O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) possui inúmeras propriedades biológicas, incluindo seus efeitos no metabolismo lipídico e na composição corporal e do leite. Neste trabalho, estudaram-se os efeitos da suplementação de CLA na dieta para ratas lactantes, na composição do leite e no desenvolvimento da prole. As ratas foram alimentadas com uma dieta controle (sem suplementação com CLA) ou com uma dieta suplementada com 2,5% de uma mistura com 60% de isômeros de CLA na forma de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (CLA-60, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ), do parto até o 15 o dia pós-parto. O CLA-60 era constituído de: 24% do cis/trans 9,11; 35% cis/trans10,12; 15% cis/trans 8,10; 17% trans/trans 11,13 e 9% de outros isômeros. O tratamento com CLA reduziu a concentração de gordura do leite em 33% (P<0,05). O perfil de ácidos graxos demonstrou que os efeitos do CLA foram mais pronunciados nos ácidos graxos sintetizados pela via de novo.. Além disso, as atividades das enzimas ácido graxo sintase (FAS), glicose 6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PDH) e 6-fosfogluconato desidrogenase (6PGDH) foram reduzidas na glândula mamária e fígado após o tratamento com CLA. Em contraste, a atividade da enzima NADP-malato desidrogenase manteve-se inalterada nos animais tratados com CLA. A suplementação das fêmeas com CLA, propiciou significativa redução no crescimento da prole. Portanto, a suplementação da dieta de ratas lactantes com CLA, durante 15 dias de lactação, resultou em uma marcada redução no conteúdo de gordura e mudança na composição de ácidos graxos, do leite. Os dados demonstram que os mecanismos através dos quais o CLA inibe a síntese de gordura do leite incluem diminuição da atividade das enzimas envolvidas na síntese de novo de ácidos graxos. / CLA has a range of biological properties, including effects on lipid metabolism, milk and body composition in animals. This study investigated the effects of dietary CLA on lactating rats and development of the suckling rats. Dams were fed either with a control diet or a diet supplemented with 2.5% of calcium salts of CLA containing 60% of CLA (CLA-60, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ) from parturition to the 15 th day post-partum. The CLA-60 contained different isomers of CLA (24% cis/trans 9,11, 35% cis/trans 10,12, 15% cis/trans 8,10, 17% trans/trans 11,13 and 9% others). Treatment reduced milk fat content by 33% (P<0.05). The fatty acid profile of milk suggest CLA effects were more pronounced on de novo synthesis. In accordance with that, the activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phophogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) were reduced by CLA treatment in the mammary gland and liver. In contrast, the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase was unaffected. The CLA supplementation of the dams induced a significant reduction on the pups growth. Overall, feeding a diet supplemented with CLA to lactating rats for 15 days of lactation resulted in a marked reduction in milk fat content and in a shift in milk fatty acid composition. The data demonstrated that while inhibiting milk fat synthesis, CLA decreased activities of enzymes involved on de novo fatty acid synthesis.

Orientador: Flávia Lombardi Lopes / Coorientadora: Claudia Maria Bertran Membrive / Banca:Calie Castilho Silvestre / Banca:Guilherme de Paula Nogueira / Resumo: A suplementação com compostos ricos em ácido linoleico, dentre os quais inclui-se a semente de girassol, promove aumento na taxa de concepção em fêmeas bovinas. Hipotetizou-se que a suplementação com semente de girassol em doadoras de oócitos aumenta o número e a qualidade de oócitos, incrementa as taxas de clivagem e determina um aumento no número e qualidade dos blastocistos produzidos in vitro. Assim, objetivou-se investigar o efeito de tal suplementação, no número e qualidade de oócitos cultivados in vitro, na taxa de clivagem e no número e qualidade de blastocistos produzidos in vitro. Para tanto, cinco vacas e vinte e cinco novilhas (n=30) Nelore foram divididas em dois grupos para receberem um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1,7 kg/dia de suplemento contendo 53% de farelo de soja com 44% de PB e 47% de milho (Grupo Controle - Grupo C; n= 15) ou 1,7 kg/dia de suplemento contendo 40% de farelo de soja com 44% de proteína bruta (PB) e 60% de semente de girassol (Grupo Girassol - Grupo G; n= 15), durante 57 dias. As fêmeas foram submetidas à aspiração folicular nos dias D0, D13, D29, D43, D56 e D77 (D0= início da suplementação; D56= término da suplementação). Os oócitos foram submetidos ao processo de produção de embriões in vitro. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Mixed procedure (SAS) versão 9.2, pelo teste ANOVA modelo misto. Não se observou diferença entre os Grupos C e G no número de folículos visualizados (16,85 ± 1,32 vs. 16,12 ± 1,48); número... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Supplementation with compounds rich in linoleic acid, among which is included sunflower seed, promotes increase in conception rates in cows. It was hypothesized that sunflower seed supplementation in oocyte donors increases the number and quality of oocytes, increases the cleavage rates and determines an increase in the number and quality of blastocysts produced in vitro. Therefore the objective was to investigate the effect of such supplementation, in the number and quality of oocytes cultured in vitro on cleavage rate and in the number and quality of in vitro produced blastocysts. Therefore, cows five and twenty-five heifers (n = 30) Nellore were divided into two groups to receive one of the following treatments: 1.7 kg / day supplement containing 53% soybean meal 44% and 47% PB corn (Control Group - Group C, n = 15) or 1.7 kg / containing 40% add-on of soybean meal with 44% crude protein (CP) and 60% sunflower seed (Sunflower group - Group C; n = 15) for 57 days. Females underwent follicular aspiration on days D0, D13, D29, D43, D56 and D77 (D0 = start of supplementation; D56 = end of supplementation). The oocytes were subjected to in vitro embryo production process. Data were analyzed by the Mixed procedure (SAS) version 9.2, by ANOVA mixed model. There was no difference between Groups C and G on the number of displayed follicles (16.85 ± 1.32 vs. 16.12 ± 1.48); number of aspired oocytes (13.80 ± 1.27 vs. 13.05 ± 1.25); recovery rate (82 ± 1% vs. 80 ±... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Atualmente no Brasil mais da metade da população adulta tem excesso de peso e 21% estão obesos. A obesidade é uma doença que se encontra em evidente crescimento, sendo considerada a epidemia do século XXI. Como alternativa de tratamento e prevenção, o uso de ácidos graxos que possuem habilidade de induzir a expressão de genes com importante papel em modulações metabólicas e mitocondriais têm sido estudados. O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA, 18:2) é da família ômega-6, descrito por sua propriedade antiobesidade relacionada à diminuição da adiposidade e ao aumento do metabolismo corporal. O óleo de peixe (OP) é uma mistura de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados eicosapentaenóico (EPA, 20:5) e docosahexaenóico (DHA, 22:6) da família ômega-3, conhecido por aumentar a sensibilidade à insulina, o colesterol-HDL, pelas suas propriedades antiinflamatórias e sua ação protetora sobre o sistema nervoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da suplementação da dieta de camundongos C57BL6 com CLA em conjunto com OP durante 60 dias sobre aspectos bioquímicos, moleculares e fisiológicos do metabolismo mitocondrial e corporal. Verificamos que a suplementação da dieta com CLA e OP in vivo: aumenta o metabolismo corporal, efeito atribuído à ambos os óleos; prejudica o metabolismo da glicose circulante, proporcionado exclusivamente pelo CLA; reduz o nível de movimentação, proporcionado exclusivamente pelo OP. No fígado: aumenta a expressão de UCP2, a atividade de proteínas desacopladoras e a ?- oxidação, efeito atribuído à ambos os óleos; aumenta o número de mitocôndrias, proporcionado exclusivamente pelo OP. CLA aumenta a produção de espécies reativas de O2 (EROs) a qual é revertida pelo OP em conjunto. No músculo sóleo: aumenta a biogênese mitocondrial via PGC- 1? e a expressão de UCP2, proporcionados pelo OP. Por fim, no hipocampo: aumenta o número de mitocôndrias, estimulo dado por ambos os óleos; aumenta a atividade desacopladora e reduz a produção de EROs, proporcionados exclusivamente pelo CLA. Concluímos que na suplementação conjunta os efeitos do OP são predominantes nos metabolismos corporal, hepático e muscular, e na movimentação corporal, enquanto que o efeito predominante do CLA é a diminuição na sensibilidade à insulina. Já no cérebro, o OP potencializa os efeitos do CLA. / Currently in Brazil more than a half of adult population has overweight, and 21% are obese. This evident growing disease is considered the 21th century\'s epidemy. Some fatty acids have been considered an alternative treatment and prevention strategy for obesity due to their ability to stimulate gene expression with important role in cellular and mitochondrial metabolisms. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 18:2) from omega-6 family, with anti-obesity properties related to diminution of adiposity and increments in body metabolism. The fish oil (FO) is a mixture of the poli-unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6) from omega-3 family, known for improving insulin sensibility and HDL-cholesterol, anti-inflammatory properties and protective action over the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of CLA in conjunction with FO during 60 days over biochemical, molecular and physiological aspects of mitochondrial and body metabolism in C57BL6 mice. Diet supplementation with CLA and FO in vivo: raise body metabolism, an effect attributed to both oils; affect glucose metabolism, exclusively proportionate by CLA; diminish the level of mice movement, exclusively proportionate by FO. In liver: increase UCP2 expression, uncoupling proteins activity and ?-oxidation, stimulated by both oils; increase mitochondrial density, exclusively proportionate by FO. CLA also raises the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is reversed by FO in conjunction. In soleus muscle: increase mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1? and the UCP2 expression, exclusively proportionate by FO. Lastly, in hippocampus: increase mitochondrial density, stimulated by both oils; stimulate uncoupling activity and diminish ROS production, exclusively proportionate by CLA. In conclusion, in the dietary supplementation with CLA and FO in conjunction the FO effects are prevalent in metabolisms of body, liver and muscle, and in body movement, while the CLA effects are prevalent in decreasing insulin sensitivity. However in the brain, the FO potentiates the effects of CLA.

Yip, Wai Ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-228). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.x / 撮要 --- p.xiv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xvii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia / Chapter 1.1.1 --- An Overview on Hematopoiesis Development --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Hematopoietic Growth Factors --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Site Switching of Hematopoiesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- An Overview on Leukemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Classification of Leukemia --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Conventional Therapy of Leukemia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Novel Approaches to Leukemia Therapy: Apoptosis and Differentiation Induction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- Polysaturated Fatty Acids / Chapter 1.2.1 --- An Overview on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- An Overview on Essential Fatty Acids --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Alpha Linolenic Acids (ALA) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- "An Overview on Conjugated Fatty Acids: Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), Conjugated EPA and Conjugated DHA" --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLN) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Identification and Production of CLN --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.4.2. --- Metabolism of CLN --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Anti-Obese and Hypolipidemic Effect of CLN --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.4.4 --- Anti-Proliferative Effect of CLN --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.4.5 --- Other Novel Effects of CLN --- p.32 / Chapter 1.3 --- Aims and Scopes of This Investigation --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Human Cell Lines --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Cell Culture Medium, Buffers and Other Reagents" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Reagents and Buffer for Flow Cytometry --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Reagents for DNA Extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Cell Death Detection ELISApLus --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Reagents for Measuring Caspase Activity --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Reagents for FACE´ёØ ELISA Kit --- p.53 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Reagents for Western Blotting --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culturing the Tumor Cell Lines --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Isolation, Preparation and Culturing of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages and Bone Marrow Cells" --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Anti-proliferation Assays --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Cell Viability Determination --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of Anti-leukemia Activity In Vivo (In Vivo Tumorigenicity Assay) --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow Cytometry --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Detection of Apoptosis --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Assessment of Differentiation-associated Characteristics --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Measurement of Caspase Activities --- p.76 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Protein Expression Study --- p.78 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Detection of Phosphorylation of JNK by FACE´ёØ JNK ELISA Kit --- p.83 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Detection of Phosphorylation of NF-kB by FACE´ёØ NF-kB p65 Profiler --- p.85 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.85 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- STUDIES ON THE ANTI PROLIFERATIVE EFFECTS OF CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACIDS ON THE HUMAN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Anti-proliferative Activity of CLN Isomers on Various Myeloid Leukemia and Lymphoma Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Direct Cytotoxic Effect of Jacaric Acid on HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Cytotoxic Effect of Jacaric Acid on Primary Murine Cells and Human Normal Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Kinetics and Reversibility Studies of the Anti-proliferative Effect of Four CLN Isomers on the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Synergistic Anti-proliferative Effect of Jacaric Acid with Vitamin D3 and All Trans-Retinoic Acid (ATRA) on the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.114 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Effect of Jacaric Acid on the Cell Cycle Profile of the HL-60 Cells In Vitro --- p.116 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Effect of Jacaric Acid on the In Vivo Tumorigenicity of the HL-60 Cells --- p.119 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.121 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- STUDIES ON THE APOPTOSIS-INDUCING AND DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCING EFFECTS OF CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACIDS ON THE HUMAN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Induction of Apoptosis in the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells by Jacaric Acid --- p.134 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Apoptosis-Inducing Effect of Jacaric Acid on the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells as Detected by Annexin V-GFP PI Double Staining Method --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of Jacaric Acid on the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of Jacaric Acid on the Caspase Activities in the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effects of Jacaric Acid and Antioxidants on the ROS Induction in the Human Promyelocyic Leukemia hl-6 Cells --- p.147 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of N-acetyl-L-Cysteine on the Apoptosis-Inducing Activity of Jacaric Acid in the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.149 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Morphological Studies on the Jacaric Acid-treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.151 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Cell Size and Granularity of the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells after Treatment with Different CLN Isomers --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Expression of Differentiation-Related Cell Surface Markers in the Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells after Treatment with Jacaric Acid --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.158 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- STUDIES ON THE APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACID-INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF THE HUMAN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.165 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Expression of Fas and Fas Ligand Proteins in the Jacaric Acid- treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Expression of Bcl-2 Family Member Proteins in the Jacaric Acid- treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Cytochrome c Release in the Jacaric Acid-treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.175 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Cleavage of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) in the Jacaric Acid-treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.177 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Phosphorylation of ERK in the Jacaric Acid-treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.179 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Phosphorylation of JNK in the Jacaric Acid-treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.181 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Phosphorylation of NF-kB Protein in the Jacaric Acid-treated Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells --- p.183 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.185 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.195 / REFERENCES --- p.203

A região amazônica apresenta grande quantidade de plantas perenes, com particular relevância para as espécies frutíferas. Os frutos amazônicos são conhecidos pelo seu grande potencial energético e são usados como fonte de alimento nas grandes regiões do país. Dentre esses frutos, destaca-se o açaí, fruto do açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Martius), a copaíba (Copaifera officinalis L.) e a castanha do Pará (Bertholletia excelsa). Esses frutos são importantes para o desenvolvimento agroindustrial da região amazônica. Os mesmos contêm na sua composição proteínas, fibras e ácidos graxos. Os frutos possuem ácidos graxos são usados na área farmacêutica, com finalidade clínica e dermatológica. O projeto tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas analíticas de caracterização e quantificação dos ácidos graxos presente na composição oleosa dos frutos e descrever a ação farmacológica. Esses ácidos são o oléico, linoleico e palmítico. As técnicas analíticas com características de quantificação deverão gerar informações confiáveis e interpretáveis sobre a amostra, sendo o critério de avaliação denominado validação. A validação foi estudada neste trabalho, visando ter confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade nos resultados. Os processos analíticos com características de identificação e quantificação aplicados nesse projeto são: a cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/MS), a espectrometria de massas Tanden (MS/MS) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector ultra violeta (HPLC/UV). Os resultados demonstram que os três frutos amazônicos comtem ácidos oléico, linoleico e palmítico em proporções diferentes potencializando seu uso em aplicações farmacêuticas, específicamente em tratamentos dermatológicos. / The Amazon region presents a great amount of perennial plants, with particular relevance to the fruit species. The Amazonian fruits are known for their high energy potential and are used as a food source in large regions of the country. Among these fruits, there is acai, the fruit of the açai palm (Euterpe oleracea Martius), copaiba (Copaifera officinalis L.) and Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). These fruits are important for agro-industrial development in the Amazon region. They contain in their composition of protein, fiber and fatty acids. The fruits are fatty acids are used in the pharmaceutical field, with clinical and dermatological purposes. The project aims to provide analytical techniques for characterization and quantification of fatty acids present in the composition of the oily fruits and describe the pharmacological action. These acids are oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Analytical techniques for quantifying characteristics should generate reliable and interpretable information about the sample, and the evaluation criteria called validation. The validation was studied in this work, aiming to have reliability and reproducibility of the results. The analytical procedures to identify and quantify features implemented in this project are: a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS), Tanden mass spectrometry (MS / MS) and high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC / UV). The results show that the three Amazon fruits did contain oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids at different increasing its use in pharmaceutical applications, specifically in dermatological treatments.

No description available.

Orientador: Silvia Helena Venturoli Perri / Coorientador: Gisele Zoccal Mingoti / Banca: Felipe Perecin / Banca: Flávia Lombardi Lopes / Banca: Caliê Castilho / Banca: Guilherme de Paula Nogueira / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação do meio de cultivo com ácido linoleico e/ou catalase, em meio sem a adição de SFB, cultivados em atmosfera de baixa tensão de oxigênio sobre o desenvolvimento, qualidade e criotolerância de embriões bovinos. Em um grupo foi feita a suplementação com 100 μM de ácido linoleico (LA); 100UI de catalase (CAT) em um segundo, no terceiro grupo foram feitas as 2 suplementações (CAT+LA) e um quarto grupo sem suplementação (CONTROLE), durante todo o período de cultivo em atmosfera de 5%CO2, 7%O2 e 88%N2 em BAGS. As taxas de clivagem não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Porém as taxas de produção de embriões em D7 e D8 diferiram (P<0,05), sendo que o controle obteve melhor resultado perante os 3 tratamentos e o grupo CAT+LA gerou a menor taxa de produção (30,7; 22,4; 19,8; 12,4%). Observou-se um atraso no desenvolvimento, sendo os blastocistos expandidos somente encontrados no D8. Na avaliação do conteúdo total de lipídios, houve uma redução significativa (P<0,05) nos 3 grupos tratados em relação ao controle. A medida dos níveis intracelulares de ROS não foi afetada nos 4 grupos (P>0,05). A quantidade de células totais foi significativamente menor (P<0,05) no grupo CAT+LA, e o grupo CAT foi o que apresentou maior porcentagem de células apoptóticas. Em relação à taxa de re-expansão às 24 horas (P<0,05), o grupo controle (50%) e o CAT (67,2%) apresentaram menores taxas que os grupos LA (71,7%) e o CAT+LA (76,7%). Às 48 horas, o grupo controle apresentou a menor taxa (35,7%), seguido pelo grupo CAT (47,5%). Já o grupo LA (56,5%) diferiu estatisticamente do controle mas não dos grupos CAT (47,5%) e CAT+LA (76,7%). O grupo CAT+LA diferiu estatisticamente dos grupos controle e CAT. Com base nestes resultados, embriões tratados com LA ou CAT+LA no cultivo in vitro, na ausêncio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The most commonly recommended way to obtain more resistant in vitro embryos during the cryopreservation process is to change these embryos, whether through removal of fetal bovine serum (FBS), addition of different supplements to the culture medium or changes in oxygen tension in the production process. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation of the culture medium with linoleic acid and/or catalase in medium without the addition of FBS, in low tension oxygen atmosphere on development, quality and cryotolerance of bovine embryos. In one group, the medium was supplemented with 100 μm of linoleic acid (LA); the second was supplemented with 100UI of catalase (CAT), a third group was supplemented with both, CAT+LA and a fourth group received no supplementation (control), during the entire culture period in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 7% O2 and N2 88% in BAGS. Cleavage rates did not differ (P>0.05) between groups (72.7; 74.1; 72.1; and 72.0%, respectively). However, embryo production rates in D7 and D8 were different (P<0.05), where the control had the highest blastocyst rate of the treatments and the CAT+LA group presented the lowest rate of production (30.7; 22.4; 19.8; 12.4%). Expanded blastocysts were only foundon D8, indicating a delay in development. There was a significant reduction (P<0.05) of total lipids in the 3 treated groups when compared to the control group. There was no difference in the intracellular levels of ROS between the 4 groups (P>0.05).Total cell number was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the CAT+ LA and the CAT group showed the highest percentage of apoptotic cells. Considering the re-expansion rates in 24 hours (P<0.05), the control group (50%) and the CAT group (67.2%) presented lower rates than the LA group (71.7%) and CAT+LA group (76.7%). At 48 hours, the control group showed the worst rate (35.7%) followed by the CAT group (47.5%)...(Complete abstract eletronic access below) / Doutor

Linoleic acid, with a DRI of 12-17g/d, is the most highly consumed polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet and is found in virtually all commonly consumed foods. The concern with dietary linoleic acid, being the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid, is its consumption may enrich tissues with arachidonic acid and contribute to chronic and overproduction of bioactive eicosanoids. However, no systematic review of human trials regarding linoleic acid consumption and subsequent changes in tissue levels of arachidonic acid has been undertaken. In this study, we reviewed the human literature that reported changes in dietary linoleic acid and its subsequent impact on changing tissue arachidonic acid in erythrocytes and plasma/serum phospholipids. We identified, reviewed, and evaluated all peer-reviewed published literature presenting data outlining changes in dietary linoleic acid in adult human clinical trials that reported changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition (specifically arachidonic acid) in plasma/serum and erythrocytes within the parameters of our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Decreasing dietary linoleic acid up to 90% was not significantly correlated with changes in tissue arachidonic acid levels (p=0.39). Similarly, when dietary linoleic acid levels were increased six fold, no significant correlations with tissue arachidonic acid levels were observed (p=0.72). However, there was a positive relationship between dietary gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid on changes in tissue arachidonic levels. Our results do not support the concept that modifying current intakes of dietary linoleic acid has an effect on changing tissue levels of arachidonic acid in adults consuming Western-type diets.

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the combined effects of protein, creatine, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation during resistance training. These nutritional supplements are popular during resistance training and we wanted to determine if they would have additive effects for improving body composition and strength. Forty-four participants (32 males, 12 females, mean age 20y) were randomized into three groups to receive: 1) 36 g/d protein (PRO), 2) protein and 9 g/d creatine (PRO/CR), or 3) protein, creatine and 6 g/d CLA (PRO/CR/CLA) for 5 weeks while resistance training on a four-day cycle (three days of resistance training, followed by one day of rest). Measurements at pre- and post-testing included body composition, muscle thickness of the elbow and knee flexors and extensors, and bench and leg press strength. There were time main effects (p<0.01) for strength, and muscle thickness. The PRO/CR/CLA group had significant increases in knee extensor muscle thickness over time compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There were no other differences between groups over time. The combinations of creatine and protein, or creatine, protein and CLA had no effects on body composition. It is concluded that combining protein, creatine, and CLA has minimal effects on muscular strength, muscle thickness, and body composition.

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the combined effects of protein, creatine, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation during resistance training. These nutritional supplements are popular during resistance training and we wanted to determine if they would have additive effects for improving body composition and strength. Forty-four participants (32 males, 12 females, mean age 20y) were randomized into three groups to receive: 1) 36 g/d protein (PRO), 2) protein and 9 g/d creatine (PRO/CR), or 3) protein, creatine and 6 g/d CLA (PRO/CR/CLA) for 5 weeks while resistance training on a four-day cycle (three days of resistance training, followed by one day of rest). Measurements at pre- and post-testing included body composition, muscle thickness of the elbow and knee flexors and extensors, and bench and leg press strength. There were time main effects (p<0.01) for strength, and muscle thickness. The PRO/CR/CLA group had significant increases in knee extensor muscle thickness over time compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There were no other differences between groups over time. The combinations of creatine and protein, or creatine, protein and CLA had no effects on body composition. It is concluded that combining protein, creatine, and CLA has minimal effects on muscular strength, muscle thickness, and body composition.