Vaccination is one of the major strategies available for combating viral infections in humans. However, currently available vaccines are not without pitfalls; they are laborious to produce, could potentially be unsafe, and in the case of the highly variable influenza virus need to be reformulated each season. The use of synthetic peptides thus represents an exciting alternative to traditional vaccines. However, these synthetic peptides are not highly immunogenic without the use of potent adjuvants. The lack of immunogenicity might be addressed by conjugation between T or B cell epitopes with universal or immunodominant T-helper epitopes. The construction of branched peptides, lipidated peptides, or designs combining both of these elements might also enhance the immunogenicity, as they might target Toll-like receptors and/or mimic the 3-dimensional structure of epitopes within the native protein. In this study, a recognized T-B peptide based on the hemagglutinin protein of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 influenza virus was chosen as a backbone and modified to evaluate if the construction of branched peptides, lipidation, the addition of cysteine residues, or mutations could indeed alter reactivity. Screening the different designs with various antibody binding and cellular assays revealed that combining a branched design with the addition of lipid moieties leads to a greatly enhanced activity as compared to other similar T-B diepitope constructs.

Vaccination is one of the major strategies available for combating viral infections in humans. However, currently available vaccines are not without pitfalls; they are laborious to produce, could potentially be unsafe, and in the case of the highly variable influenza virus need to be reformulated each season. The use of synthetic peptides thus represents an exciting alternative to traditional vaccines. However, these synthetic peptides are not highly immunogenic without the use of potent adjuvants. The lack of immunogenicity might be addressed by conjugation between T or B cell epitopes with universal or immunodominant T-helper epitopes. The construction of branched peptides, lipidated peptides, or designs combining both of these elements might also enhance the immunogenicity, as they might target Toll-like receptors and/or mimic the 3-dimensional structure of epitopes within the native protein. In this study, a recognized T-B peptide based on the hemagglutinin protein of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 influenza virus was chosen as a backbone and modified to evaluate if the construction of branched peptides, lipidation, the addition of cysteine residues, or mutations could indeed alter reactivity. Screening the different designs with various antibody binding and cellular assays revealed that combining a branched design with the addition of lipid moieties leads to a greatly enhanced activity as compared to other similar T-B diepitope constructs.

Vaccination is one of the major strategies available for combating viral infections in humans. However, currently available vaccines are not without pitfalls; they are laborious to produce, could potentially be unsafe, and in the case of the highly variable influenza virus need to be reformulated each season. The use of synthetic peptides thus represents an exciting alternative to traditional vaccines. However, these synthetic peptides are not highly immunogenic without the use of potent adjuvants. The lack of immunogenicity might be addressed by conjugation between T or B cell epitopes with universal or immunodominant T-helper epitopes. The construction of branched peptides, lipidated peptides, or designs combining both of these elements might also enhance the immunogenicity, as they might target Toll-like receptors and/or mimic the 3-dimensional structure of epitopes within the native protein. In this study, a recognized T-B peptide based on the hemagglutinin protein of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 influenza virus was chosen as a backbone and modified to evaluate if the construction of branched peptides, lipidation, the addition of cysteine residues, or mutations could indeed alter reactivity. Screening the different designs with various antibody binding and cellular assays revealed that combining a branched design with the addition of lipid moieties leads to a greatly enhanced activity as compared to other similar T-B diepitope constructs.

Vaccination is one of the major strategies available for combating viral infections in humans. However, currently available vaccines are not without pitfalls; they are laborious to produce, could potentially be unsafe, and in the case of the highly variable influenza virus need to be reformulated each season. The use of synthetic peptides thus represents an exciting alternative to traditional vaccines. However, these synthetic peptides are not highly immunogenic without the use of potent adjuvants. The lack of immunogenicity might be addressed by conjugation between T or B cell epitopes with universal or immunodominant T-helper epitopes. The construction of branched peptides, lipidated peptides, or designs combining both of these elements might also enhance the immunogenicity, as they might target Toll-like receptors and/or mimic the 3-dimensional structure of epitopes within the native protein. In this study, a recognized T-B peptide based on the hemagglutinin protein of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 influenza virus was chosen as a backbone and modified to evaluate if the construction of branched peptides, lipidation, the addition of cysteine residues, or mutations could indeed alter reactivity. Screening the different designs with various antibody binding and cellular assays revealed that combining a branched design with the addition of lipid moieties leads to a greatly enhanced activity as compared to other similar T-B diepitope constructs.

No / Streptococcus equi is the causative agent of strangles, a prevalent and highly contagious disease of horses. Despite the animal suffering and economic burden associated with strangles, little is known about the molecular basis of S. equi virulence. Here we have investigated the contributions of a specific lipoprotein and the general lipoprotein processing pathway to the abilities of S. equi to colonize equine epithelial tissues in vitro and to cause disease in both a mouse model and the natural host in vivo. Colonization of air interface organ cultures after they were inoculated with a mutant strain deficient in the maturase lipoprotein ( prtM138-213, with a deletion of nucleotides 138 to 213) was significantly less than that for cultures infected with wild-type S. equi strain 4047 or a mutant strain that was unable to lipidate preprolipoproteins ( lgt190-685). Moreover, mucus production was significantly greater in both wild-type-infected and lgt190-685-infected organ cultures. Both mutants were significantly attenuated compared with the wild-type strain in a mouse model of strangles, although 2 of 30 mice infected with the lgt190-685 mutant did still exhibit signs of disease. In contrast, only the prtM138-213 mutant was significantly attenuated in a pony infection study, with 0 of 5 infected ponies exhibiting pathological signs of strangles compared with 4 of 4 infected with the wild-type and 3 of 5 infected with the lgt190-685 mutant. We believe that this is the first study to evaluate the contribution of lipoproteins to the virulence of a gram-positive pathogen in its natural host. These data suggest that the PrtM lipoprotein is a potential vaccine candidate, and further investigation of its activity and its substrate(s) are warranted.

Le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est détecté dans les sérums de patients infectés sous forme de particules infectieuses lipidées de très faibles densités. Le VHC est un virus enveloppé dont l'assemblage de particules virales se produit à la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique consécutivement au clivage séquentiel de sa polyprotéine et à sa maturation en protéines structurales et non structurales. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'assemblage, d'enveloppement et de sécrétion des particules infectieuses. Dans une première étude, nous avons montré la connexion fonctionnelle entre les complexes de réplication et les sites d'assemblage. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons montré que p7 ralentissait de manière dose-dépendante le trafic ER-Golgi, conduisant à une rétention intracellulaire de la glycoprotéine virale E2. En outre, nous avons montré que le clivage du précurseur protéique E2p7 contrôle l'expression intracellulaire E2 et les niveaux de sécrétion des particules subvirales et des virions infectieux. Enfin, nous avons également mis en évidence que l'extrémité N-terminale de p7 gouverne l'infectivité spécifique des particules en coordonnant la rencontre des composants de la nucléocapside avec les glycoprotéines, mais aussi l'enveloppement de la nucléocapside. Dans une troisième étude, nous avons découvert des fonctions et des facteurs spécifiques du sérum, des cellules productrices et des séquences du VHC qui modulent la lipidation des particules virales au cours de leur assemblage et de leur sécrétion. Au total, ces différents travaux ont contribué à mieux comprendre les étapes de l'assemblage du VHC et les mécanismes modulant i) le transfert des ARN viraux des complexes de réplication vers les sites d’assemblage, ii) la rencontre des nucléocapsides et des glycoprotéines, et enfin, iii) l'acquisition de lipides par des particules virales / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is detected in the sera of infected patients as lipidated infectious particles of very-low density. HCV is an enveloped virus whose assembly of viral particles occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane following sequential cleavage of its polyprotein and its maturation as structural and non-structural viral proteins. In this work, we aimed at better understanding the mechanisms of assembly, envelopment and secretion of infectious particles. In a first study, we highlighted the functional connection between replication complexes and assembly sites. In a second study, we showed that p7 dose-dependently slows down the ER-to-Golgi traffic, leading to intracellular retention of E2 viral glycoprotein. In addition, we showed that cleavage of an E2p7 precursor protein controls E2 intracellular expression and secretion levels of subviral particles and infectious virions. Finally, we also highlighted that p7 N-terminal extremity governs the specific infectivity of the infectious particles by coordinating the encountering of the nucleocapsid components with the glycoproteins and the envelopment of the nucleocapsids. In a third study, we discovered specific functions and factors from serum, producer cells, and HCV sequences that modulate lipidation of viral particles during their assembly and secretion. Altogether, these different works contributed at better understanding the steps of HCV assembly and the mechanisms modulating i) the transfer of viral RNAs from replication complexes to assembly sites, ii) the encountering of the nucleocapsids and glycoproteins followed by virion envelopment, and finally, iii) the acquisition of lipids by viral particles

No description available.

Les protéines lipidées purifiées à partir d’extraits de pathogènes ou produites de façon recombinante ont démontré leur pouvoir immunogène. Malheureusement, ce type de protéines est généralement difficile à purifier et/ou à produire. Afin de résoudre ces difficultés, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de mettre au point un procédé de lipidation chimique d’antigènes protéiques d’intérêt vaccinal, présents naturellement sous forme lipidée mais produits de façon recombinante sous forme non lipidée. La lipidation chimique a ainsi été réalisée sur 2 protéines, à savoir rTbpB-dl provenant de N. meningitidis et rNWMN_A issue de S. aureus, par des lipopeptides synthétiques de structure minimale, Pam2CAG et Pam3CAG, ciblant respectivement les récepteurs TLR2/6 et TLR2/1. Ces lipopeptides ont été préalablement fonctionnalisés par des groupes réactifs aux fonctions thiols (maléimide ou bromoacétyle) afin de réaliser le couplage chimique. Des analyses physico-chimiques et biochimiques ont démontré que la modification des protéines antigéniques a bien été réalisée. La lipidation de rTbpB-dl et rNWMN_A par les lipopeptides a induit in vitro l’activation des cellules immunitaires murines et humaines via TLR2 et a également augmenté in vivo l’immunogénicité de ces protéines recombinantes, en présence ou non d’un adjuvant. De plus, ces protéines lipidées ont joué in vivo le rôle d’adjuvant en augmentant l’immunogénicité d'une protéine antigénique co-administrée. Notre procédé de lipidation chimique a été simple, rapide, de faible coût et répétable. Au final, ce procédé pourrait s’appliquer sur des antigènes protéiques d’intérêt vaccinal et de faible immunogénicité provenant de différents pathogènes et/ou sur des antigènes lipoprotéiques rencontrant des problèmes de production/purification. Il pourraitreprésenter un choix pertinent dans la mise au point et dans le développement de candidatsvaccins, en présence ou non d’adjuvant(s) et/ou d’autre(s) antigène(s) d’intérêt. / Lipidated proteins, purified from pathogens extracts or produced recombinantly, have demonstrated their immunogenic power. Unfortunately, this type of proteins is generally difficult to purify and/or to produce. To solve these difficulties, the objective of this thesis was to develop a process of chemical lipidation of protein antigens of vaccine interest, which are present naturally inlipidated form but produced recombinantly in non-lipidated form. The chemical lipidation was carried out on two proteins, namely rTbpB-dl from N. meningitidis and rNWMN_A from S. aureus, by minimum structure synthetic lipopeptides, Pam2CAG and Pam3CAG targeting receptors TLR2/6 and TLR2/1 respectively. These lipopeptides have been functionalized beforehand with thiolreactive groups (maleimide or bromoacetyl) for performing chemical coupling. Physicochemical and biochemical analysis have shown that the modification of the antigenic proteins has been achieved. The lipidation of rTbpB-dl and rNWMN_A by these lipopeptides induced in vitro activation of murine and human immune cells through TLR2. This lipidation also increased in vivo immunogenicity (mainly humoral) of the recombinant protein, in the presence or absence of an adjuvant. Furthermore, these lipidated proteins acted in vivo as an adjuvant by increasing immunogenicity of a co-administered antigen protein. Our process of chemical lipidation was simple, rapid, low-cost and repeatable. Taken together, this process could apply to antigens of protein nature, of vaccine interest and poorly immunogenic from different pathogens and/or to lipoprotein antigens encountering production/purification problems. It could be a relevant choice for the development of candidate vaccines, in the presence or absence of adjuvant(s) and/or other antigen(s) of interest.

Modélisations moléculaires réalisés avec le logiciel HyperChem 8. / L’effet de différentes alkylations sur l’activité biologique et la stabilité enzymatique d’un peptide linéaire L, énantiomère du modulateur allostérique des récepteurs prostaglandine F2α ont été étudiés. Dans une étude antérieure, le peptide D PDC-31 avait montré un potentiel d’inhibition des contractions du myomètre et permettait de retarder l’accouchement dans des modèles animaux et humains. Il est possible que le peptide L possède une activité semblable, mais les protéases, abondantes dans le tissu myométrial, le dégradent probablement avant qu’il ne puisse atteindre le site actif. La synthèse peptidique sur support solide suivie d’une amination réductive a permis d’obtenir différents peptides portant différentes chaines alkyle et PEG N-terminales. La protection de l’amine terminale par un groupement ortho-nitrobenzène sulfonyle suivie par une réaction de Mitsunobu a permis l’obtention d’un analogue portant une chaine farnesyle. Malgré le fait que ni l’analogue PEGylé, ni l’analogue farnesylé n’aient montrés la moindre activité, certains analogues alkylés se sont avérés actifs dans l’essai tissulaire de contractions myométriales. Le peptide L portant une chaine dodecyle s’est avéré posséder une activité statistiquement significative et reproductible. Qui plus est, l’analogue D du peptide possédant une chaine de 12 carbones s’est avéré posséder une activité inférieure à l’analogue L portant la même chaine, ce qui représente une perte d’activité significative par rapport au peptide D nonmodifié (PDC-31). / The application of hydrophobic grafts to prolong the biological activity of rapidly metabolized peptides has been explored by modification of the L-peptide of the prostaglandin F2α receptor modulator PDC-31. The all-D peptide PDC-31 has previously been shown to inhibit myometrial contractions and delay labour in various animal models as well as in humans. The L-peptide may have activity; however, proteases, which are abundant in myometrial tissue, may likely degrade the peptide before it is capable of showing activity. Solid-phase peptide synthesis followed by Nterminal modification by reductive aminations with different aldehydes provided linear aliphatic alkyl and PEG-grafted peptide analogs. Alternatively, ortho-nitrobenzensulfonylation of the peptide followed by Mitsunobu alkylation with farnesol and deprotection gave a farnesylated analog. Although the PEG and fanesylated analogs exhibited no activity, certain N-alkyl analogs exhibited inhibitory activity on myometrial contractions, with the most active analog possessing a dodecyl chain. Moreover, the N-dodecyl analog of PDC-31, exhibited lower activity than its L-counterpart in the myometrial contraction assay, and with reduced potency relative to its unmodified structure.

No description available.