O mosquito Aedes aegypti é vetor de doenças como a febre amarela, dengue, chinkungunya e zika. O sistema digestório é responsável pela digestão e absorção de nutrientes, é também uma interface com o ambiente externo sendo a porta de entrada de organismos infecciosos. A presença de duas lipases digestivas foi confirmada por qPCR, uma na fase larval (L-Aa7051) e outra na fase adulta (L-Aa7055). Estas enzimas foram agrupadas na família das lipases neutras e apresentam alterações em resíduos envolvidos na especificidade, domínio tampa e alça β9. A L-Aa7055 recombinante foi expressa heterologamente em Escherichia coli na porção insolúvel, com atividade após a renaturação. Observamos que a expressão da lipase L-Aa7055 sofre uma redução de 30% na infecção Plasmodium gallinaceum, não sendo afetada pelo vírus dengue sorotipo 2 (DENV2). A digestão de lipídeos é importante na fase larval, com altos níveis de transcrito. Um estudo mais aprofundado ainda será necessário para compreender completamente o papel das lipases no processo infeccioso. / The Aedes aegypti borne diseases yellow fever, dengue fever, chinkungunya and zica are important public healthy problems. The digestion and absorption of nutrients are performed in the digestive system, which is also an external environment interface that allows the infection by pathogenic microorganisms. The presence of two digestive lipases were identified by qPCR, L-Aa7051 in the larval phase and L-Aa7055 in the adult female. The lipase sequences were grouped in the neutral family, and exhibit alterations in residues involved in specificity, lid domain and β9 loop. The recombinant L-Aa7055 was expressed in the insoluble fraction, and show activity after a renaturation process. We notice that the expression levels of L-Aa7055 are reduced by 30% in the Plasmodium gallinaceum infection and were not affected by serotype 2 dengue virus (DENV2). The lipid digestion is important in the larval phase, with higher transcript levels. New studies will be necessary to the complete understanding of lipase contribution in the infectious process.

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / Lipases have been one of the important biocatalysts that catalyse the transformation of lipids to yield very important products that can be of beneficial in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical medicine and for the biodiesel production. In the search for novel biocatalysts, notably lipases, the conventional culture-based techniques were used but it can only address sourcing the biomolecule from 1-10% of the microbial population leaving the wealth of the biomolecules packed in 90-99% of the microbial community unaccounted for. Metagenomic technique, which is culture-independent, was developed as a comprehensive approach to address literally 100% of the microbial population thereby maximizing the chances of obtaining novel biocatalysts with superior physico-chemical and catalytic traits. In principle, any biomolecule including lipase could be sourced from any biologically-active environment, of which animal rumen is one. However, among the rumenant animals goat has diverse feeding habit, thereby laying ground for increased microbial diversity in its gastro-intestinal tract. It was thus, postulated that goat rumen could be potential source of novel lipase isoforms. Therefore, the aim of the study was to extract metagenomic DNA from goat rumen and construct a metagenomic fosmid library and screen the library for lipase isoforms. The fosmid clones were functionally screened using 1% tributyrin as a substrate and five positive clones were selected. From the five clones, two fosmids were selected for further study. Following nucleotide sequencing and in-silico analysis of the insert of the two selected clones, one lipase encoding open reading frame (Lip-VUT3 and Lip-VUT5) from each fosmid clones of approximately 212 and 248 amino acids, respectively, was identified. The amino acid sequences of the Lip-VUT3 ORF contained a classical conserved lipase GSDL sequence motif while the amino acid sequences of the Lip-VUT5 ORF contained a classical G-L-S-L-G conserved lipase/esterase motif sequence. The two genes (Lip-VUT3 and Lip-VUT5) were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the purified enzymes exhibited respective temperature optima of 60 °C and 70 °C, and respective pH optima of 6.0 and 10.0. Further biochemical characterisation indicated that Lip-VUT3 and Lip-VUT5 lipases showed tolerance towards a wide concentration (50%-100%) of methanol. Lip-VUT3 had a Km value of 0.287 mM while Lip-VUT5 had a Km value of 0.556 Mm. This shows that Lip-VUT3 lipase has a higher affinity for olive oil than Lip-VUT5. Lip-VUT3 and Lip-VUT5 were characterised to be true lipases that have been recovered from the rumen environment through metagenomic approach. Therefore, the study proved that metagenomic approach helps in recovering novel lipase isoforms with potential down stream industrial and therapeautic applications from goat rumen metagenome, a rich but untapped source.

Purification of lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (from both a washed cell suspension and crude culture supernatant as the enzyme source) was performed utilizing affinity chromatography. Affinity chromatography was carried out using n-dodecylamine bound to Sepharose 4B. Chromatography of the concentrated crude culture supernatant resulted in a 65 to 95 fold purification with 5.8% recovery. Washed cells collected from a ten hour culture suspended in water also produced enzyme. Activity of the washed cell suspension supernatant was found to be 4.5 fold higher than the activity of the culture supernatant. A thirty percent recovery was obtained using the washed cell suspension supernatant. The washed cell suspension provides a cleaner preparation for use with the dodecylamine-agarose chromatography in purifying the enzyme.

Background: Manufacturers continue to look for methods to save time in aging cheese. Complex reactions occur during cheese ripening that produce characteristic flavors and aromas. The addition of exogenous lipase enzymes is one accelerated ripening method that has been studied. Our objective was to document and compare the flavor profiles of cheddar cheeses created with either microbial lipase or animal lipase. Materials and Methods: The experiment followed a conventional formulation to create experimental batches of cheddar cheese. Kid goat lipase and three microbial lipase treatments were compared against a control. Other animal lipases were evaluated in preliminary research but were omitted in the final experiment due to bitter and unfavorable flavor development. Objective cheese parameters evaluated were texture, moisture, volatile, and free fatty acid (FFA) analysis. We observed subjective sensory properties through quantitative descriptive analysis. Results: The results of the current study showed that the addition of exogenous lipases caused minimal changes in cheese moisture and a reduction in firmness in cheese samples. Various levels of microbial and animal lipase in Cheddar cheese showed significant differences in the FFA profile of the aged cheese. Microbial lipases tended to liberate more medium and long-chain fatty acids while animal lipases tended to liberate more short-chain fatty acids. Mucor javanicus lipase was an exception among microbial lipases and liberated relatively greater amounts of short-chain fatty acids. The addition of exogenous lipase had significant impacts on cheese volatiles. Acetic acid levels decreased in the lipase-treated samples and there were changes in odd-numbered FFA. In terms of sensory analysis, the lipase-treated cheeses showed an increase in FFA flavor notes. Conclusions: If a microbial lipase were to replace kid goat lipase in the production of Cheddar cheese, the results of the current study show that Mucor javanicus microbial lipase would result in the closest free fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics to that of kid goat gastric lipase. Future studies could investigate the addition of animal lipases in cheese that traditionally makes use of exogenous lipases, such as Blue cheese, Emmental Parmesan, Romano, Provolone, and Feta cheeses.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo a preparação e caracterização de membranas de polissulfona (PSU) e a imobilização da enzima lipase nestes filmes, para a produção de membranas enantiosseletivas, visando utilização futura em separação de misturas quirais. Membranas de PSU foram preparadas pelo processo de inversão de fase, utilizando clorofórmio como solvente e água como agente coagulante para a inversão. Foram preparadas membranas com diferentes espessuras e os seguintes parâmetros para a inversão de fase foram definidos: concentração das soluções, tempo de evaporação do solvente, secagem e tratamento térmico. As membranas foram caracterizadas, visando a utilização em processo de eletrodiálise (ED) e imobilização da enzima lipase PS. Para a imobilização foi utilizado o glutaraldeído como agente bifuncional para ligação da enzima ao polímero. Na imobilização foram determinados os parâmetros cinéticos velocidade máxima (Vmáx) e constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km), a quantidade de enzima imobilizada nas membranas pelo método de Bradford e a atividade da enzima livre e imobilizada através da hidrólise do acetato de p-nitrofenila (PNPA). As membranas de PSU preparadas por inversão são hidrofóbicas, e apresentaram características de permesseletividade e capacidade de troca iônica inferiores às apresentadas pelas membranas comerciais Selemion®; CMT e CMV e resistência elétrica superior à destas membranas. O diâmetro dos poros nas membranas é menor que 100 nm. . A quantidade máxima de enzima imobilizada foi de 2,35 mg .g-1 de polímero em 18 horas de imobilização com um rendimento de 61,2%. A atividade da enzima decai após a imobilização, de 14780 U.g-1 (enzima livre) para 1184 U.g-1 (enzima imobilizada). / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T17:21:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jadison Fabricio de Souza.pdf: 3168334 bytes, checksum: ec62af877268ce2e7d357db5c8c5e372 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T17:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jadison Fabricio de Souza.pdf: 3168334 bytes, checksum: ec62af877268ce2e7d357db5c8c5e372 (MD5) / Preparation and characterization of polysulfone (PSU) membranes and the immobilization of lipase enzyme in these membranes to produce enantioselective membranes, in order to separate chiral compounds, is the subject of the present work. PSU membranes were prepared by phase inversion, using chloroform as solvent and water as nonsolvent. Membranes with different thickness were prepared and phase inversion parameters such as (solution concentrations, solvent evaporation time, drying and thermal treatment) were investigated. Membranes were characterized, in order to use them in electrodialysis process (ED) and in the lipase PS enzyme immobilization. For immobilization, bifunctional agent glutaraldehyde was used to link the enzyme to the polymer. On immobilization, the kinetic constants (Km e Vmax), the amount of immobilized enzyme with Bradford method and the activity of free and immobilized enzyme with p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) hydrolysis, were determined. PSU membranes prepared by phase inversion are hydrophobic and, when compared with Selemion®; CMT and CMV commercial membranes, present lower permeselectivity, lower ion exchange capability and higher resistance. Membranes pore diameter is lower than 100 nm. The maximum amount of immobilized enzyme in the membranes reached 2.35 mg per gram of polymer after 18 hours of immobilization with a 61,2% yield . Enzyme activity decays after immobilization , from 14780 U.g-1 (free enzyme) to 1184 U.g-1 (immobilized enzyme).

Este trabalho teve por objetivo a preparação e caracterização de membranas de polissulfona (PSU) e a imobilização da enzima lipase nestes filmes, para a produção de membranas enantiosseletivas, visando utilização futura em separação de misturas quirais. Membranas de PSU foram preparadas pelo processo de inversão de fase, utilizando clorofórmio como solvente e água como agente coagulante para a inversão. Foram preparadas membranas com diferentes espessuras e os seguintes parâmetros para a inversão de fase foram definidos: concentração das soluções, tempo de evaporação do solvente, secagem e tratamento térmico. As membranas foram caracterizadas, visando a utilização em processo de eletrodiálise (ED) e imobilização da enzima lipase PS. Para a imobilização foi utilizado o glutaraldeído como agente bifuncional para ligação da enzima ao polímero. Na imobilização foram determinados os parâmetros cinéticos velocidade máxima (Vmáx) e constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km), a quantidade de enzima imobilizada nas membranas pelo método de Bradford e a atividade da enzima livre e imobilizada através da hidrólise do acetato de p-nitrofenila (PNPA). As membranas de PSU preparadas por inversão são hidrofóbicas, e apresentaram características de permesseletividade e capacidade de troca iônica inferiores às apresentadas pelas membranas comerciais Selemion®; CMT e CMV e resistência elétrica superior à destas membranas. O diâmetro dos poros nas membranas é menor que 100 nm. . A quantidade máxima de enzima imobilizada foi de 2,35 mg .g-1 de polímero em 18 horas de imobilização com um rendimento de 61,2%. A atividade da enzima decai após a imobilização, de 14780 U.g-1 (enzima livre) para 1184 U.g-1 (enzima imobilizada). / Preparation and characterization of polysulfone (PSU) membranes and the immobilization of lipase enzyme in these membranes to produce enantioselective membranes, in order to separate chiral compounds, is the subject of the present work. PSU membranes were prepared by phase inversion, using chloroform as solvent and water as nonsolvent. Membranes with different thickness were prepared and phase inversion parameters such as (solution concentrations, solvent evaporation time, drying and thermal treatment) were investigated. Membranes were characterized, in order to use them in electrodialysis process (ED) and in the lipase PS enzyme immobilization. For immobilization, bifunctional agent glutaraldehyde was used to link the enzyme to the polymer. On immobilization, the kinetic constants (Km e Vmax), the amount of immobilized enzyme with Bradford method and the activity of free and immobilized enzyme with p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) hydrolysis, were determined. PSU membranes prepared by phase inversion are hydrophobic and, when compared with Selemion®; CMT and CMV commercial membranes, present lower permeselectivity, lower ion exchange capability and higher resistance. Membranes pore diameter is lower than 100 nm. The maximum amount of immobilized enzyme in the membranes reached 2.35 mg per gram of polymer after 18 hours of immobilization with a 61,2% yield . Enzyme activity decays after immobilization , from 14780 U.g-1 (free enzyme) to 1184 U.g-1 (immobilized enzyme).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luis Willerding.pdf: 1072090 bytes, checksum: 40252d9eb53ef8726b984868bb04a34a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / The biotechnology industries look for new products or in the improvement of the already existent processes with the use of the genetic available resources. The recent advancements in areas as metabolic roads and directed evolution of the protein, they indicate an exchange of the paradigm of the traditional biology to biotechnology. This work presents a selection of bacteria producer of lipase, with the objective to apply the enzyme in the Buriti oil hydrolysis. Of 440 activated bacteria, 181 isolated ones were effectively tested in medium inductors. Of this total, 75 isolated ones (41 %) showed lipase production. The enzymatic activity were tested in different temperatures (30º, 35º, 40º, 45ºC), with the enzymatic activity lessening with the increase of the temperature. To 30ºC had to peak of enzymatic activity. After 72 hours of cultivation in Petri dishes containing olive oil as substrate, the enzymatic index was valued through the relation beTween the diameter of the halo around the colony and the diameter of the colony. The isolated they were classified in different categories according to the enzymatic activity. Of isolated tested, twenty four were selected for the quantitative lipase tests and also for the affinity tests to Buriti oil in Petri dishes. After, it was possible to select six streams (INPA P-106; INPA P-108; INPA P-124; INPA P-798; INPA P-803 and INPA P-799). There were no significant differences beTween the six bacterias and they all were selected for the tests of enzymatic hydrolysis of the Buriti oil. The enzymatic hydrolysis was analysed by Response Surface Methodology. The selected bacterium (INPA P-798) presented the biggest affinity regarding the Buriti oil when were compared with others five bacterias. The profit of the hydrolysis with the precipitate enzyme (33,84 % fat acid free ) was superior to that of the purified lipase and crude extract results. The optimal activity were beTween 6,0 and 8,5 pH values above 3 hours. The extracellular lipase was purified by Sephadex G-25 gel and his kinetic analysis it presented the best activity 55ºC and pH 8,5. The lipolytic enzyme was promoted by CaCl2 and ZnSO4 that increase of the activity in 22 % and 18 %, respectively. The activity was inhibited by MgSO4 in 13%. The specific activity of the lipase purified was Vmax = 12500 μM p-NP.mL-1 e Km = 1,125 μM p-NP.min-1. The selected bacteria is a Burkholderia cepacia, a classic producer of lipase. / As indústrias biotecnológicas vêm buscando novos produtos ou realizando mehorias dos processos já existentes a partir dos recursos genéticos disponíveis. Os avanços recentes em áreas como biossíntese, rotas metabólicas e evolução dirigida de proteínas, indicam uma troca de paradigma da biologia tradicional para a biotecnológica. Esse trabalho apresenta uma seleção de bactérias produtoras de lipase visando a aplicação na hidrólise de óleo de buriti. De 440 isolados bacterianos testados, 181 foram selecionados para os testes qualitativos em placas de Petri. Desses, 75 isolados (41%) foram lipase positivos. A atividade enzimática foi analisada em diferentes temperaturas (30o, 35o, 40o e 45oC). Após 72 horas de cultivo em meio de cultura indutor contendo óleo de oliva como substrato, os índices enzimáticos foram avaliados através da relação entre o diâmetro do halo ao redor da colônia e o diâmetro da colônia. Aos 30oC houve a maior atividade enzimática, servindo assim como temperatura chave para a seleção. Os isolados foram classificados em diferentes categorias conforme a atividade enzimática e comparados com uma estirpe padrão. Assim, vinte e quatro foram selecionados para os testes quantitativos. Desses, foi possível selecionar seis isolados bacterianos (INPA P-106; INPA P-108; INPA P-124; INPA P-798; INPA P-803 e INPA P-799). Não houve diferenças significativas entre esses seis e todos foram selecionados para os testes de hidrólise enzimática do óleo de buriti. A bactéria selecionada (INPA P-798) apresentou a melhor afinidade ao óleo de buriti e o seu rendimento com a enzima precipitada (em % de ácidos graxos liberados) foi superior ao da sua lipase purificada e do seu extrato bruto. A enzima purificada apresentou atividade ótima a 55ºC e em pH 8,5. O CaCl2 e ZnSO4 promoveram o aumento da atividade em 22% e 18%, respectivamente, e o MgSO4 reduziu a atividade em 13%. Nos ensaios com diferentes concentrações de substrato, a enzima obteve um valor de Vmax = 12500 μM p-NP.mL-1 e Km = 1,125 μM p- NP.min-1. Das seis bactérias selecionadas, quatro pertecem ao gênero Burkholderia, uma ao gênero Klebsiella e uma não foi identificada ao nível de espécie. A bactéria selecionada (INPA P-798) pertence à espécie Burkholderia cepacia , uma clássica produtora de lipase.

Résumé: La subérine, un polymère lipidique et complexe des plantes est retrouvé dans divers tissus dont le périderme de la pomme de terre. Le processus biologique de sa dégradation reste encore peu connu et est attribué aux champignons. Des échantillons de sol provenant d'un champ de pommes de terre ont été inoculés dans un milieu de culture contenant de la subérine comme source de carbone. Une approche métaprotéomique a été utilisée pour identifier les populations bactériennes qui se développent en présence de la subérine sur une période d'incubation de 60 jours. Le nombre de spectres normalisé (NSpC) des protéines extracellulaires produites par la communauté bactérienne du sol ont considérablement diminué du jour 5 au jour 20, puis ont augmenté lentement, révélant une succession de bactéries, où la population des bactéries du genre Pseudomonas à croissance rapide a diminué et a été remplacée par d’autres espèces bactériennes qui pouvaient se développer en présence de la subérine. La récalcitrance de la subérine a été démontrée par l'émergence de bactéries auxotrophes telles qu’Oscillatoria dans les derniers jours de la culture bactérienne. Néanmoins, l'identification de deux lipases dans le surnageant de la culture suggère qu'au moins certaines espèces bactériennes peuvent dégrader la subérine. Une des lipases (I4WGM2) a été associée à Rhodanobacter thiooxydans. Lorsque cultivée dans un milieu contenant de la subérine, la souche de R. thiooxidans LCS2 a produit trois lipases, dont I4WGM2. R. thiooxidans LCS2 a également produit d'autres protéines liées au métabolisme des lipides, des transporteurs de chaines d’acide gras et les enzymes de la [béta]-oxydation. Ceci suggère que R. thiooxydans pourrait participer à la dégradation de la subérine. / Abstract: Suberin is a complex lipidic plant polymer found in various tissues including potato periderm. The biological degradation process of suberin is poorly characterized and is attributed to fungi. Soil samples from a potato field were used to inoculate a culture medium containing suberin as carbon source and a metaproteomics approach was used to identify bacterial populations that develop in the presence of suberin, over a 60-day incubation period. The normalized spectral counts of predicted extracellular proteins produced by the soil bacterial community drastically decreased from day 5 to day 20 and then slowly increased, revealing a succession of bacteria. The population of fast-growing pseudomonads declined and was replaced by species that could develop in the presence of suberin. The recalcitrance of suberin was demonstrated by the emergence of auxotrophic bacteria such as Oscillatoria in the last days of the assay. Nevertheless, the identification of two putative lipases in the culture supernatants suggests that at least some bacterial species could degrade suberin. One of the lipases (I4WGM2) was associated with Rhodanobacter thiooxydans. When grown in a suberin-containing medium, R. thiooxydans strain LCS2 produced three lipases, including I4WGM2. This strain also produced other proteins linked to lipid metabolism, including fatty acid and lipid transporters and [beta]-oxidation enzymes, suggesting that R. thiooxydans could participate in suberin degradation.

Le biodiesel, considéré comme une solution pour remplacer le pétrodiesel est un sujet de recherche mondial. Un des principaux problèmes associés au développement industriel du biodiesel est la source de matière première ainsi que le procédé de transformation. Ainsi, la présente étude a pour but de trouver une source de matière première durable pour la production industrielle de biodiesel et de déterminer le procédé de transformation de la matière première, le plus approprié, ainsi que les meilleures conditions opératoires. Durant la première étape de ce projet, une source de matière première durable a été sélectionnée : les microalgues. Le procédé de transformation étudié est la transestérification enzymatique. L’huile d’olive, huile ayant une composition en acides gras similaires à celle de l’huile de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoides, a été choisie pour effectuer les réactions. Pendant la deuxième étape, le procédé de standardisation de la réaction (bioréacteur de 5 mL) consistait à faire varier : le type de catalyseur (lipases de Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) et de Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL I150)), la concentration du catalyseur (7 à 14 % m/mhuile), la température de réaction (25 à 50 °C) et le ratio molaire alcool:huile (3:1 à 4:1) ; la vitesse d’agitation étant de 150 rpm pour toutes les réactions. Des techniques d’optimisation telle que la preincubation de l’enzyme ont été également essayées. Le rendement en esters alkyliques de la réaction de transestérification enzymatique de l’huile en fonction du temps est la variable de contrôle pour toutes les réactions. La standardisation des variables du procédé a été faite en fonction de la réduction du temps de réaction et du rendement en esters alkyliques. Un rendement élevé en esters alkyliques de 92 % (m/m) a été obtenu sous les conditions opératoires suivantes : une concentration de catalyseur (TL I150) de 7 % (m/mhuile), une température de réaction de 25 °C, un ratio molaire alcool:huile de 3:1 et un temps de réaction de 4 h ; la lipase a été preincubée pendant 6 h avant la réaction de transestérification. Le temps de réaction, un des paramètres importants lors du procédé de standardisation des variables, a été réduit de 24 à 4 h. Un autre paramètre significatif de la réaction est la température : une température de 25 °C a été utilisée; cette température de réaction est faible et rend le procédé au niveau industriel plus attrayant.

Biocatalysis is an ever evolving field that uses enzymes or microorganisms for chemical synthesis. By utilizing enzymes that generally have evolved for specific reactions under mild conditions and temperatures, biocatalysis can be a more environmentally friendly option compared to traditional chemistry. Amide-type chemistries are important and bond formation avoiding poor atom economy is of high priority in organic chemistry. Biocatalysis could potentially be a solution but restricted substrate scope is a limitation. Esterases/lipases usually display broad substrate scope and catalytic promiscuity but are poor at hydrolyzing amides compared to amidases/proteases. The difference between the two enzyme classes is hypothesized to reside in one key hydrogen bond present in amidases, which facilitates the transition state for nitrogen inversion during catalysis. In this thesis the work has been focused on introducing a stabilizing hydrogen bond acceptor in esterases, mimicking that found in amidases, to develop better enzymatic catalysts for amide-based chemistries. By two strategies, side-chain or water interaction, variants were created in three esterases that displayed up to 210-times increased relative amidase specificity compared to the wild type. The best variant displayed reduced activation enthalpy corresponding to a weak hydrogen bond. The results show an estimated lower limit on how much the hydrogen bond can be worth to catalysis. MsAcT catalyze kinetically controlled N-acylations in water. An enzymatic one-pot one-step cascade was developed for the formation of amides from aldehydes in water that gave 97% conversion. In addition, engineered variants of MsAcT with increased substrate scope could synthesize an amide in water with 81% conversion, where the wild type gave no conversion. Moreover, variants of MsAcT displayed up to 32-fold change in specificity towards amide synthesis and a switch in reaction preference favoring amide over ester synthesis. / <p>QC 20161125</p>