, and relative humidity tests, then fitting water retention curves (WRCs) to the data. WRCs were determined for wetting processes and drying processes in terms of gravimetric moisture content and volumetric moisture content. The effects of GCL type, hydration solution, wet-dry cycles, and temperature on the moisture-suction relationships were analyzed. The three GCLs of the test program consisted of configurations of woven and nonwoven geotextiles reinforced with needlepunched fibers. A geofilm was adhesively bonded to the nonwoven side of one of the GCL products. The hydration solution tests involved hydrating GCLs with deionized water, tap water, 0.1 M CaCl2, or soil water from a landfill cover test plot for a 30-day conditioning period prior to testing. Cyclic wet-dry tests were conducted on the GCL specimens subjected to 20 wet-dry cycles from 50% to 0% gravimetric moisture content prior to testing. Temperature tests were conducted at 2°C, 20°C, and 40°C. GCL type affected moisture-suction relationships. The GCLs with an adhesively-bonded geofilm exhibited lower air-entry suction and higher residual suction than GCLs without a geofilm. The degree of needlepunched fiber pullout during hydration contributed to hysteresis between wetting WRCs and drying WRCs. Hysteresis was high for suction values below air-entry suction and was low for suction values greater than air-entry suction. Cation exchange reduced the water retention capacity for all three GCL types. The saturated gravimetric moisture contents were reduced from approximately 140% to 70% for wetting WRCs and 210% to 90% for drying WRCs for GCLs hydrated in deionized water compared to CaCl2 solution. Hysteresis of the nonwoven product decreased from 71%, to 62%, to 28% with respect to deionized water, tap water, and CaCl2 solution. Hysteresis of the woven product exposed to soil water was 24% and 0%, in terms of saturated gravimetric moisture content and saturated volumetric moisture content, respectively. The swell index, Atterberg Limits, mole fraction of bound sodium, and scanning electron microscopy images that were determined of bentonite from the conditioned GCLs indicated that changes in water retention capacity corresponded with cation exchange. Wet-dry cycles and temperature affected the moisture-suction behavior for GCLs. Wet-dry cycles reduced hysteresis and increased the swelling capacity of GCL specimens. Microscopy images indicated that wet-dry cycles caused weak orientation of the clay particles. Increasing temperature resulted in a small decrease in water retention capacity. Results of the test program provided a means for predicting unsaturated behavior for GCLs.

Diploma thesis contains introduction of a company P-D Refractories CZ a. s., where the manufacture of ceramic chimney liners is. Followed by a description and analysis of the product in the entire production cycle, material and product spectrum. Based on the results of current production is created proposal to streamline the machining technology with a view to increase productivity and reduce defective products, which means determine the material of a tool and the method of machining. The work is finished by technical-economic assessment, where the summary and recommendation of the proposed solution are.

Continued population growth is placing strain on the waste disposal facilities available in South Africa. However, limited air space suitable for landfilling drives the need for alternative solutions such as piggyback landfills to expand the waste disposal capacity. This method entails building a new, fully lined, landfill on top of existing waste. However, the old underlying waste is prone settlement that can result in the cracking of new landfill clay liner. Geogrid reinforcement have been successfully used in clay liners to mitigate cracking induced by waste settlement. This research focused on investigating of the optimal reinforcement strategy (ORS) of such a liner subject to settlement. The ORS entails the optimal position for geogrid reinforcement in a liner, and the stiffness to be used at that position, given a total reinforcement cost. Firstly, the fracture behaviour of unreinforced clay liners was investigated by means of four point bending tests on clay beams. It was found that the fracture of this clay occurred in three stages: linear behaviour, followed by non-linear behaviour when micro-cracks forms and finally macro-cracks that opened once the peak load was reached. Thereafter, the behaviour of geogrid-reinforced clay liners, subjected to differential settlement, was investigated with finite element analyses in ABAQUS. A number of key factors were varied and the resulting change in behaviour of the liners was observed. These were: the overburden stress applied, clay liner thickness, magnitude of central settlement and the width and shape of the settlement trough developing in the underlying waste body. Based on the numerical results, a series of plane-strain centrifuge tests of reinforced clay liners subject to differential settlement were designed. An unreinforced liner, a liner reinforced at the bottom quarter, a liner reinforced at the top quarter and a liner reinforced at both the bottom and top quarters were tested. Laser scanner scans of the surface and strains calculated from digital image velocimetry results were used to compare the behaviour of the liners. Based on these results it is recommended that for optimal performance the available reinforcement should be divided between the top and bottom quarters of the liner to mitigate the effect of settlement. / Volgehoude bevolkingsgroei in Suid-Afrika plaas bestaande rommelstortingsfasiliteite onder druk. ’n Tekort aan grond geskik vir die bou van stortingsterreine moedig die soektog na alternatiewe oplossings soos abba-stortingsterreine aan. Hierdie metode behels ’n splinternuwe stortingsterrein wat bo-op bestaande rommel gebou word. Versakking van die bestaande rommel kan egter veroorsaak dat krake vorm in die nuwe stortingsterrein se kleivoering wat daarop lê. Vorige navorsing het die vorming van krake in die kleivoerings al welgeslaagd verhoed deur van georoosters as versterking gebruik te maak. Die huidige studie het op daardie navorsing gebou deur die optimale versterkings strategie (OVS) te bepaal vir so ’n kleivoering wat vervorm onder versakking van die onderliggende rommel. Die OVS definieer beide die optimale versterkings posisie in ’n kleivoering, en die styfheid van die georooster wat in daardie posisie geplaas moet word, gegewe ’n sekere totale versterkingskoste. Eerstens was daar ondersoek ingestel na die kraakgedrag van onversterkte kleivoerings. Vierpuntbuigtoetse van kleibalkies was hiervoor gebruik. Die krake het oor drie fases gevorm: eerstens was daar lineêre gedrag tot en met mikro-krake gevorm het. Dit is gevolg deur nie-lineêre gedrag wat gelei het tot makro-krake. Sodra die makro-krake gevorm het, is die maksimum las bereik wat die klei kon ondersteun. Na afloop van die balkbuigtoetse was eindige element analises in ABAQUS uitgevoer om die gedrag van versterkte kleivoerings wat bo-op versakkende afval lê te ondersoek. Die spanning toegepas op die oppervlak van die kleivoerings, die dikte van die kleivoerings en die versakkingstrogwydte, -vorm en -diepte was gevarieer om die effek daarvan op die gedrag van die kleivoerings te ondersoek. Na aanleiding van die resultate van die numeriese analise is ’n reeks sentrifuge toetse van kleivoerings wat aan versakking onderwerp word uitgevoer. ’n Onversterkte kleivoering, kleivoerings versterk in die boonste en onderste kwarte, en een versterk in beide die boonste en onderste kwart was getoets. Die gedrag van die verskillende kleivoerings was vergelyk deur die oppervlaktekrake op te meet met ’n laserskandeerder. Verder is die vervorming van die kleivoerings bepaal vanaf die verplasing van die grondpartikels tussen opeenvolgende digitale foto’s. Na aanleiding van hierdie resultate word dit aanbeveel dat die beskikbare georooster versterking opgedeel moet word tussen die boonste en onderste kwart van die kleivoerings ten einde optimale gedrag te verseker indien versakking sou plaasvind. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) / Geosynthetics Interest Group of South Africa (GIGSA) / National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF) / Civil Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted