Mi participación en el presente documento enfoca el análisis en los siguientes puntos: - Configuración de la Poza N° 6: este capítulo desarrolla la configuración geométrica de la Poza 6, la cual se desarrolló en base a los siguientes cálculos numéricos: - Evaluación del Borde Libre de diseño: para este cálculo usé la metodología propuesta por la Guía Canadiense para el Diseño de Presas, la cual basa su cálculo en el empleo de valores de precipitación y un porcentaje de evaporación. - Sistema de Impermeabilización: este diseño contempla la inclusión de geosintéticos para el recubrimiento y protección de la Poza 6, para lo cual basé el diseño siguiendo las recomendaciones del libro Design of Small Dams, en el cual recomienda el uso de geosintéticos en presas de enrocado. - Sistema de Detección y Colección de Fugas: este sistema fue diseñado empleando el programa HCanales para la determinación del diámetro de tuberías, además, con el caudal obtenido se calcularon las dimensiones de la poza de colección al pie de la Poza 6, además se propuso la inclusión de tuberías de inspección. Estos cálculos fueron hechos en base al libro Diseño de Estructuras Hidráulicas, de Máximo Villón. - Capacidad de Almacenamiento: para la estimación del volumen de almacenamiento en Poza 6 utilicé el programa Autodesk Land para la estimación de áreas y una hoja de cálculo Excel para la estimación de volúmenes de almacenamiento a cada 1 metro.

<p>Several abnormal conditions, including some cancers, have been associated with changes in the membrane lipid and FA composition. Dietary fat serves as a major source of lipids and FA, particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 and n-3. High intakes of n-6 PUFA have been linked to the development of colon cancer in association with low n-3 PUFA intake. Therefore understanding the differences in the lipid and FA profiles between cancer and normal cells in the colon, and the role diet plays in these factors may be invaluable in understanding their role in carcinogenesis. This study compares the lipid profile of azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon polyps to that of the surrounding mucosa tissue in rats fed a diet high in n-6 PUFA. Male Fischer rats were fed the AIN-76A diet containing sunflower oil that has high n-6 PUFA content for a period of nine months. Results indicate that the lipid and FA content of the colon polyps differs significantly from the surrounding mucosa. Colon polyps had an increase in membrane phopholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Changes in membrane fluidity were indicated by the decrease (p&lt / 0.05) in the PC/PE and cholesterol/phospholipids (chol/PL) ratios, and increase (p&lt / 0.05) in the polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA (P/S) ratio. Metabolism of FA was significantly altered in the polyps favouring n-6 FA metabolism and the production of prostaglandin E2. No clear indication of impaired &Delta / 6-desauturase enzyme activity was noticed. Increases in the n-6 PUFA content could be a reflection of the dietary FA intake that increases FA incorporation in the polyps. Changes in the FA parameters of the polyps, particularly an increase in C20:4n-6 and the n6/n3 ratio have been shown to contribute to the rapid growth of cancer tissue. These lipid changes associated with the development of colon polyps could provide unique targets for developing strategies in chemoprevention by dietary manipulation.</p>

<p>Several abnormal conditions, including some cancers, have been associated with changes in the membrane lipid and FA composition. Dietary fat serves as a major source of lipids and FA, particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 and n-3. High intakes of n-6 PUFA have been linked to the development of colon cancer in association with low n-3 PUFA intake. Therefore understanding the differences in the lipid and FA profiles between cancer and normal cells in the colon, and the role diet plays in these factors may be invaluable in understanding their role in carcinogenesis. This study compares the lipid profile of azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon polyps to that of the surrounding mucosa tissue in rats fed a diet high in n-6 PUFA. Male Fischer rats were fed the AIN-76A diet containing sunflower oil that has high n-6 PUFA content for a period of nine months. Results indicate that the lipid and FA content of the colon polyps differs significantly from the surrounding mucosa. Colon polyps had an increase in membrane phopholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Changes in membrane fluidity were indicated by the decrease (p&lt / 0.05) in the PC/PE and cholesterol/phospholipids (chol/PL) ratios, and increase (p&lt / 0.05) in the polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA (P/S) ratio. Metabolism of FA was significantly altered in the polyps favouring n-6 FA metabolism and the production of prostaglandin E2. No clear indication of impaired &Delta / 6-desauturase enzyme activity was noticed. Increases in the n-6 PUFA content could be a reflection of the dietary FA intake that increases FA incorporation in the polyps. Changes in the FA parameters of the polyps, particularly an increase in C20:4n-6 and the n6/n3 ratio have been shown to contribute to the rapid growth of cancer tissue. These lipid changes associated with the development of colon polyps could provide unique targets for developing strategies in chemoprevention by dietary manipulation.</p>

The aim of this thesis was to investigate how dietary fatty acids affect the risk for cardiometabolic disease, i.e. cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes and obesity. The overall hypothesis was that unsaturated fatty acids and especially the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA), 18:2n-6, would decrease cardiometabolic risk compared with saturated fatty acids (SFAs), in line with current recommendations to partly replace dietary SFA with PUFA. Papers I and V were observational studies based on the community-based cohort Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM). Adipose tissue fatty acid composition was determined as biomarker for dietary fat intake. Studies II, III and IV were randomised short-term interventions on human volunteers, in which different dietary fats were provided to the participants. In 71-year-old men, adipose tissue LA and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were associated with insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic clamp), although this association was diminished for LA after adjusting for lifestyle variables. Different SFA displayed divergent associations; only palmitic acid (16:0) was inversely associated with insulin sensitivity (Paper I). In Cox regression analyses, LA was modestly associated with decreased all-cause mortality, but not CVD mortality during 15 years follow-up (Paper V). In a 3+3-week cross-over study on 20 weight-stable volunteers with dyslipidaemia, all foods were provided. A rapeseed oil-based diet distinctly lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides compared with a dairy-fat based diet (butter, cream and fatty cheese). Insulin sensitivity or coagulation factors were not affected (Paper II). In a 10-week randomised trial on 67 abdominally obese participants, PUFA (mostly sunflower oil) decreased liver fat compared with SFA (mostly butter) under isocaloric conditions. In individuals considered highly compliant to study diets, lipoproteins were also decreased during the PUFA diet (Paper III). In a 7-week double-blind randomised trial on 41 healthy volunteers, PUFA (sunflower oil) decreased the total:HDL cholesterol ratio compared with SFA (palm oil) during moderate weight gain (1.5 kg) (Paper IV). In conclusion, LA (PUFA) intake is associated with decreased cardiometabolic risk compared with higher SFA intake, overall supporting a beneficial role of non-tropical vegetable oils in place of solid fats in preventing fatty liver and cardiometabolic disorders.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Several abnormal conditions, including some cancers, have been associated with changes in the membrane lipid and FA composition. Dietary fat serves as a major source of lipids and FA, particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 and n-3. High intakes of n-6 PUFA have been linked to the development of colon cancer in association with low n-3 PUFA intake. Therefore understanding the differences in the lipid and FA profiles between cancer and normal cells in the colon, and the role diet plays in these factors may be invaluable in understanding their role in carcinogenesis. This study compares the lipid profile of azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon polyps to that of the surrounding mucosa tissue in rats fed a diet high in n-6 PUFA. Male Fischer rats were fed the AIN-76A diet containing sunflower oil that has high n-6 PUFA content for a period of nine months. Results indicate that the lipid and FA content of the colon polyps differs significantly from the surrounding mucosa. Colon polyps had an increase in membrane phopholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Changes in membrane fluidity were indicated by the decrease (0.05) in the PC/PE and cholesterol/phospholipids (chol/PL) ratios, and increase (0.05) in the polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA (P/S) ratio. Metabolism of FA was significantly altered in the polyps favouring n-6 FA metabolism and the production of prostaglandin E2. No clear indication of impaired & Delta;6-desauturase enzyme activity was noticed. Increases in the n-6 PUFA content could be a reflection of the dietary FA intake that increases FA incorporation in the polyps. Changes in the FA parameters of the polyps, particularly an increase in C20:4n-6 and the n6/n3 ratio have been shown to contribute to the rapid growth of cancer tissue. These lipid changes associated with the development of colon polyps could provide unique targets for developing strategies in chemoprevention by dietary manipulation. / South Africa

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação dietética de ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados sobre o metabolismo, e desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo no período de transição e início de lactação de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 36 vacas da raça holandesa distribuídas aleatoriamente para receber uma das três dietas experimentais. No período pré-parto as dietas foram: Controle (CON), sem adição de gordura e 2,8% de extrato etéreo baseado na matéria seca; Gordura Saturada (SAT), com inclusão de 2,4% de MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.) com 4,7% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Insaturada (INS), com inclusão de 11% de grão de Soja, com 4,7% de EE baseado na MS. No período pós-parto, Controle (CON), sem adição de gordura e com 2,8% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Saturada (SAT), com inclusão de 2,6% de MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.) com 5,0% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Insaturada (INS), com inclusão de 13% de Grão de Soja, com 5% de EE baseado na MS. As dietas foram fornecidas 35 dias da data prevista do parto até 90 dias de lactação. No período pré-parto foi utilizada silagem de milho como volumoso, em uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 70:30, enquanto que no período pós-parto foram utilizados 5% de feno de tifton e 45% de silagem de milho como fontes de volumoso, com uma relação entre volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue para análise dos metabólitos sanguíneos foram coletadas semanalmente. Do dia 14 ao dia 90 pós-parto foi realizado avaliação da dinâmica folicular por ultrassonografia. Nos dias 30, 60 e 90 foram realizadas aspirações foliculares, com posterior fertilização in vitro dos oócitos. Todas as variáveis mensuradas foram avaliadas pelo procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS (2004) utilizando-se os seguintes contrastes ortogonais: Controle vs Fontes de Lipídeo (C1); Fonte de ácidos graxos saturados x Fonte de ácidos graxos insaturados (C2). Foi utilizado nível de 5% de significância. No período pós-parto, a suplementação de lipídeos aumentou as concentrações de AGNE quando comparada a dieta CON. O tratamento INS reduziu as concentrações de proteínas totais e de BHB quando comparado ao SAT. Houve interação entre tempo e dieta paras as variáveis colesterol total, LDL e BHB. Houve redução da produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, na produção total de gordura e de proteína, e no teor de gordura do leite quando comparado o tratamento INS com o SAT. A suplementação de lipídeo reduziu as concentrações do somatório dos ácidos graxos saturados (&#931; A.G. Saturados), dos ácidos graxos com menos de 16 carbonos (>C16), e da relação entre ácidos graxos saturados com insaturados (&#931; SFA/(MUFA+PUFA)); e aumentou as concentrações de ácidos graxos acima de 16 carbonos (>C16), de ácidos graxos insaturados com 18 carbonos, da somatória dos ácidos graxos insaturados e dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (&#931; A.G. Poli-insaturados). O tratamento INS aumentou a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados totais (&#931; A.G. poli-insaturados), e reduziu o total de ácidos graxos de 16 carbonos (C16) em relação ao tratamento SAT. Houve redução no número de folículos classe 1, e folículos totais (NC1 e NTFol) com suplementação de lipídeo. O tratamento SAT aumentou o número de folículos classe 5 (NC5), em relação ao INS. Não houve alteração na qualidade oocitária e embrionária com a suplementação de lipídeo e entre as duas fontes de lipídeo. A suplementação de lipídeos insaturados através da suplementação via grão de soja cru e integral, quando comparada à suplementação de lipídeos saturados, para vacas no período de transição e início de lactação, não interferiu na dinâmica folicular e qualidade oocitária e embrionária; e reduziu o desempenho produtivo, devido às reduções na produção de gordura do leite a na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% dos animais suplementados / The aim of the current experiment was to evaluate the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid supplementation effects on metabolism, productive and reproductive performance during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein cows were randomly distributed to one of three experimental treatments. Throughout the pre-partum period cows received: Control (CON), no fat supplement with 2.8% of ether extract (EE) on DM basis; Saturated fat (SAT) MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.), addition of 2.4% of MAGNAPAC and 4.7% of EE on DM basis; Unsaturated fat (UNS) Whole soybeans, addition of 11% of whole raw soybeans and 4.7% of EE in DM basis. In post-partum period the diets follows: Control (CON), no fat supplementation with 2.8% of ether extract (EE) in DM basis; Saturated fat (SAT) MAGNAPAC ® (Tectron Ltda.), addition of 2.6% of MAGNAPAC and 5.0% of EE in DM basis; Unsaturated fat (UNS) Whole soybeans, addition of 13% of whole raw soybeans and 5.0% of EE in DM Basis. The treatments were supplied from day 35 of expect calving date until 90 days in milk. During the pre-partum period, diet forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30, in which corn silage was used as the forage source. During the post-partum period, diet forage to concentrate ratio was 50:50, in which Tifton hay (5%) and corn silage (45%) were used as forage sources. The milk yield was daily measured during all experimental period. The samples used for milk composition and milk fatty acid profile were collected once a week, milk from the morning and evening milking being mixed proportionally to the milk yield. Blood samples for metabolites analysis were collected weekly before the morning feeding. Follicular dynamic was monitored by trans ´rectal ultrasonography form 14 until 90 days in milk. Ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization were performed on days 30, 60, 90 post-partum. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (2004). Differences among treatments were evaluated by orthogonal contrasts as follows: Control vs Fat sources (C1), and Saturated fatty acid source vs Unsaturated fatty acid source (C2). Significance level was set at 5%. In postpartum, fat supplementation increased NEFA concentrations when compared to control diet. The UNS treatment reduced total protein concentration in blood compared to SAT. Diet*time interaction effect was observed in total cholesterol, LDL and BHB. The UNS decreased fat corrected milk, fat content, milk protein and fat yield compared to SAT. Fat supplementation decreased &#931; Saturated F.A, fatty acids lower than 16 C and the relationship between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and increased the concentration of fatty acids higher than 16 C, unsaturated fatty acids with 18 C, and &#931; PUFA. UNS increased &#931; PUFA and decreased fatty acids with 16 C, when compared to SAT. Fat supplementation decreased class 1 follicle and total follicles. Treatments did not affect embryo and oocyte quality. Supplementation of unsaturated fat, through supplementation of whole raw soybean for cows in the transition period and early lactation did not affect the reproductive performance (follicular dynamics and oocyte and embryo quality) and reduced the productive performance due to decrease of milk fat production and fat corrected milk for 3.5% of the supplemented animals

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação dietética de ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados sobre o metabolismo, e desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo no período de transição e início de lactação de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 36 vacas da raça holandesa distribuídas aleatoriamente para receber uma das três dietas experimentais. No período pré-parto as dietas foram: Controle (CON), sem adição de gordura e 2,8% de extrato etéreo baseado na matéria seca; Gordura Saturada (SAT), com inclusão de 2,4% de MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.) com 4,7% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Insaturada (INS), com inclusão de 11% de grão de Soja, com 4,7% de EE baseado na MS. No período pós-parto, Controle (CON), sem adição de gordura e com 2,8% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Saturada (SAT), com inclusão de 2,6% de MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.) com 5,0% de EE baseado na MS; Gordura Insaturada (INS), com inclusão de 13% de Grão de Soja, com 5% de EE baseado na MS. As dietas foram fornecidas 35 dias da data prevista do parto até 90 dias de lactação. No período pré-parto foi utilizada silagem de milho como volumoso, em uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 70:30, enquanto que no período pós-parto foram utilizados 5% de feno de tifton e 45% de silagem de milho como fontes de volumoso, com uma relação entre volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue para análise dos metabólitos sanguíneos foram coletadas semanalmente. Do dia 14 ao dia 90 pós-parto foi realizado avaliação da dinâmica folicular por ultrassonografia. Nos dias 30, 60 e 90 foram realizadas aspirações foliculares, com posterior fertilização in vitro dos oócitos. Todas as variáveis mensuradas foram avaliadas pelo procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS (2004) utilizando-se os seguintes contrastes ortogonais: Controle vs Fontes de Lipídeo (C1); Fonte de ácidos graxos saturados x Fonte de ácidos graxos insaturados (C2). Foi utilizado nível de 5% de significância. No período pós-parto, a suplementação de lipídeos aumentou as concentrações de AGNE quando comparada a dieta CON. O tratamento INS reduziu as concentrações de proteínas totais e de BHB quando comparado ao SAT. Houve interação entre tempo e dieta paras as variáveis colesterol total, LDL e BHB. Houve redução da produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, na produção total de gordura e de proteína, e no teor de gordura do leite quando comparado o tratamento INS com o SAT. A suplementação de lipídeo reduziu as concentrações do somatório dos ácidos graxos saturados (&#931; A.G. Saturados), dos ácidos graxos com menos de 16 carbonos (>C16), e da relação entre ácidos graxos saturados com insaturados (&#931; SFA/(MUFA+PUFA)); e aumentou as concentrações de ácidos graxos acima de 16 carbonos (>C16), de ácidos graxos insaturados com 18 carbonos, da somatória dos ácidos graxos insaturados e dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (&#931; A.G. Poli-insaturados). O tratamento INS aumentou a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados totais (&#931; A.G. poli-insaturados), e reduziu o total de ácidos graxos de 16 carbonos (C16) em relação ao tratamento SAT. Houve redução no número de folículos classe 1, e folículos totais (NC1 e NTFol) com suplementação de lipídeo. O tratamento SAT aumentou o número de folículos classe 5 (NC5), em relação ao INS. Não houve alteração na qualidade oocitária e embrionária com a suplementação de lipídeo e entre as duas fontes de lipídeo. A suplementação de lipídeos insaturados através da suplementação via grão de soja cru e integral, quando comparada à suplementação de lipídeos saturados, para vacas no período de transição e início de lactação, não interferiu na dinâmica folicular e qualidade oocitária e embrionária; e reduziu o desempenho produtivo, devido às reduções na produção de gordura do leite a na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% dos animais suplementados / The aim of the current experiment was to evaluate the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid supplementation effects on metabolism, productive and reproductive performance during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein cows were randomly distributed to one of three experimental treatments. Throughout the pre-partum period cows received: Control (CON), no fat supplement with 2.8% of ether extract (EE) on DM basis; Saturated fat (SAT) MAGNAPAC® (Tectron Ltda.), addition of 2.4% of MAGNAPAC and 4.7% of EE on DM basis; Unsaturated fat (UNS) Whole soybeans, addition of 11% of whole raw soybeans and 4.7% of EE in DM basis. In post-partum period the diets follows: Control (CON), no fat supplementation with 2.8% of ether extract (EE) in DM basis; Saturated fat (SAT) MAGNAPAC ® (Tectron Ltda.), addition of 2.6% of MAGNAPAC and 5.0% of EE in DM basis; Unsaturated fat (UNS) Whole soybeans, addition of 13% of whole raw soybeans and 5.0% of EE in DM Basis. The treatments were supplied from day 35 of expect calving date until 90 days in milk. During the pre-partum period, diet forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30, in which corn silage was used as the forage source. During the post-partum period, diet forage to concentrate ratio was 50:50, in which Tifton hay (5%) and corn silage (45%) were used as forage sources. The milk yield was daily measured during all experimental period. The samples used for milk composition and milk fatty acid profile were collected once a week, milk from the morning and evening milking being mixed proportionally to the milk yield. Blood samples for metabolites analysis were collected weekly before the morning feeding. Follicular dynamic was monitored by trans ´rectal ultrasonography form 14 until 90 days in milk. Ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization were performed on days 30, 60, 90 post-partum. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (2004). Differences among treatments were evaluated by orthogonal contrasts as follows: Control vs Fat sources (C1), and Saturated fatty acid source vs Unsaturated fatty acid source (C2). Significance level was set at 5%. In postpartum, fat supplementation increased NEFA concentrations when compared to control diet. The UNS treatment reduced total protein concentration in blood compared to SAT. Diet*time interaction effect was observed in total cholesterol, LDL and BHB. The UNS decreased fat corrected milk, fat content, milk protein and fat yield compared to SAT. Fat supplementation decreased &#931; Saturated F.A, fatty acids lower than 16 C and the relationship between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and increased the concentration of fatty acids higher than 16 C, unsaturated fatty acids with 18 C, and &#931; PUFA. UNS increased &#931; PUFA and decreased fatty acids with 16 C, when compared to SAT. Fat supplementation decreased class 1 follicle and total follicles. Treatments did not affect embryo and oocyte quality. Supplementation of unsaturated fat, through supplementation of whole raw soybean for cows in the transition period and early lactation did not affect the reproductive performance (follicular dynamics and oocyte and embryo quality) and reduced the productive performance due to decrease of milk fat production and fat corrected milk for 3.5% of the supplemented animals

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-04-20T12:04:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karla Miky.pdf: 833137 bytes, checksum: 4aac692850a86aaeabe93d6bbcf5af02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T12:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karla Miky.pdf: 833137 bytes, checksum: 4aac692850a86aaeabe93d6bbcf5af02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O óleo de linhaça tem se destacado como alimento funcional para humanos, sendo a fonte mais rica de ácido graxo α-linolênico. Quatro dietas isentas de farinha de peixe foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas (321,2 g/kg de proteína brua), isocalóricas (17,1 Mcal/kg de energia bruta) e isolipídicas (73,1 g/kg de lipídios totais), contendo duas fontes de óleos vegetais (óleo de soja ou óleo de linhaça) suplementadas em dois níveis (15 ou 30 g / kg). Foram distribuídos ao acaso 144 peixes (1076,3 ± 37,2 g) em esquema fatorial 2x2, em 12 gaiolas flutuantes de 1000 L cada, alimentadas manualmente até saciedade aparente. Observou-se maior aumento de peso, consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar em peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça em comparação com peixes alimentados com 15 e 30 g/kg de óleo de soja. O rendimento de filé foi maior em peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça em relação aos peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de soja. Não foram observadas diferenças no peso corporal inicial, índice hepatosomático e composição próxima dos filés. Peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça apresentaram maior teor de 18: 3 n-3 e menor teor de 18:2n-6 nos filés em comparação com peixes alimentados com 15 e 30 g/kg de óleo de soja. As maiores somas de SFA, MUFA e AG n-3 foram observados em filés de peixes alimentados com 15 g/kg de óleo de soja. Peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça apresentaram maiores somas de ácidos graxos PUFA e de ácidos graxos n-3 nos filés. Filés de peixes alimentados com óleo de linhaça apresentaram menor relação de ácidos graxos n-6/n-3 em comparação com peixes alimentados com óleo de soja. A cor, capacidade de retenção de água, pH e a dureza dos filés não foram afetados. A adesividade dos filés analisada um e sete dias pós mortem foi maior em peixes alimentados com óleo de linhaça, enquanto observou-se menor mastigabilidade em filés de peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de soja e de linhaça em relação aos peixes alimentados com 15 g/kg de óleo de soja e linhaça. Em conclusão, o óleo de linhaça demonstrou ser um alimento funcional como fonte de AG α-linolênico e para aumentar a relação de ácidos graxos n-6/n-3 nos filés. Além disso, recomenda-se 30 g/kg de óleo de 8 linhaça em dietas de terminação para melhorar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo em terminação. / Linseed oil has emerging as functional food for human being one richest source of α-linolenic fatty acid. Four fishmeal-free diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (321.2 g/kg of crude protein), isocaloric (17.1 Mcal/kg of gross energy) and isolipidic (73.1 g/kg of total lipids), containing two sources of vegetable oils (soybean oil or linseed oil) supplemented at two levels (15 or 30 g/kg). A hundred and forty-four fish (1076.3 ± 37.2 g) were distributed in a completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme, into twelve 1000 L each floating cage, hand fed until apparent satiety and reared at 18 to 24 oC, during 6 wk. Higher weight gain, feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil compared to fish fed 15 and 30 g/kg of soybean oil. Fillet yield of fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil was higher compared to observed in fish fed 30 g/kg of soybean oil. No differences on initial body weight, hepatosomatic index and proximate composition of fillets were observed. Fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil showed higher 18:3 n-3 and lower 18:2 n-6 content in the fillets compared to fish fed 15 and 30 g/kg of soybean oil. Higher sum of SFA, MUFA and n-3 FA were observed in fillets of fish fed 15 g/kg of soybean oil. Fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil showed higher sum of PUFA and sum of n-3 fatty acids in the fillets. Fillet of fish fed linseed oil showed lower ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids compared to fish fed soybean oil. Color, water holding capacity, pH and hardness of fillets were not affected. The adhesiveness of fillets analyzed at one and seven days post-mortem was increased in fish fed linseed oil, while lower chewiness was observed in fillet of fish fed 30 g/kg of soybean or linseed oil compared to observed in fish fed 15 g/kg of soybean or linseel oil. In conclusion, linseed oil was demonstrated to be functional food as α-linolenic source to enhance n-6/n-3 ratio of the fillets. In addition, linseed oil at 30 g/kg is recommended in finishing diets

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fatty acids (FA) are constituents of neuronal phospholipid membranes, where they are essential for the development and functioning of the brain. During the peak of neuronal growth, occurring during the last week of gestation and lactation, there is a rapid accumulation of long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LC-PUFAs), which are synthesized from a physiologically appropriate supply of essential fatty acids (EFA) for normal fetal and neonatal development , ensuring the development of neurological functions. During the last decades, there occurred changes in dietary habits in Western countries, mainly with increased consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) and omega-6 (n-6) at the expense of consumption of omega-3 (n-3). These changes may increase oxidative damage and alter neuronal neuroplasticity, thereby facilitating the development of neuropsychiatric diseases such as bipolar disorder (BD). Through a model of amphetamine-induced mania in rats, we evaluated comparatively the influence of daily supplementation of different fats since pre-conception until weaning of 1st and 2nd generation litters on behavioral parameters in conjunction with biochemical changes in brain regions. Three groups of female Wistar rats were supplemented (3g/kg; p.o. per day) from one week before conception through pregnancy and breast-feeding with fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 PUFA), soybean oil (SO; rich in PUFA n-6) or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF; rich in TFA). During weaning, pups of both sexes were kept under the original supplementation until 90 days of age. While male offspring were included in the study of the 1st generation, females were mated and maintained in the same supplementation, thus obtaining animals of the 2nd generation, which were used in the 2nd study and divided into 3 experiments. In the study of the 1st generation at 90 days of age, one half of each supplementation group was treated with a daily dose of amphetamine (AMPH 4mg/kg, ip) or saline (control) for 14 days, when they were subjected to behavioral tests and biochemical assessments in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus. HVF supplementation was associated with TFA incorporation in the three structures, increased AMPH-induced locomotor activity, and increased oxidative damage. Since FO supplementation increased DHA percentage and decreased the n6/n3 ratio in the three regions analyzed, it may have improved membrane fluidity and reduced oxidative stress in such animals. Adult male rats born from the 2nd generation were also exposed to an animal model of mania induced by amphetamine and used in two different experiments. In the first experiment, animals were evaluated for memory behavior and biochemical and molecular analysis in the hippocampus, in which these parameters were decreased by HVF supplementation and improved by FO supplementation. In the second experiment, animals were evaluated regarding hyperactivity and biochemical and molecular analyses in the cortex, where again HVF supplementation was associated with loss in some parameters. In a third experiment we evaluated the influence of trans fat supplementation in rats exposed to the same mania animal model and the response to lithium (a mood stabilizing drug) treatment in 1st and 2nd generation animals. Lithium was able to reverse all AMPH-induced effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that the increased consumption of processed foods, which are rich in trans fat, may be related to an increased incidence of neuropsychiatric conditions. Conversely, a balanced diet, which includes omega-3 sources , reduces susceptibility to developing such conditions, possibly by changing the composition of the neuronal phospholipid membrane. / Ácidos graxos (AG) são fosfolipídeos constituintes das membranas neuronais onde são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento e funcionamento do cérebro. Durante o pico do crescimento neuronal, o qual ocorre durante a última semana de gestação e período de aleitamento, há um rápido acúmulo de AG poliinsaturados de cadeia longa (AGPI-CL) para o desenvolvimento fetal e neonatal normal, garantindo o desenvolvimento de suas funções neurológicas. Durante as últimas décadas foram observadas mudanças nos hábitos alimentares, principalmente em países ocidentais, devido ao aumento do consumo de AG trans e ômega-6 (n-6) em detrimento do consumo de AG ômega-3 (n-3). Estas mudanças podem favorecer o desenvolvimento de processos oxidativos e alterar a neuroplasticidade neuronal, facilitando assim o desenvolvimento de doenças neuropsiquiátricas, e dentre estas, o transtorno bipolar (TB). Através de um modelo animal de mania induzido por anfetamina, avaliamos comparativamente a influência da suplementação diária de óleos ou gordura desde o período pré-concepcional até o desmame das ninhadas em regiões cerebrais dos filhotes de 1ª e de 2ª geração. Três grupos de ratas Wistar foram suplementadas diariamente (3g/kg/v.o.) desde uma semana antes da concepção, durante a gestação e aleitamento com óleo de peixe (OP, rico em AGPI n-3); óleo de soja (rico em AGPI n-6) ou gordura vegetal hidrogenada (GVH; rica em AGT). No período de desmame, filhotes de ambos os sexos foram mantidos sob a mesma suplementação original até 90 dias de idade. Enquanto os filhotes machos foram incluídos no estudo da 1ª geração, as fêmeas foram separadas e acasaladas nas mesmas condições de suplementação já descritas, obtendo-se assim, animais adultos de 2ª geração, os quais foram incluídos no 2º estudo e divididos em 3 experimentos. No estudo de 1ª geração, aos 90 dias de idade, metade de cada suplementação foi tratada com uma dose diária de anfetamina (4mg/Kg, ip) ou solução salina (controle), durante 14 dias, quando foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais e avaliações bioquímicas no córtex, estriado e hipocampo. A suplementação com GVH favoreceu a incorporação de AGT nas três estruturas cerebrais descritas, aumentou a atividade locomotora induzida por ANF e aumentou os danos oxidativos. Já a suplementação com OP permitiu um aumento da porcentagem de DHA, diminuindo a razão AGPI n6/n3 nas três regiões avaliadas, o que pode ter contribuído para uma maior fluidez das membranas neurais e menor incidência de danos oxidativos. Ratos machos adultos da 2ª geração foram também expostos ao modelo animal de mania induzido por anfetamina, sendo porém separados em dois experimentos distintos: no primeiro experimento, além de avaliações comportamentais relacionadas à memória, marcadores do status oxidativo e análises moleculares foram feitas no hipocampo, sendo observado um prejuízo destes parâmetros no grupo suplementado com GVH, enquanto o grupo OP mostrou efeitos benéficos. No segundo experimento, além do comportamento locomotor, análises bioquímicas e moleculares foram feitas no córtex, quando novamente, a suplementação com GVH mostrou efeitos deletérios. No terceiro experimento avaliamos a influência da suplementação de gordura trans em animais de 1ª e 2ª geração sobre o mesmo modelo animal de mania e a resposta farmacológica ao carbonato de lítio (droga estabilizadora do humor), quando observamos que o lítio foi capaz de reverter todos efeitos induzidos pela ANF. Tomados em conjunto, os dados apresentados nesta tese sugerem que o consumo aumentado de alimentos industrializados, os quais são ricos em grodura trans, podem estar envolvidos no aumento da incidência de doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Contrariamente, uma alimentação balanceada, a qual inclui fontes de omega-3, reduz a suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento de tais condições, em decorrência das possíveis alterações na composição fosfolipídica das membranas neurais.

Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has changed drastically in the past century in the American diet has received attention due to potential effects on chronic inflammation-related metabolic diseases. In this project, the effects of dietary PUFA content and the n-6 to n-3 ratio on inflammatory responses in the acute and chronic inflammation models were evaluated. The PUFA content was modified on a Western diet background to deliver both n-6 and n-3 intakes at the 10th and 90th percentile of the population in the United States, and models of acute and chronic inflammation were tested in mice model. The experimental PUFA diets had a modest effect on the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the acute inflammation model. A high n-6 to n-3 ratio promoted lipogenesis. In addition, high n-6 PUFA enhanced the inflammatory responses via the NF-κB pathway. In chronic inflammation model, low-grade inflammatory stress was induced by osmotic mini-pump delivery of LPS. A high n-6 intake increased glucose intolerance. On the other hand, high n-6 intake promotes cholesterol ester accumulation in both acute and chronic inflammation models.