Late SV40 factor (LSF) is a CP2 family transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation. In liver cancer, LSF is an oncogene, in part due to its role in upregulation of osteopontin leading to increase tumor size. As a result, LSF is a potential target for drug discovery. LSF binds the p65 subunit of the transcription factor NFkB and also the transcription factor ying yang 1 (YY1). In this thesis, I show that binding of both YY1 and p65 occurs at the ubiquitin-like domain of LSF in U2OS cell extracts. Interestingly, when phosphatase inhibitors are added during preparation of U2OS cell extracts, the binding of YY1 and p65 to LSF shifts from the ubiquitin-like domain of LSF to the DNA binding domain. The role of a yet unidentified docking protein may be responsible for this shift in binding. In an attempt to map the specific region of the LSF sequence that is involved in these interactions, I have developed a peptide identification assay which utilizes protease digestion, protein mediated peptide capture, and LC ESI-MS. Through the use of this assay, I'm confident that the sequence(s) involved in these LSF protein-protein interactions can be further defined.

No description available.

- / Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Sustained activation of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Flavonoids have been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and we investigated whether flavonoids, at submicromolar concentrations relevant to their bioavailability from the diet, were able to modulate NF-κB signalling in astrocytes. Using luciferase reporter assays, we found that tumour necrosis factor (TNFα, 150 ng/ml) increased NF-κB-mediated transcription in primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, which was abolished on co-transfection of a dominant-negative IκBα construct. In addition, TNFα increased nuclear localisation of p65 as shown by immunocytochemistry. To investigate potential flavonoid modulation of NF-κB activity, astrocytes were treated with flavonoids from different classes; flavan-3-ols ((−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin), flavones (luteolin and chrysin), a flavonol (kaempferol) or the flavanones (naringenin and hesperetin) at dietary-relevant concentrations (0.1–1 μM) for 18 h. None of the flavonoids modulated constitutive or TNFα-induced NF-κB activity. Therefore, we conclude that NF-κB signalling in astrocytes is not a major target for flavonoids.

Meduloblastoma é um câncer do sistema nervoso central, altamente invasivo, de origem embrionária, localizado no cerebelo. É mais comum em crianças e corresponde a aproximadamente 20% de todos os tumores intracranianos pediátricos. Os tratamentos mais utilizados são cirurgia e quimioterapia, sendo que a radioterapia é aplicada somente em crianças com mais de 3 anos devido aos seus efeitos colaterais. Diversos estudos têm mostrado o papel do NF-B na regulação de genes envolvidos com o processo neoplásico. NF-B é um fator de transcrição chave na regulação da resposta imune e no processo de inflamação e está envolvido na regulação da transcrição de um grande número de genes relacionados ao processo de tumorigênese, além de ser constitutivamente ativo em diversos tipos de câncer, sendo um importante potencial alvo terapêutico. O DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) é uma droga que inibe a translocação do NF-B do citoplasma para o núcleo, inibindo assim a sua atuação como ativador transcricional. Vários trabalhos tem mostrado os efeitos antineoplásicos do DHMEQ em inúmeros tipos tumorais, entretanto, não há trabalhos que evidenciem esses efeitos em meduloblastoma. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos dessa droga nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76 de meduloblastoma pediátrico através de estudos funcionais e moleculares. Os resultados de proliferação demostraram uma significativa diminuição do crescimento celular nas linhagens de meduloblastoma, inibindo cerca de 80, 70 e 60% nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76, respectivamente, na dose de 20 g/mL, e apresentou um IC50 de 10g/mL em 48h para as linhagens UW402 e UW473 e em 72h na linhagem ONS-76. Adicionalmente, elevou o nível de apoptose para 50, 17 e 31% nessas linhagens, respectivamente, inibiu fortemente a capacidade clonogênica, a migração e a invasão celular nas três linhagens e foi sinérgico na combinação com outros quimioterápicos em grande parte dos pontos de combinação, além de radiossensibilizar fortemente as três linhagens. Os resultados são congruentes com o potencial efeito antitumoral de DHMEQ. / Medulloblastoma is a cancer of the central nervous system, highly invasive, of embryonic origin, located in the cerebellum. It is more common among children and accounts for approximately 20% of all pediatric intracranial tumors. The most common treatments are surgery and chemotherapy, and radiotherapy is only to children older than 3 years old due to its side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the role of NF-B in the regulation of genes involved in the neoplastic process. NF-B is a key transcription factor in the regulation of immune response and inflammation process, and it is involved in the transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes related to the tumorigenesis process, and constitutively active in many types of cancer, being an important potential therapeutic target. DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) is a drug that inhibits the translocation of NF-B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thus inhibiting its activity as a transcriptional activator. Several studies have shown the antineoplastic effects of DHMEQ in numerous tumor types, however, there is no surveys that have tested their effects in medulloblastoma. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug in UW402, UW473 and ONS-76 pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines through functional and molecular studies. The proliferation test results demonstrated a significant decrease in the cell growth in the medulloblastoma cell lines, inhibiting approximately 80, 70 and 60% for UW402, UW473 and ONS-76, respectively, at a dose of 20g/mL, and showed an IC50 of 10g/mL at 48h for UW402 and UW473 and at 72h in ONS-76. Additionally, increased the level of apoptosis to 50, 17 and 31% in these cell lines, respectively, strongly inhibited the clonogenic capacity, the migration and cell invasion in the three lines and it was synergistic in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in most combination points, and radiosensitization strongly the three cell lines. The results are congruent with the potential antitumor effect of DHMEQ.

Meduloblastoma é um câncer do sistema nervoso central, altamente invasivo, de origem embrionária, localizado no cerebelo. É mais comum em crianças e corresponde a aproximadamente 20% de todos os tumores intracranianos pediátricos. Os tratamentos mais utilizados são cirurgia e quimioterapia, sendo que a radioterapia é aplicada somente em crianças com mais de 3 anos devido aos seus efeitos colaterais. Diversos estudos têm mostrado o papel do NF-B na regulação de genes envolvidos com o processo neoplásico. NF-B é um fator de transcrição chave na regulação da resposta imune e no processo de inflamação e está envolvido na regulação da transcrição de um grande número de genes relacionados ao processo de tumorigênese, além de ser constitutivamente ativo em diversos tipos de câncer, sendo um importante potencial alvo terapêutico. O DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) é uma droga que inibe a translocação do NF-B do citoplasma para o núcleo, inibindo assim a sua atuação como ativador transcricional. Vários trabalhos tem mostrado os efeitos antineoplásicos do DHMEQ em inúmeros tipos tumorais, entretanto, não há trabalhos que evidenciem esses efeitos em meduloblastoma. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos dessa droga nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76 de meduloblastoma pediátrico através de estudos funcionais e moleculares. Os resultados de proliferação demostraram uma significativa diminuição do crescimento celular nas linhagens de meduloblastoma, inibindo cerca de 80, 70 e 60% nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76, respectivamente, na dose de 20 g/mL, e apresentou um IC50 de 10g/mL em 48h para as linhagens UW402 e UW473 e em 72h na linhagem ONS-76. Adicionalmente, elevou o nível de apoptose para 50, 17 e 31% nessas linhagens, respectivamente, inibiu fortemente a capacidade clonogênica, a migração e a invasão celular nas três linhagens e foi sinérgico na combinação com outros quimioterápicos em grande parte dos pontos de combinação, além de radiossensibilizar fortemente as três linhagens. Os resultados são congruentes com o potencial efeito antitumoral de DHMEQ. / Medulloblastoma is a cancer of the central nervous system, highly invasive, of embryonic origin, located in the cerebellum. It is more common among children and accounts for approximately 20% of all pediatric intracranial tumors. The most common treatments are surgery and chemotherapy, and radiotherapy is only to children older than 3 years old due to its side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the role of NF-B in the regulation of genes involved in the neoplastic process. NF-B is a key transcription factor in the regulation of immune response and inflammation process, and it is involved in the transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes related to the tumorigenesis process, and constitutively active in many types of cancer, being an important potential therapeutic target. DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) is a drug that inhibits the translocation of NF-B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thus inhibiting its activity as a transcriptional activator. Several studies have shown the antineoplastic effects of DHMEQ in numerous tumor types, however, there is no surveys that have tested their effects in medulloblastoma. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug in UW402, UW473 and ONS-76 pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines through functional and molecular studies. The proliferation test results demonstrated a significant decrease in the cell growth in the medulloblastoma cell lines, inhibiting approximately 80, 70 and 60% for UW402, UW473 and ONS-76, respectively, at a dose of 20g/mL, and showed an IC50 of 10g/mL at 48h for UW402 and UW473 and at 72h in ONS-76. Additionally, increased the level of apoptosis to 50, 17 and 31% in these cell lines, respectively, strongly inhibited the clonogenic capacity, the migration and cell invasion in the three lines and it was synergistic in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in most combination points, and radiosensitization strongly the three cell lines. The results are congruent with the potential antitumor effect of DHMEQ.

No description available.

No description available.

Bakterielle Infektionen aktivieren den Transkriptionsfaktor NF-κB. Dies trägt sowohl zur Immunantwort, als auch zum Überleben der Wirtszellen bei. In Infektionen mit dem Bakterium Helicobacter pylori stellt diese doppelte Funktion einen mechanistischen Link zwischen der chronischen Entzündung und der Krebsentstehung dar. Für das intrazelluläre Bakterium Legionella pneumophila ist das Überleben der Wirtszelle notwendig für die Vermehrung. Bisher sind jedoch bei beiden Infektionen die Signalwege, die zur NF-κB-Aktivierung führen, nicht ausreichend untersucht. Um NF-κB analysieren zu können, wurden hier monoklonale Zelllinien hergestellt, die ein Fusionsprotein der NF-κB-Untereinheit p65 mit GFP stabil exprimieren. Die Kerntranslokation von p65-GFP kann mit Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie visualisiert und mit automatischer Bildanalyse quantifiziert werden. Mit dieser Methode konnte zum ersten Mal eine durch ein Bakterium induzierte Oszillation von p65-GFP gezeigt werden. In einem RNAi-basierten Hochdurchsatzscreen wurde diese Methode eingesetzt um neue Faktoren im NF-κB-Signalweg zu identifizieren. Dabei wurde die Infektion mit H. pylori mit den Induktoren TNFα und IL-1β verglichen. Insgesamt wurden 24 Regulatoren identifiziert. Die Identifikation dieser Faktoren vertieft nicht nur unser Verständnis des NF-κB-Signalweges, sondern bietet auch neue molekulare Ziele für mögliche zukünftige Therapien. Bei der detaillierten Analyse der L. pneumophila-induzierten NF-κB-Aktivierung konnte ein einzigartiger, zwei-phasiger Ablauf gezeigt werden. Zunächst verursachte bakterielles Flagellin eine starke, aber kurze Aktivierung. Später war p65 dauerhaft über Stunden im Kern lokalisiert, was eng an die Replikation der Bakterien gekoppelt war. Da die kontinuierliche Kernlokalisation für Transkriptionsfaktoren der NF-κB Familie sehr ungewöhnlich ist, könnte dies ein Hinweis für eine Manipulation durch das Bakterium sein, um das Überleben der Wirtszelle zu sichern. / Infection with pathogens leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. This contributes both to the immune response as well as survival of host cells. In infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, this dual function provides a mechanistic link between the chronic inflammation and cancer development. In infection with the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila, the survival oft he host cell is necessary for replication. However, in both infections, the signaling pathways leading to NF-κB activation are not well understood. Here, in order to investigate NF-κB activation, monoclonal cell lines were generated that stably express the NF-κB subunit p65 fused to GFP. Nuclear translocation of p65-GFP can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by software-based picture analysis. Using this technology, oscillations of p65-GFP nuclear translocation could be shown after H. pylori infection. To identify new factors important for NF-κB activation, the new assay was used to conduct an RNAi-based screen. In the screen, infection with H. pylori was compared to induction with the cytokines TNFα and IL-1β. In total, 24 key regulators for NF-κB were identified. The identification of these factors broadens our understanding of NF-κB signaling and could provide targets for future therapies. Finally, detailed observation of NF-κB activation induced by L. pneumophila in single cells revealed a unique, biphasic NF-κB activation. During the first hours, bacterial flagellin induced strong but transient activation. Then, p65 translocated continuously to the nucleus over hours without oscillation. Testing an array of bacterial mutants, a tight link between bacterial replication and continuous NF-κB activation could be shown. Because this continuous nuclear localization is very unusual for a transcription factor of the NF-κB family, this indicates that L. pneumophila could manipulate NF-κB to ensure host cell survival.

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) is a mediator of the fibrotic response through activation of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts to hypersynthetic myofibroblasts. Scleraxis (Scx) is a pro-fibrotic transcription factor that is induced by TGFβ1-3 and works synergistically with Smads to promote collagen expression. Ski is a negative regulator of TGFβ/Smad signaling through its interactions with Smad proteins at the promoter region of TGFβ regulated genes. To date, no studies have examined the direct DNA:protein transcriptional mechanisms that regulate Scx expression by TGFβ1-3 or Ski, nor the mechanisms that govern Ski expression by Scx. We hypothesize that Ski and Scx regulate one another, and form a negative feedback loop that represses gene expression and is a central regulator of the fibrotic response in cardiac myofibroblasts. Primary adult rat cardiac myofibroblasts were isolated via retrograde Langendorff perfusion. First passage (P1) cells were infected with adenovirus encoding HA-Ski, HA-Scx, or LacZ at the time of plating. Twenty-four hours later, cells were harvested for Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and electrophoretic gel shift assays (EMSA). NIH-3T3 or Cos7 cells were transfected with equal quantities of plasmid DNA for 24 hours prior to harvesting for luciferase, qPCR, and EMSA analysis. Ski overexpression in P1 myofibroblasts resulted in a reduction in both Scx mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of Scx had no effect on Ski expression. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that Scx was induced by TGFβ1 treatment in a concentration dependent manner. However, ectopic Smad2/3 expression was unable to transactivate the Scx promoter in a luciferase reporter assay. Inhibition of p44/42-MAPK signaling modestly counteracted the effect of TGFβ1 on Scx expression. Scx had no effect on Ski promoter expression, however, both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and p65 expression repressed the Ski promoter and correlated with reduced Ski mRNA levels. We conclude that Ski is a repressor of Scx and that Scx expression is partially mediated through a Smad-independent, p44/42-MAPK pathway in cardiac myofibroblasts. Furthermore, this study proposes a role for TNFα/p65 NF-κΒ signaling in the regulation of Ski gene expression in the cardiac myofibroblast. / October 2016

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.