Sjöfarten står idag inför allt strängare miljökrav. För att uppnå miljövänligare resultat har allt fler rederier börjat se sig om efter ett miljövänligare bränsle. Östersjön är ett stort handelsområde där striktare krav från SECA träder i kraft den 1 januari 2015. Fartyg med LNG-drift diskuteras flitigt som ett alternativt bränsle inom den svenska sjöfartsnärningen, då utsläppen av NOx, svavel och partiklar är mindre än tjockoljan (HFO). Ett av problemen med LNG i Sverige är att det i dagsläget inte finns ett tillräckligt utvecklat infrastrukturnät för flytande naturgas. I denna rapport har vi med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer kartlagt svenska aktörer inom LNGs infrastrukturutveckling och vad det är som hämmar utvecklingen. Vår analys av intervjuerna visade att utvecklingen bromsades av att ingen vågat ta första steget. Hamnarna vill inte bygga terminaler om det inte finns en marknad för distribution och rederierna vill inte bygga fartyg om det inte finns tillgänglighet av LNG. Det har också framkommit att intresset från den svenska staten har varit mycket svagt, näst intill obefintligt. Det finns även en del tomrum i de svenska regelverken kring hanteringen av LNG, vilket är en av faktorerna till att LNGs utveckling hämmas. / Shipping today faces stricter environmental requirements for pollution from vessels. Shipping companies have started to look for alternative fuel to achieve better environmental outcome. The Baltic Sea today is a major trading area for shipping . On 1 of January 2015 a new set of brand new and stricter regulation is getting implemented and these regulations are called SECA. Vessel running on LNG as an alternative fuel is today discussed extensively within the Swedish Maritime forum where emissions of NOx, sulfur and particles are less recipients than in heavy fuel oil (HFO). One of todays problems with a LNG distribution in Sweden are that the infrastructure is incomplete and outdated. This report has been built upon qualitative interviews with important actors within the Swedish maritime forum and also what impedes the development of the LNG’s infrastructure. The outcome of the interviews showed that the development has been slowed down because none within the Swedish martime forum have dared to take the first step. The ports does not want to develop terminals when there is no market demand and the shipping companies does not want to build vessel that runs on LNG when there is no market for distribution. Swedish governments involvement has been very weak, almost non-existing. There are also gaps in the Swedish regulations and restrictions of LNG cargo handling. This is aslo one of the factors that the development of LNG has been impeded.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 78-80.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 78-80.

O Gás Natural Liquefeito (GNL) tem, aos poucos, se tornado uma importante opção para a diversificação da matriz energética brasileira. Os navios metaneiros são os responsáveis pelo transporte do GNL desde as plantas de liquefação até as de regaseificação. Dada a importância, bem como a periculosidade, das operações de transporte e de carga e descarga de navios metaneiros, torna-se necessário não só um bom plano de manutenção como também um sistema de detecção de falhas que podem ocorrer durante estes processos. Este trabalho apresenta um método de diagnose de falhas para a operação de carga e descarga de navios transportadores de GNL através da utilização de Redes Bayesianas em conjunto com técnicas de análise de confiabilidade, como a Análise de Modos e Efeitos de Falhas (FMEA) e a Análise de Árvores de Falhas (FTA). O método proposto indica, através da leitura de sensores presentes no sistema de carga e descarga, quais os componentes que mais provavelmente estão em falha. O método fornece uma abordagem bem estruturada para a construção das Redes Bayesianas utilizadas na diagnose de falhas do sistema. / Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has gradually become an important option for the diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix. LNG carriers are responsible for LNG transportation from the liquefaction plant to the regaseification plant. Given the importance, as well as the risk, of transportation and loading/unloading operations of LNG carriers, not only a good maintenance plan is needed, but also a failure detection system that localizes the origin of a failure that may occur during these processes. This research presents a fault diagnosis method for the loading and unloading operations of LNG carriers through the use of Bayesian networks together with reliability analysis techniques, such as Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA ) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The proposed method indicates, by reading sensors present in the loading and unloading system, which components are most likely faulty. The method provides a well-structured approach for the development of Bayesian networks used in the diagnosis of system failures.

Orientador: José Vicente Hallak d'Angelo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T15:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_ThallesAllan_M.pdf: 2702197 bytes, checksum: 32c6cee79361c26e4489867146b0682e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Por se tratar de um combustível fóssil menos emissor de gás carbônico ao meio ambiente do que outros combustíveis, a demanda mundial de gás natural para sua utilização como fonte energética tem aumentado nos últimos anos. No entanto, quando a quantidade requerida de importação do gás natural é alta e é grande a distância entre os países fornecedores e compradores, o transporte do gás por meio de gasodutos torna-se inviável, acarretando na necessidade de produção de gás natural liquefeito. Ao se liquefazer a uma temperatura próxima a -160 °C, o volume do gás natural é reduzido em até 600 vezes, permitindo ser transportado a grandes distâncias por meio de embarcações especiais. Na liquefação do gás natural estão envolvidos ciclos de refrigeração que podem ser utilizados por diferentes rotas. Os principais tipos de ciclo de refrigeração são o ciclo de compressão de vapor e o ciclo de absorção. Nesse trabalho, foram simulados no programa Aspen HYSYS, versão 7.3, os ciclos cascata e APCI para a produção de GNL, que utilizam ciclos de refrigeração por compressão de vapor. O coeficiente de desempenho global do ciclo APCI alcançado com as simulações foi maior que o do ciclo cascata: 1,690 contra 0,839. Em seguida, um dos subciclos de compressão de vapor envolvidos no ciclo APCI foi substituído por um subciclo de absorção de efeito simples, utilizando-se diferentes combinações de pares refrigerante/absorvente (NH3/H2O, NH3/DMF, R22/DMF e R134a/DMF). O ciclo com o par NH3/DMF foi aquele com os melhores resultados para o coeficiente de desempenho. Finalmente, foram realizadas duas etapas de otimização dos ciclos propostos: uma delas através da maximização do COP dos ciclos de refrigeração e outra baseada na minimização dos custos dos processos, referentes aos custos dos principais equipamentos envolvidos. A maximização conseguiu atingir COP igual a 2,062 para o ciclo cascata e 2,505 para o ciclo APCI. Dentre os pares avaliados no ciclo APCI modificado, o par NH3/DMF manteve-se com o melhor COP do subciclo de absorção. Na minimização dos custos, obteve-se o custo dos equipamentos de US$ 4,1 milhões para o ciclo cascata e US$ 14,3 milhões para o ciclo APCI original. Em relação aos pares do ciclo APCI modificado, o par NH3/H2O apresentou os menores custos, tanto antes quanto depois da otimização, alcançando US$ 9,8 milhões / Abstract: Because it is a fossil fuel that emits less carbon dioxide to the environment than other fuels, worldwide demand for natural gas for use as energy source has increased in recent years. However, when the required amount of imports of natural gas is high and there is a great distance between suppliers and buyers of the gas, the gas transportation through pipelines it is not feasible, resulting in the need to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG). When the gas reaches a temperature close to -160 ° C, its volume is reduced by up to 600 times, allowing the liquefied natural gas to be transported over long distances through special ships. Liquefaction of natural gas involves refrigeration cycles that may be used by different routes. The main types of refrigeration cycle are the cycle vapor compression cycle and absorption cycle. In this study, it was simulated, on Aspen HYSYS, version 7.3, the cascade and the APCI cycles, to roduce LNG using vapor compression refrigeration cycles. The overall COP for the APCI cycle achieved after the simulations was greater than that the cascade cycle coefficient of performance: 1.690 against 0.839. Then, a vapor compression subcycle involved in the APCI cycle has been replaced by a single-effect absorption cycle, using different combinations of refrigerant/absorbent pairs (NH3/H2O, NH3/DMF, R22/DMF and R134a/DMF). The modified APCI cycle using the pair NH3/DMF was the one with the best results for the coefficient of performance. Finally, two stages of the proposed optimization cycles were performed: one through the maximization of the COP of the refrigeration cycles and one based on the minimization of process costs, regarding the costs of major equipment involved. Maximization has achieved COP equal to 2.062 for the cascade cycle and 2.505 for the APCI cycle. Among the pairs evaluated in the modified APCI cycle, the pair NH3/DMF remained with better COP of the absorption subcycle. In minimizing of costs, it was obtained the equipment cost of $ 4.1 million for cascade cycle and $ 14.3 million for the original APCI cycle. Regarding the modified APCI cycle, the pair NH3/H2O had showed the lowest cost, both before and after optimization, reaching $ 9.8 million / Mestrado / Engenharia Química / Mestre em Engenharia Química

This master thesis deals with issue of natural gas liquefaction, its transport, storing and regasification. Part of this work was designing off a small liquefaction cycle and regasification unit.

No description available.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa presently faces a serious and much-acknowledged energy capacity deficit. The Department of Energy are determined to address this capacity crisis by creating several new power plants between 2010 and 2030, as stipulated in the “Integrated Resource Plan 2010”. A Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plant is proposed to add 2370 MW of capacity to the national grid. The “new-build” CCGT plant will use natural gas as a feedstock for energy generation. The plant is destined to begin energy generation by 2019, and will ramp up to full capacity by 2030. Following a review of the existing natural gas sources and the nascent gas network in South Africa, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has been identified as the most suitable immediate source of natural gas feedstock for the CCGT. LNG fuel must be imported into South Africa aboard large, special purpose LNG Carrier (LNGC) vessels. LNGC vessels require a designated marine import terminal in order to offload the super-cooled and potentially flammable cargo. Saldanha Bay, located on the South West coast of South Africa, has been selected by Transnet as a preferred location for LNG terminal development. A review of LNG technology reveals the need for mandatory onshore LNG storage and regasification facilities, land area requirements, demands of different LNGC types and the characteristics of dedicated LNG jetties and terminals. Floating, offshore and traditional LNG terminals are discussed. The objective of this thesis is to review potential terminal sites and conceptual layouts in Saldanha Bay, and via a Multi Criteria Analysis, to present three distinct LNG terminal layout options for further consideration. The conceptual layouts will address technical concerns such as berth orientation and layout, safe navigational access to the terminal, mandatory onshore infrastructure and optimisation of berth operations. Saldanha Bay as a port location is studied and the importance of local environmental features is highlighted. Potential terminal development sites are identified following a review of nautical and terrestrial restrictions. Four conceptual site layouts are proposed, providing jetty locations and orientations in the Bay. The sites are located in North Bay, Hoedjiespunt, and two in Big Bay. Several Key Design Parameters (KDP’s) are identified as having a critical bearing on the ultimate layout, operation and feasibility of an LNG terminal in Saldanha Bay. The sensitivity and influence of the KDP’s at each of the four conceptual sites is investigated. Analysis of KDP effects leads to the development of design variation options at the sites. Twelve terminal layout schemes are ultimately derived. A Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) is performed to rank the 12 terminal layout schemes in terms of technical efficacy. A sensitivity study is conducted to justify the selection of MCA parameter weights. The three top-scoring schemes are recommended for more detailed pre-feasibility investigation. The three terminal layout schemes, located in Big Bay and Hoedjiespunt, make use of both standard trestle jetties and floating LNG technologies. The thesis has shown that a number of viable sites and layouts for LNG terminals exist in Saldanha Bay and demonstrates a systematic analysis of design issues leading to preferred options. The thesis concludes by outlining the next steps in the process towards a final terminal scheme selection. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ervaar huidig ‘n drastiese energie kapasiteit verlies. Die Departement van Energie is vasbeslote om die energie krisis aan te spreek deur verskeie nuwe kragstasies tussen 2010 en 2030 op te rig, soos beskryf in die “Integrated Resource Plan 2010”. ‘n Gekombineerde Siklus Gas Turbine (GSGT) kragstasie is voorgestel om ‘n verdere 2370 MW by te voeg tot die nasionale krag netwerk. Die “nuut-geboude” GSGT kragstasie sal natuurlike gas as brandstof vir kragopwekking gebruik. Die kragstasie is beplan om teen 2019 krag op te wek, en sal teen 2030 volle kapasiteit loop. Na ‘n ondersoek van die bestaande natuurlike gas bronne en gas netwerke in Suid Afrika, is Vloeibare Natuurlike Gas (VNG) geïdentifiseer as die huidiglike beskikbare bron van brandstof vir die GSGT. VNG moet ingevoer word aanboord spesiaal geboude VNG vaartuie. VNG vaartuie benodig ‘n spesifieke mariene invoer terminaal om die vlambare vloeistof mee af te laai. Saldanhabaai, aan die Suid-Westerlike kus van Suid Afrika, is as verkose area vir die VNG terminaal ontwikkeling geïdentifiseer deur Transnet. ‘n Oorsig van VNG tegnologie bevind dat VNG stoorplek en vergassings fasiliteite, land area, verskeie VNG vaartuie en karakteristieke van VNG terminale benodig word. Verskeie VNG terminale word bespreek in hierdie studie. The doel van hierdie tesis is om die potensiële terminaal bou-terrein en konseptuele ontwerpe in Saldanhabaai, deur middel van ‘n multi-kriteria analise (MKA), in drie verskillende ontwerp moontlikhede voor te stel. Saldanhabaai, as hawe, is bestudeer en belangrike omgewings aspekte is geïdentifiseer. Potensiële terminaal bou-terrein is geïdentifiseer na aanleiding van seevaart en land beperkings. Vier konseptuele bou-terreine is voorgestel wat jetty posisies en orientasies aandui. Die bou-terreine is in Noordbaai, Hoedjiespunt, en twee in Big Bay. Verskeie Sleutel Ontwerp Parameters (SOP’s), wat ‘n kritieke rol speel in die uiteindelike orientasie, werking en effektiwiteit van die VNG terminaal in Saldanhabaai, is geïdentifiseer. Die sensitiwiteit van die SOP’s by elk van die vier voorgestelde moontlikhede, is ondersoek. ‘n Ontleding van die effek van die SOP’s het variasie in die ontwerp moontlikhede by die verskillende bouterrein tot gevolg. Twaalf terminaal orientasie skemas is voorgestel. ‘n MKA is uitgevoer om ‘n ranglys van opsies te produseer in terme van tegniese effektiwiteit. Dit is voorgestel dat die top drie opsies verder ondersoek moet word. Die drie terminaal orientasie skemas, wat voorgestel word vir die Big Bay en Hoedjiespunt areas, maak gebruik van standaard jetties en drywende VNG tegnologie. Hierdie tesis bevind dat ‘n aantal uitvoerbare bouterreine en orientasies in Saldanhabaai moontlik is. ‘n Sistematiese analise van ontwerps kwessies wat na verkose opsies lei, word ook in die tesis ge-adresser. Die voorgestelde stappe in die besluitneming van ‘n finale terminaal skema vorm die slot van die tesis.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.

National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.