Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-85).

- / -

A compreensão da fisiologia e dos mecanismos moleculares da sepse tem sido foco de muitos estudos. As infecções severas, como a sepse, são responsáveis por 10% do total de mortes registradas em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo em todo o mundo. O desfecho da sepse ocorre devido a influência de fatores ambientais e genéticos, cuja expressão de variantes genéticas suportam ou não este desfecho. Muitos mecanismos estão envolvidos na sepse, incluindo a liberação de citocinas e a ativação de neutrófilos, de monócitos e de células endoteliais. Há associação entre superprodução de óxido nítrico, produção excessiva de radicais livres, depleção de antioxidantes, e déficit energético celular. Enzimas antioxidantes endógenas como a Superóxido Dismutase, a Glutationa Peroxidase e a Catalase protegem a célula do dano oxidativo. A enzima superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês é um potente antioxidante intracelular codificada por um gene (SOD2; 6q25-2) que tem sua expressão induzida por mediadores inflamatórios tais como interleucina 1, interleucina 4, interleucina 6, Fator de Necrose Tumoral – α, lipopolisacarídeos. O gene SOD2 apresenta um polimorfismo de mutação de base C47T no exon 2, o qual resulta na substituição do resíduo 16 (Ala16Val) pertencente ao peptídeo sinal da proteína. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito diferencial das variantes - 9Ala e -9Val da superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês sobre as células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano (in vitro) durante um processo infeccioso (induzido por lipopolisacarídeos), investigando sua implicação: (I) na produção de Espécies Reativas; (II) na atividade e imuno-conteúdo da Superóxido Dismutase dependente de Manganês; (III) na atividade e imuno- conteúdo da Catalase; (IV) na atividade e imunoconteúdo da Glutationa Peroxidase; (V) na produção de nitrotirosina; (VI) na produção de nitrito/nitrato; (VII) na liberação de Fator de Necrose Tumoral - α; (VIII) na produção de Carboximetil-lisina; (IX) dienos conjugados; (X) no imuno-conteúdo da Poli (ADP ribose) Polimerase; (XI) no imuno-conteúdo do Receptor de Produtos Avançados de Glicação; (XII) no imuno-conteúdo da Proteína de Choque Térmico; (XIII) no imuno-conteúdo do Fator Nuclear κB; (XIV) no dano ao DNA celular; (XV) na determinação das defesas antioxidantes totais não enzimáticas. Os resultados demonstraram que o polimorfismo Ala-9Val participa na regulação do ambiente redox celular, e que o alelo 47C permite que as células no estado basal (sem lipopolisacarídeos) respondam com mais eficiência ao estresse oxidativo celular. Este alelo apesar de produzir mais espécies reativas também aumenta o mecanismo de defesa antioxidante. Porém, quando em uma doença que produza estresse oxidativo, no caso a sepse, o alelo 47C torna o ambiente intracelular pró-oxidativo podendo agravar a condição celular. Em suma, os dados aqui apresentados sugerem que o polimorfismo Ala-9Val é um alvo promissor para novos estudos com o objetivo de usar marcadores genéticos para direcionar a terapia necessária para cada paciente. / The understanding of the physiology and of molecular mechanisms of sepsis has been focus of many studies. The severe infections, as the sepsis, are responsible for 10% of total of deaths registered in Intensive Care Units all over the world. The outcome of sepsis happens due to influence of environmental and genetic factors, whose the expression of genetic variants supports or not this outcome. Many mechanisms are involved in sepsis, including the cytokines liberation and the neutrophils activation, of monocytes and of endothelial cells. There is association among overproduction of nitric oxide, excessive production of free radicals, depletion of antioxidants, and cellular energy deficit. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes as Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase protect the cell of oxidative damage. The manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme it is a potent antioxidant intracellular codified by a gene (SOD2; 6q25-2) that has her expression induced by the inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor – α, lipopolysaccharide. The SOD2 gene presents a single-nucleotide polymorphism C47T in the exon 2, which results in the substitution of the residue 16 (Ala16 Val) belonging to the signal peptide of the protein. The aim of this work was to study the differential effect of the variants -9Ala and -9Val of manganese superoxide dismutase on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclears Cells human (in vitro) during an infectious process (induced by lipopolysaccharide), investigating her implication: (I) in the production of Reactive Species; (II) in the activity and immunocontent of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase; (III) in the activity and immunocontent of Catalase; (IV) in the activity and immunocontent of Glutathione Peroxidase; (V) in the nitrotyrosine production; (VI) in the nitrite/nitrate production; (VII) in the production of tumor necrosis factor - α; (VIII) in the production of carboxymethyl lysine; (IX) conjugated dienos; (X) in the immunocontent of the Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase; (XI) in the immunocontent of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts; (XII) in the immunocontent of Heat Shock Protein; (XIII) in the immunocontent of the Nuclear Factor kappa B; (XIV) in the damage to cellular DNA; (XV) in the determination of the non-enzymatic antioxidant cellular defenses. The results demonstrated that the polymorphism Ala-9Val it participates in the regulation of the cellular redox environment, and that the 47C allele allows that the cells in the basal state (without lipopolysaccharide) they answer with more efficiency to the stress oxidative cellular. This allele in spite of producing more RS also increases the mechanism of antioxidant defense. However when in a disease that produces oxidative stress, in the case the sepsis, the 47C allele turns intracellular environmental pro-oxidative could worsen the cellular condition. In summary, the data presented here suggest that the polymorphism Ala- 9Val is a promising target for new studies with the goal of using genetic markers to guide therapy required for each patient.

abstract: Cardiovascular disease has reached epidemic proportions resulting in its ranking as the number one cause of mortality in the Western world. A key player in the pathophysiology of vascular disease is oxidative stress due to free radical accumulation. This intervention study was conducted to evaluate any potential mediation of oxidative stress using a soil-derived organometallic compound (OMC) with suspected antioxidant properties. A 10-week study was conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 42) fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) consisting of 60% kcal from fat or a standard Chow diet containing only 6% kcals from fat. Rats from each diet group were then subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 6-10 each) that received 0.0 mg/mL, 0.6 mg/mL or 3.0 mg/mL OMC. Neither the diet nor OMC significantly changed protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in isolated aortas. Plasma levels of the inflammatory marker, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were below detection after the 10-week trial. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger of the free radical, superoxide, was not significantly different following HFD although levels of SOD were significantly higher in Chow rats treated with 0.6 mg/mL OMC compared to HFD rats treated with the same dose (p < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were significantly increased following 10 weeks of high fat intake (p < 0.05). This increase in endotoxicity was prevented by the high dose of OMC. HFD significantly increased fasting serum glucose levels at both 6 weeks (p < 0.001) and 10 weeks (p < 0.025) compared to Chow controls. The high dose of OMC significantly prevented the hyperglycemic effects of the HFD in rats at 10 weeks (p = 0.021). HFD-fed rats developed hyperinsulinemia after 10 weeks of feeding (p = 0.009), which was not prevented by OMC. The results of this study indicate that OMC may be an effective strategy to help manage diet-induced hyperglycemia and endotoxemia. However, further research is needed to determine the mechanism by which OMC helps prevent hyperglycemia as measures of inflammation (TNFα) and vascular damage (iNOS) were inconclusive. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2018

A compreensão da fisiologia e dos mecanismos moleculares da sepse tem sido foco de muitos estudos. As infecções severas, como a sepse, são responsáveis por 10% do total de mortes registradas em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo em todo o mundo. O desfecho da sepse ocorre devido a influência de fatores ambientais e genéticos, cuja expressão de variantes genéticas suportam ou não este desfecho. Muitos mecanismos estão envolvidos na sepse, incluindo a liberação de citocinas e a ativação de neutrófilos, de monócitos e de células endoteliais. Há associação entre superprodução de óxido nítrico, produção excessiva de radicais livres, depleção de antioxidantes, e déficit energético celular. Enzimas antioxidantes endógenas como a Superóxido Dismutase, a Glutationa Peroxidase e a Catalase protegem a célula do dano oxidativo. A enzima superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês é um potente antioxidante intracelular codificada por um gene (SOD2; 6q25-2) que tem sua expressão induzida por mediadores inflamatórios tais como interleucina 1, interleucina 4, interleucina 6, Fator de Necrose Tumoral – α, lipopolisacarídeos. O gene SOD2 apresenta um polimorfismo de mutação de base C47T no exon 2, o qual resulta na substituição do resíduo 16 (Ala16Val) pertencente ao peptídeo sinal da proteína. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito diferencial das variantes - 9Ala e -9Val da superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês sobre as células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano (in vitro) durante um processo infeccioso (induzido por lipopolisacarídeos), investigando sua implicação: (I) na produção de Espécies Reativas; (II) na atividade e imuno-conteúdo da Superóxido Dismutase dependente de Manganês; (III) na atividade e imuno- conteúdo da Catalase; (IV) na atividade e imunoconteúdo da Glutationa Peroxidase; (V) na produção de nitrotirosina; (VI) na produção de nitrito/nitrato; (VII) na liberação de Fator de Necrose Tumoral - α; (VIII) na produção de Carboximetil-lisina; (IX) dienos conjugados; (X) no imuno-conteúdo da Poli (ADP ribose) Polimerase; (XI) no imuno-conteúdo do Receptor de Produtos Avançados de Glicação; (XII) no imuno-conteúdo da Proteína de Choque Térmico; (XIII) no imuno-conteúdo do Fator Nuclear κB; (XIV) no dano ao DNA celular; (XV) na determinação das defesas antioxidantes totais não enzimáticas. Os resultados demonstraram que o polimorfismo Ala-9Val participa na regulação do ambiente redox celular, e que o alelo 47C permite que as células no estado basal (sem lipopolisacarídeos) respondam com mais eficiência ao estresse oxidativo celular. Este alelo apesar de produzir mais espécies reativas também aumenta o mecanismo de defesa antioxidante. Porém, quando em uma doença que produza estresse oxidativo, no caso a sepse, o alelo 47C torna o ambiente intracelular pró-oxidativo podendo agravar a condição celular. Em suma, os dados aqui apresentados sugerem que o polimorfismo Ala-9Val é um alvo promissor para novos estudos com o objetivo de usar marcadores genéticos para direcionar a terapia necessária para cada paciente. / The understanding of the physiology and of molecular mechanisms of sepsis has been focus of many studies. The severe infections, as the sepsis, are responsible for 10% of total of deaths registered in Intensive Care Units all over the world. The outcome of sepsis happens due to influence of environmental and genetic factors, whose the expression of genetic variants supports or not this outcome. Many mechanisms are involved in sepsis, including the cytokines liberation and the neutrophils activation, of monocytes and of endothelial cells. There is association among overproduction of nitric oxide, excessive production of free radicals, depletion of antioxidants, and cellular energy deficit. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes as Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase protect the cell of oxidative damage. The manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme it is a potent antioxidant intracellular codified by a gene (SOD2; 6q25-2) that has her expression induced by the inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor – α, lipopolysaccharide. The SOD2 gene presents a single-nucleotide polymorphism C47T in the exon 2, which results in the substitution of the residue 16 (Ala16 Val) belonging to the signal peptide of the protein. The aim of this work was to study the differential effect of the variants -9Ala and -9Val of manganese superoxide dismutase on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclears Cells human (in vitro) during an infectious process (induced by lipopolysaccharide), investigating her implication: (I) in the production of Reactive Species; (II) in the activity and immunocontent of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase; (III) in the activity and immunocontent of Catalase; (IV) in the activity and immunocontent of Glutathione Peroxidase; (V) in the nitrotyrosine production; (VI) in the nitrite/nitrate production; (VII) in the production of tumor necrosis factor - α; (VIII) in the production of carboxymethyl lysine; (IX) conjugated dienos; (X) in the immunocontent of the Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase; (XI) in the immunocontent of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts; (XII) in the immunocontent of Heat Shock Protein; (XIII) in the immunocontent of the Nuclear Factor kappa B; (XIV) in the damage to cellular DNA; (XV) in the determination of the non-enzymatic antioxidant cellular defenses. The results demonstrated that the polymorphism Ala-9Val it participates in the regulation of the cellular redox environment, and that the 47C allele allows that the cells in the basal state (without lipopolysaccharide) they answer with more efficiency to the stress oxidative cellular. This allele in spite of producing more RS also increases the mechanism of antioxidant defense. However when in a disease that produces oxidative stress, in the case the sepsis, the 47C allele turns intracellular environmental pro-oxidative could worsen the cellular condition. In summary, the data presented here suggest that the polymorphism Ala- 9Val is a promising target for new studies with the goal of using genetic markers to guide therapy required for each patient.

abstract: ABSTRACT Post Translational Modifications (PTMs) are a series of chemical modifications with the capacity to expand the structural and functional repertoire of proteins. PTMs can regulate protein-protein interaction, localization, protein turn-over, the active state of the protein, and much more. This can dramatically affect cell processes as relevant as gene expression, cell-cell recognition, and cell signaling. Along these lines, this Ph.D. thesis examines the role of two of the most important PTMs: glycosylation and phosphorylation. In chapters 2, 3 and 4, a 10,000 peptide microarray is used to analyze the glycan variations in a series lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram negative bacteria. This research was the first to demonstrate that using a small subset of random sequence peptides, it was possible to identify a small subset with the capacity to bind to the LPS of bacteria. These peptides bound to LPS not only in the solid surface of the array but also in solution as demonstrated with surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and flow cytometry. Interestingly, some of the LPS binding peptides also exhibit antimicrobial activity, a property that is also analyzed in this work. In chapters 5 and 6, the role of protein phosphorylation, another PTM, is analyzed in the context of human cancer. High risk neuroblastoma, a very aggressive pediatric cancer, was studied with emphasis on the phosphorylations of two selected oncoproteins: the transcription factor NMYC and the adaptor protein ShcC. Both proteins were isolated from high risk neuroblastoma cells, and a targeted-directed tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology was used to identify the phosphorylation sites in each protein. Using this method dramatically improved the phosphorylation site detection and increased the number of sites detected up to 250% in comparison with previous studies. Several of the novel identified sites were located in functional domain of the proteins and that some of them are homologous to known active sites in other proteins of the same family. The chapter concludes with a computational prediction of the kinases that potentially phosphorylate those sites and a series of assays to show this phosphorylation occurred in vitro. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2014

A sepse é a Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica decorrente de uma infecção por gram positivos/negativos, fungos ou vírus. É caracterizada por alta liberação de mediadores inflamatórios podendo levar à morte. As células B-1 são encontradas em cavidades peritoneal e pleural de camundongos e sua origem e função ainda não são completamente conhecidas. Apresentam marcadores de superfície de linhagem mielóide e linfóide e migram para focos inflamatórios comportando-se como macrófagos. Objetivo: investigar o papel da célula B-1 na resposta inflamatória após estímulo com lipopolissacáride (LPS) in vitro e in vivo. Métodos: TNF-, IL-6, IL-10 (ELISA) e nitrito (Griess) foram dosados em sobrenadante de cultura celular (106 cel./ml). As células em cultura receberam por 24h de estímulo com 10 g/mL de LPS de Escherichia coli (026:B6 Sigma®). Foram realizados os seguintes grupos cultura de célula B-1 (Balb/c), cultura de macrófagos de linhagem (RAW 264.7) coculturas (macrófagos de linhagem RAW 264.7 e células B-1 (Balb/c, C57BL/6 e C57BL/6 IL-10 -/-), e células peritoneais de camundongos Balb/c e Balb/Xid (imunodeficiente em célula B-1) A endotoxemia foi induzida com injeção de LPS 15 mg/kg (i.p.) em camundongos Balb/c e Balb/Xid. Foram quantificados, TNF-, IL-6, IL-10 e nitrito em soro, pulmão e intestino dos animais após 1,5, 4 e 6 horas após a injeção de LPS. Ensaios de inoculação de células B-1 (Balb/c) em camundongos Balb/Xid foram realizados, e curva de sobrevida foi analisada após indução de endotoxemia. Resultados: Após o estímulo com LPS, células B-1 produziram IL-10 e a presença destas células em cocultura com macrófago promoveu a diminuição na produção de TNF-, IL-6, Nitrito e aumento de IL-10. Contudo, célula B-1 (IL-10 -/-) em cocultura com macrófagos, não inibem a produção de mediadores pro inflamatórios. Análise com macrófagos peritoneais de camundongo Balb/Xid e Balb/c após estímulo com LPS em cultura mostrou reprodução do fenômeno encontrado com os experimentos com cultura de célula imortalizada, isto é, maior produção de TNF-, IL-6 e NO em Balb/Xid (B-1 deficiente). Os estudos in vivo mostraram 60% de mortalidade em camundongo Balb/Xid comparando com Balb/c (0%) após 16 horas de injeção de LPS. Nos animais Balb/Xid encontramos padrão pro inflamatório exacerbado com maiores concentrações de TNF-, IL-6 e menores concentrações de IL-10 no plasma e tecidos quando comparamos com Balb/c. Conclusões: Nossos dados mostraram que a presença de células B-1 promoveram diminuição de mediadores pro inflamatórios e aumento de IL-10 em coculturas com macrófagos e que a modulação da resposta inflamatória pode ser devida a secreção de IL-10 pela célula B-1. Este padrão de resposta pro inflamatória se repete in vivo e é a possível causadora da maior taxa de mortalidade em camundongos da linhagem Balb/Xid. / Sepsis syndrome is caused by inappropriate immune activation due to bacteria and bacterial components released during infection. This syndrome is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Specialized B-lymphocytes located in the peritoneal and pleural cavities are known as B-1 cells. These cells produce IgM and IL-10, both of which are potent regulators of cell-mediated immunity. It has been suggested that B-1 cells modulate the systemic inflammatory response in sepsis. In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to investigate a putative role of B-1 cells in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis. Macrophages and B-1 cells were studied in monocultures and in co-cultures. The B-1 cells produced the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in response to LPS. In the B-1 cell-macrophage co-cultures, production of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-, IL-6 and nitrite) was lower than in the macrophage monocultures, whereas that of IL-10 was higher in the co-cultures. Co-culture of B-1 IL-10/ cells and macrophages did not reduce the production of the proinflammatory mediators (TNF-, IL-6 and nitrite). After LPS injection, the mortality rate was higher among Balb/Xid mice, which are B-1 cell deficient, than among wild-type mice (65.0% vs. 0.0%). The Balb/Xid mice also presented a proinflammatory profile of TNF-, IL-6 and nitrite, as well as lower levels of IL-10. In the early phase of LPS stimulation, B-1 cells modulate the macrophage inflammatory response, and the main molecular pathway of that modulation is based on IL-10-mediated intracellular signaling.

A compreensão da fisiologia e dos mecanismos moleculares da sepse tem sido foco de muitos estudos. As infecções severas, como a sepse, são responsáveis por 10% do total de mortes registradas em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo em todo o mundo. O desfecho da sepse ocorre devido a influência de fatores ambientais e genéticos, cuja expressão de variantes genéticas suportam ou não este desfecho. Muitos mecanismos estão envolvidos na sepse, incluindo a liberação de citocinas e a ativação de neutrófilos, de monócitos e de células endoteliais. Há associação entre superprodução de óxido nítrico, produção excessiva de radicais livres, depleção de antioxidantes, e déficit energético celular. Enzimas antioxidantes endógenas como a Superóxido Dismutase, a Glutationa Peroxidase e a Catalase protegem a célula do dano oxidativo. A enzima superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês é um potente antioxidante intracelular codificada por um gene (SOD2; 6q25-2) que tem sua expressão induzida por mediadores inflamatórios tais como interleucina 1, interleucina 4, interleucina 6, Fator de Necrose Tumoral – α, lipopolisacarídeos. O gene SOD2 apresenta um polimorfismo de mutação de base C47T no exon 2, o qual resulta na substituição do resíduo 16 (Ala16Val) pertencente ao peptídeo sinal da proteína. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito diferencial das variantes - 9Ala e -9Val da superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês sobre as células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano (in vitro) durante um processo infeccioso (induzido por lipopolisacarídeos), investigando sua implicação: (I) na produção de Espécies Reativas; (II) na atividade e imuno-conteúdo da Superóxido Dismutase dependente de Manganês; (III) na atividade e imuno- conteúdo da Catalase; (IV) na atividade e imunoconteúdo da Glutationa Peroxidase; (V) na produção de nitrotirosina; (VI) na produção de nitrito/nitrato; (VII) na liberação de Fator de Necrose Tumoral - α; (VIII) na produção de Carboximetil-lisina; (IX) dienos conjugados; (X) no imuno-conteúdo da Poli (ADP ribose) Polimerase; (XI) no imuno-conteúdo do Receptor de Produtos Avançados de Glicação; (XII) no imuno-conteúdo da Proteína de Choque Térmico; (XIII) no imuno-conteúdo do Fator Nuclear κB; (XIV) no dano ao DNA celular; (XV) na determinação das defesas antioxidantes totais não enzimáticas. Os resultados demonstraram que o polimorfismo Ala-9Val participa na regulação do ambiente redox celular, e que o alelo 47C permite que as células no estado basal (sem lipopolisacarídeos) respondam com mais eficiência ao estresse oxidativo celular. Este alelo apesar de produzir mais espécies reativas também aumenta o mecanismo de defesa antioxidante. Porém, quando em uma doença que produza estresse oxidativo, no caso a sepse, o alelo 47C torna o ambiente intracelular pró-oxidativo podendo agravar a condição celular. Em suma, os dados aqui apresentados sugerem que o polimorfismo Ala-9Val é um alvo promissor para novos estudos com o objetivo de usar marcadores genéticos para direcionar a terapia necessária para cada paciente. / The understanding of the physiology and of molecular mechanisms of sepsis has been focus of many studies. The severe infections, as the sepsis, are responsible for 10% of total of deaths registered in Intensive Care Units all over the world. The outcome of sepsis happens due to influence of environmental and genetic factors, whose the expression of genetic variants supports or not this outcome. Many mechanisms are involved in sepsis, including the cytokines liberation and the neutrophils activation, of monocytes and of endothelial cells. There is association among overproduction of nitric oxide, excessive production of free radicals, depletion of antioxidants, and cellular energy deficit. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes as Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase protect the cell of oxidative damage. The manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme it is a potent antioxidant intracellular codified by a gene (SOD2; 6q25-2) that has her expression induced by the inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor – α, lipopolysaccharide. The SOD2 gene presents a single-nucleotide polymorphism C47T in the exon 2, which results in the substitution of the residue 16 (Ala16 Val) belonging to the signal peptide of the protein. The aim of this work was to study the differential effect of the variants -9Ala and -9Val of manganese superoxide dismutase on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclears Cells human (in vitro) during an infectious process (induced by lipopolysaccharide), investigating her implication: (I) in the production of Reactive Species; (II) in the activity and immunocontent of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase; (III) in the activity and immunocontent of Catalase; (IV) in the activity and immunocontent of Glutathione Peroxidase; (V) in the nitrotyrosine production; (VI) in the nitrite/nitrate production; (VII) in the production of tumor necrosis factor - α; (VIII) in the production of carboxymethyl lysine; (IX) conjugated dienos; (X) in the immunocontent of the Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase; (XI) in the immunocontent of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts; (XII) in the immunocontent of Heat Shock Protein; (XIII) in the immunocontent of the Nuclear Factor kappa B; (XIV) in the damage to cellular DNA; (XV) in the determination of the non-enzymatic antioxidant cellular defenses. The results demonstrated that the polymorphism Ala-9Val it participates in the regulation of the cellular redox environment, and that the 47C allele allows that the cells in the basal state (without lipopolysaccharide) they answer with more efficiency to the stress oxidative cellular. This allele in spite of producing more RS also increases the mechanism of antioxidant defense. However when in a disease that produces oxidative stress, in the case the sepsis, the 47C allele turns intracellular environmental pro-oxidative could worsen the cellular condition. In summary, the data presented here suggest that the polymorphism Ala- 9Val is a promising target for new studies with the goal of using genetic markers to guide therapy required for each patient.

Orientador: Sisi Marcondes Paschoal / Dissertação (mestrado) Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T08:12:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes-Pires_MariaElisa_M.pdf: 587163 bytes, checksum: da754de9ce10b146c6cb1043d6b01555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O LPS é capaz de ativar diferentes células, incluindo plaquetas, causando a liberação de mediadores inflamatórios como o óxido nítrico, interleucinas e espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Vários trabalhos têm sido publicados sobre os efeitos do LPS sobre a reatividade plaquetária, mas os resultados ainda são conflitantes e os mecanismos envolvidos nas cascatas de sinalização desencadeada pelo LPS permanecem indefinidos. Portanto, utilizamos plaquetas isoladas de ratos tratados com LPS para investigar o papel das ROS na modulação da agregação plaquetária. Os ratos foram injetados com LPS (1 mg / kg, i.p.) e após, 2 a 72 h depois, a agregação plaquetária foi avaliada. As espécies reativas de oxigênio foram determinadas através da sonda 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetato (DCFH-DA). A agregação plaquetária induzida por ADP foi, tempo-dependente, reduzida 4 a 72 h após a injeção LPS, e este efeito inibitório foi aumentado quando plaquetas foram incubadas com PEG-SOD, PEG-catalase ou N-acetilcisteína (NAC). O tratamento de ratos com NAC (150 mg / kg i.p., 30 minutos após a injeção LPS) impediu a inibição da agregação plaquetária. A incubação de plaquetas de animais controle com LPS (100 e 300 µg/ml, 2 h) in vitro não afetou a produção de ROS. Nas plaquetas de ratos tratados com LPS, ativadas com ADP, a produção de ROS foi significativamente maior comparado com os ratos controle. Este aumento da produção de ROS foi significativamente reduzido quando as plaquetas foram incubadas in vitro com o inibidor da NADPH-oxidase (DPI). O tratamento de ratos com NAC impediu o aumento da produção de ROS pelo LPS. Como conclusão, a produção sistêmica de ROS em resposta ao tratamento in vivo de LPS desempenha um importante papel modulatório na agregação plaquetária. / Abstract: LPS activates different cells, including platelets, causing the release of inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide, interleukins and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been published several reports about the effects of LPS on platelet reactivity but the results are still conflicting and the mechanisms underlying the LPS signaling pathway remains unclear. Therefore, we have used platelets isolated from LPS-treated rats to investigate the role of ROS in modulating the platelet aggregation. Rats were injected with LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and at 2 to 72 h thereafter, platelet aggregation was evaluated. Reactive-oxygen species was determined 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). ADP-induced platelet aggregation was time-dependently reduced at 4 to 72 h after LPS injection, and this inhibitory effect was augmented when platelets were incubated with PEG-SOD, PEG-catalase or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Treatment of rats with NAC (150 mg/kg i.p., 30 min after LPS injection) prevented the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Incubation of control platelets with LPS (100 and 300 µg/ml, 2 h) in vitro did not affect the ROS production. In ADP-activated platelets of LPS-treated rats, ROS production was significantly higher compared with control rats. This increased ROS production was significantly reduced when platelets were incubated in vitro with the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor (DPI). Treatment of rats with NAC prevented the increased ROS production by LPS. In conclusion, systemic or in situ ROS production in response to in vivo LPS treatment plays an important modulatory role on platelet aggregation. / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia

Abstract Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligatory intracellular pathogen that causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Like other Chlamydial species, also C. pneumoniae has a tendency to cause persistent infections, which have been associated with different cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory diseases. In addition, a few studies have reported an association between C. pneumoniae seropositivity and an elevated body mass index (BMI), and it has been shown that C. pneumoniae is capable of infecting preadipocytes and adipocytes. The main aims of this study were to study if certain gene polymorphisms regulate the serum levels of innate immunity and inflammation proteins, and if the polymorphisms are associated with markers of C. pneumoniae infection; to compare different methods in detection of C pneumoniae in atherosclerotic tissue; and to study if serum levels of chlamydial LPS (cLPS) are associated with BMI. The serum levels of inflammatory and innate immunity markers, namely interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and soluble CD14, in apparently healthy individuals were found to correlate with each other and possibly be regulated by the polymorphisms of genes important in inflammation and innate immunity. Especially the serum LBP levels may be regulated by the LBP (rs2232618) and toll-like receptor 4 (rs4986790) polymorphisms. The IL-6 (rs1800795) polymorphism was found to be associated with C. pneumoniae antibody positivity. C. pneumoniae DNA and cLPS could be found from atherosclerotic tissue. A new, cLPS enzyme immunoassay method was developed in this study, and it might provide a standardized, commercial method for the detection of chlamydia in tissue samples, if the sensitivity of the method could be increased e.g. by testing multiple pieces of tissue. In situ hybridization method was found to be complicated by technical problems and the repeatability of polymerase chain reaction was poor. C. pneumoniae IgG positivity and elevated serum cLPS and CRP levels were associated with an elevated BMI. There was also a strong association between cLPS levels and inflammation as measured by CRP levels. The lack of association between serum total endotoxin activity and BMI implies that the association between infection and an elevated BMI may be specific to certain pathogens.