Societal Impact Statement Plants play fundamental roles in ecosystems, yet merely 10% of species have an assessment of their global extinction risk. Through the integration of national Red Lists and comprehensive global plant distribution data, we identify previously unassessed plant species in Europe that are threatened throughout their geographic range and thus at risk of global extinction. Our workflow can be replicated to facilitate the integration of disparate national monitoring efforts around the world and help accelerate global plant risk assessments. Summary • A comprehensive extinction risk assessment for plant species is a global biodiversity target. However, currently, only 10% of plant diversity is assessed in the global Red List of Threatened Species. To guide conservation and restoration actions in times of accelerated species extinction, plant risk assessments must be expedited. • Here, we examine the extinction risk of vascular plant species in Europe through the integration of two data streams: (1) national Red Lists and (2) global plant distribution data from Kew's Plants of the World Online database. For each species listed on a national Red List, we create a list of countries that form part of its range and indicate the threat status in these countries, allowing us to calculate the percentage of the range in which a given species is listed as threatened. • We find that 7% to 9% of European vascular plant diversity is threatened in its entire range, the majority of which are single-country endemics. Of these globally threatened species, 84% currently have no assessment in the global Red List. • With increasing national biodiversity monitoring commitments shaping the post- 2020 policy environment, we anticipate that integrating national Red Lists with global plant distribution data is a scalable workflow that can help accelerate global risk assessments of plants.

Vocabulary is considered the building block of language. Without it, communication breaks down. This degree project investigates the vocabulary types, progression, lexical coverage andacademic words in EFL upper secondary textbooks in Sweden. This was done by a corpus-based approach using corpus tools such as Range and AntWord Profiler. The entire corpus contained six textbooks from two different series: Solid Gold and Viewpoints. These textbooks are utilised in English 5, 6, and 7 upper secondary courses. The analysis focused on Nation's word types and Coxhead’s Academic World List, including progression and coverage. The results revealed that high-frequency vocabulary is maintained throughout the series, while mid-frequency vocabulary considerably increases as the textbook levels progress. Results also show that around 3,000 word families are needed for 95% lexical coverage and 6,000 word families for 98% lexical coverage. Each textbook increases around 1,000 word families per level, but is less proportional in relation to the word count. The highest increase of word families is 32% and the lowest of 17%. Furthermore, the study found that the AWL covers 7% of the vocabulary, and 80% of the AWL items are used. Pedagogical recommendations from this study include establishing a vocabulary input threshold per level to ensure consistent progression. Additionally, academic written genres such as Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion (IMRaD) structures can be included in the textbooks in addition to the existing literary genres to help prepare Swedish L2 learners to cope with university academic texts.

The multicore revolution of the early 21st century has introduced a multitude of multiprocessor synchronization techniques for designing concurrent data structures. This thesis explores the concept of “unrolling”, or storing multiple data items per node, in order to increase the concurrent throughput of linked-lists, or more specifically list-based sets of linked nodes. Our contribution is a concurrent unrolled list-based set implemented in the Java programming language which uses lock-based lazy synchronization with memory management handled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Our unrolled list implementation provides decreased traversal overhead over the state-of-the-art concurrent linked lists under limited contention, along with improved spatial locality due to unrolled node data items being stored in sequential memory locations. Our results show that in comparison to the state-of-the- art lock-based and lock-free concurrent list-based set implementations in Java, our concurrent unrolled list-based set provides between 1.7x to 12.2x increased concurrent throughput under medium contention, and 25.7x to 196.5x increased concurrent throughput under low contention, depending on the ratio of write to read operations. Furthermore, we show that unrolling a concurrent linked-list can provide at least 60% of the performance of the Java concurrency package’s native lock-free skiplist, namely ConcurrentSkipListSet. / Den revolutionerande utvecklingen av flerkärniga processorer under början av 2000-talet har medfört många nya designprinciper för samverkande datastrukturer. Den här avhandlingen behandlar utrullings-konceptet eller hur man lagrar multipla dataenheter per nod för att kunna öka genomströmningen av länkade listor, eller mer specifikt listor bestående av länkade noder. Vårt bidrag består av samverkande list-baserade set implementerade i programmeringsspråket Java som använder låsbaserad lat synkronisering där JVM (Java Virtual Machine) hanterar minnet. Vår implementering av utrullade listor ger minskad tvärgående overhead över toppmoderna samverkande länkade listor med reducerad kapacitetsbegränsning, och med förbättrad plats eftersom utrullade datanoder sparas på sekventiella minnesplatser. Våra resultat visar att, i jämförelse med andra toppmoderna låsta och låsfria samverkande listbaserade set i Java, ger vår implementation mellan 1.7 till 12.2 gånger mer genomströmning under normal kapacitetsbegränsning och med 25.7 till 196.5 under låg kapacitetsbegränsning, beroende på graden av skriv- och läsprocesser. Vidare visar vi att en utrullad samverkande länkad lista kan ge minst 60% bättre prestanda i Javas paket för låsfria samverkande listor kallad ConcurrentSkipListSet.

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AstraZenecas PET BFS på site Snäckviken vill implementera en maskinstatuslista lik den som implementerats för PET TBH/PS, för att kunna få en överblick över hela området samt kartlägga och prioritera framtida investeringar och besluttagande. PET BFS (IN/PP) är i behov av en maskinstatuslista på grund av en del föråldrad utrustning, inhalation och injektion linjerna saknar utförligt underlag för att en investeringsplan ska tas fram. Syftet med skapandet utav maskinstatuslistan är för att kunna ta reda på om livslängden kan förlängas eller om och när utrusningen behöver renoveras, uppgraderas eller bytas ut. Målet med rapporten är att sammanställa en maskinstatuslista/kritikalitetsmatris över all utrustning inom PET BFS, vilket inkluderar både inhalation och injektion. Maskinstatuslistan ska innehålla nuläget på status för utrustning. Detta inkluderar livslängd, reservdelsstatus och underhållskostnader för respektive utrustning. Det ska hjälpa PET BFS med att skapa en helhetsbild över linje/område vilket innebär att säkerhetsställa driftsäkerheten för all utrustning, identifiera kritiska komponenter, ta fram investeringsunderlag samt tillföra samsyn för underhållsstrategin inom verksamheten. Listan ska vara möjlig för fortsatt uppdatering av underhållsingenjör/serviceingenjör samt deltagare/resurser. De kritiska komponenterna identifierades för IN06, IN07, IN08, PO06, PO07 samt listades i maskinstatuslistan. De kritiska komponenternas status identifierades genom kontakt med leverantörer. Riskanalysen kunde inte utföras fullt ut dels på grund av saknad information, saknad tillgång till SAP samt tidsbegränsning. Data för andelen utgångna komponenter visar att en stor andel av komponenterna som undersökts är utgångna, samtidigt som majoriteten av dessa utgångna komponenter har ersättare. / AstraZeneca's PET BFS on the site Snäckviken wants to implement a machine status list similar to the one implemented for PET TBH / PS in order to get an overview of the entire area to map and prioritize future investments and decisions. PET BFS (IN/PP) is in need of a machine status list due to some outdated equipment, inhalation and injection departments lacking a detailed basis for producing an investment plan. The purpose of creating the machine status list is to be able to find out if the service life can be extended or if and when the equipment needs to be renovated, upgraded, or replaced. The aim of the report is to compile a machine status list/criticality matrix of all equipment within PET BFS, which includes both inhalation and injection. The machine status list must contain the current status of equipment status. This includes service life, spare part status and maintenance costs for each piece of equipment. It will help PET BFS to create an overall picture of the line/area, which means ensuring the operational safety of all equipment, identifying critical components, producing investment data and adding consensus for the maintenance strategy within the business. The list must be possible for further updating of the maintenance engineer/service engineer and participants/resources. The critical components were identified for IN06, IN07, IN08, PO06, PO07 and listed in the machine status list. The status of the critical components was identified through contact with suppliers. The risk analysis could not be performed in full due to lack of information, no access to SAP and time constraints. Data for the proportion of obsolete components show that a large proportion of the components examined are obsolete, while the majority of these obsolete components have a replacement.

Yes / Background: The face-name association technique (FNAT) is commonly used to investigate name recall in nonpathologic aging. This technique is appropriate for studying anomia, but the pure-list technique, in which participants see only names and do not need to form face-name associations, might be more appropriate for studying age-related name recall. Methods: Experiment 1 recruited 60 adults (30 younger and 30 older adults) to participate in the FNAT recognition task of 30 common and 30 uncommon names. In experiment 2, the same number and demographic of participants attempted to recall 30 common and 30 uncommon names. Both experiments utilized measurements of overall recall across 5 trials and a delayed recognition or recall trial. Measures of encoding (gained access) and consolidation (lost access) were also taken for the 5 initial trials in both experiments. Older participants received 50% extra study and recognition/recall time. Results: The FNAT experiment revealed an age-related episodic memory deficit for names. However, in cued recall, encoding, consolidation, retention/retrieval, and false alarm tests, older adults were significantly better than younger adults at recalling uncommon names, as opposed to common names. This lends support to the inhibition theory of name recall. Conversely, our second experiment revealed no age effect on any factors of name memory functioning, supporting node structure theory. Conclusions: The results of our experiments support previous findings that suggest an age-related deficit in name recall, but only in cases of anomia. Therefore, the FNAT methodology may be inappropriate for studying age-related name recall. It is possible that names are stored in the memory differently from nouns. We challenge the belief that older adults are significantly less able to recall names compared with other word types, which has implications for both memory self-efficacy questionnaires and research into eye-witness testimonies.

The attrition rate of enlistees in basic combat training is of particular concern to all Branches of the military due to the high cost associated with recruiting and training a new enlistee. Each year the military loses hundreds of millions of dollars invested in enlistees whom never make it to their first duty station. Investigators have extensively examined the impact of physiological injuries on the rate of enlistee discharge from basic combat training. Also, investigators have reported that alcoholism, adjustment disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders were among the leading hospital discharge diagnostic categories for enlistees during the 1990s; especially, within the first six-months of service. Additionally, investigators have reported that the transition process from civilian to military in basic combat training tends to be very stressful and anxiety provoking for enlistees. However, little data has been gathered to assess the relationship of enlistees' physiological and perceived stress levels and their attrition rate. A study was conducted of 155 soldiers during their nine-week basic combat training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Salivary amylase testing was used as an objective measure of physiological stress, and the Multiple Affects Adjective CheckList Revised (MACCL-R) was use as a subjective measure of perceived stress. It was hypothesized that enlistees with higher levels of stress would also have a higher level of depression and hostility resulting in performance degradation. The results of linear regression analyses and multivariate pairwise correlation showed a statistically significant positive relationship among perceived stress, hostility and depression levels. Additionally, the analyses showed that for the soldiers participating in this study, coping style moderated their perceived stress experience. Those participants who were able to modify their coping mechanism to meet the physically and mentally demanding challenges of basic combat training tended to be more confident in successfully completing training. Moreover, they were less likely to receive disciplinary action. The military training command has requested follow up studies to expand upon this current study to encompass the various training cycles over a one-year time period. / Ph. D.

This thesis explores the role played by nationalism in Estonia's transition to capitalism in the post-Soviet era and the way it continues to impact the Estonian economy. I hypothesize that nationalism was the key factor in this transition and that nationalism has placed a disproportionate economic burden on the resident ethnic Russians. First, I examine the history of Estonian nationalism. I examine the Estonian nationalist narrative from its beginning during the Livonian Crusade, the founding of Estonian nationalist thought in the late 1800s with a German model of nationalism, the conditions of the Soviet occupation, and the role of song festivals in Estonian nationalism. Second, I give a brief overview of the economic systems of Soviet and post-Soviet Estonia. Finally, I examine the impact of nationalism on the Estonian economy. To do this, I discuss the nature of nationalist economy, the presence of an ethno-national divide between the Estonians and Russians, and the impact of nationalist policies in citizenship, education, property rights, and geographical location. I find that there is a disproportionate difference in these areas between Estonians and ethnic Russians which affect the economy. I conclude by examining the problems and potential solutions to citizenship law, the use of neoliberalism in assimilation, and proposing a framework which could be used to examine disparities between differing groups in other economies. / Master of Arts / Estonia is a small country in the Baltics. From the time of the Livonian Crusade in the 1300s, the land that would become Estonia had been under the control of one foreign occupier or another. In the late 1800s, the Estonian people started writing literature in their native language and collecting traditional folk songs. Singing these songs at festivals, the Estonian people developed a national identity. After twenty years of independence following the First World War, the Estonians were occupied by the Soviet Union. During this time, Estonians were subjected to deportations, Russification efforts, and control from Moscow. Relying on their language and folk song tradition, they kept the flame of the Estonian nation alive and gained independence in 1991. What followed was a rapid economic transition to a capitalist system with few barriers to trade, low regulations, and foreign direct investment. While the country made a tremendous amount of progress economically after the fall of the Soviet Union, there were still those who had fallen behind: the ethnic Russians. I argue that nationalism was the key factor in Estonia’s post-Soviet economic transition and is responsible for the disproportionate burden on the ethnic Russian population. I look at the impact of geography, education, and citizenship on the economic status of residents of Estonia. I conclude by examining the problems caused by citizenship law, neoliberalism and assimilation, and proposing a framework to examine disparities between groups in other economies.

Submitted by PPG Ci?ncia da Computa??o (ppgcc@pucrs.br) on 2018-07-26T19:48:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO DOS SANTOS_DIS.pdf: 1271475 bytes, checksum: 856ae87ad633d3c772b413816caa43d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-01T13:39:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO DOS SANTOS_DIS.pdf: 1271475 bytes, checksum: 856ae87ad633d3c772b413816caa43d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T14:31:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO DOS SANTOS_DIS.pdf: 1271475 bytes, checksum: 856ae87ad633d3c772b413816caa43d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / It is known that linguistic processing of corpora demands high computational effort because of the complexity of its algorithms, but despite this, the results reached are better than that generated by the statistical processing, where the computational demand is lower. This dissertation describes a comparative analysis between the process linguistic and statistical of term extraction. Experiments were carried out through four corpora in English idiom, built from scientific papers, on which terms extractions were carried out using the approaches. The resulting terms lists were refined with use of relevance metrics and stop list, and then compared with the reference lists of the corpora across the recall technical. These lists, in its turn, were built from the context these corpora, whith help of Internet searches. The results shown that the statistical extraction combined with the stop list and relevance metrics can produce superior results to linguistic process extraction using the same metrics. It?s concluded that statistical approach composed by these metrics can be ideal option to relevance terms extraction, by requiring few computational resources and by to show superior results that found in the linguistic processing. / Sabe-se que o processamento lingu?stico de corpora demanda grande esfor?o computacional devido ? complexidade dos seus algoritmos, mas que, apesar disso, os resultados alcan?ados s?o melhores que aqueles gerados pelo processamento estat?stico, onde a demanda computacional ? menor. Esta disserta??o descreve uma an?lise comparativa entre os processos lingu?stico e estat?stico de extra??o de termos. Foram realizados experimentos atrav?s de quatro corpora em l?ngua inglesa, constru?dos a partir de artigos cient?ficos, sobre os quais foram executadas extra??es de termos utilizando essas abordagens. As listas de termos resultantes foram refinadas com o uso de m?tricas de relev?ncia e stop list, e em seguida comparadas com as listas de refer?ncia dos corpora atrav?s da t?cnica do recall. Essas listas, por sua vez, foram constru?das a partir do contexto desses corpora e com ajuda de pesquisas na Internet. Os resultados mostraram que a extra??o estat?stica combinada com as t?cnicas da stop list e as m?tricas de relev?ncia pode produzir resultados superiores ao processo de extra??o lingu?stico refinado pelas mesmas m?tricas. Concluiu se que a abordagem estat?stica composta por essas t?cnicas pode ser a op??o ideal para extra??o de termos relevantes, por exigir poucos recursos computacionais e por apresentar resultados superiores ?queles encontrados no processamento lingu?stico.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a well-established functional imaging method used in nuclear medicine. It allows for retrieving information about biochemical and physiological processes in vivo. The currently possible spatial resolution of PET is about 5 mm for brain acquisitions and about 8 mm for whole-body acquisitions, while recent improvements in image reconstruction point to a resolution of 2 mm in the near future. Typical acquisition times range from minutes to hours due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the measuring principle, as well as due to the monitoring of the metabolism of the patient over a certain time. Therefore, patient motion increasingly limits the possible spatial resolution of PET. In addition, patient immobilisations are only of limited benefit in this context. Thus, patient motion leads to a relevant resolution degradation and incorrect quantification of metabolic parameters. The present work describes the utilisation of a novel motion compensation method for clinical brain PET acquisitions. By using an external motion tracking system, information about the head motion of a patient is continuously acquired during a PET acquisition. Based on the motion information, a newly developed event-based motion compensation algorithm performs spatial transformations of all registered coincidence events, thus utilising the raw data of a PET system - the so-called `list-mode´ data. For routine acquisition of this raw data, methods have been developed which allow for the first time to acquire list-mode data from an ECAT Exact HR+ PET scanner within an acceptable time frame. Furthermore, methods for acquiring the patient motion in clinical routine and methods for an automatic analysis of the registered motion have been developed. For the clinical integration of the aforementioned motion compensation approach, the development of additional methods (e.g. graphical user interfaces) was also part of this work. After development, optimisation and integration of the event-based motion compensation in clinical use, analyses with example data sets have been performed. Noticeable changes could be demonstrated by analysis of the qualitative and quantitative effects after the motion compensation. From a qualitative point of view, image artefacts have been eliminated, while quantitatively, the results of a tracer kinetics analysis of a FDOPA acquisition showed relevant changes in the R0k3 rates of an irreversible reference tissue two compartment model. Thus, it could be shown that an integration of a motion compensation method which is based on the utilisation of the raw data of a PET scanner, as well as the use of an external motion tracking system, is not only reasonable and possible for clinical use, but also shows relevant qualitative and quantitative improvement in PET imaging. / Die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) ist ein in der Nuklearmedizin etabliertes funktionelles Schnittbildverfahren, das es erlaubt Informationen über biochemische und physiologische Prozesse in vivo zu erhalten. Die derzeit erreichbare räumliche Auflösung des Verfahrens beträgt etwa 5 mm für Hirnaufnahmen und etwa 8 mm für Ganzkörperaufnahmen, wobei erste verbesserte Bildrekonstruktionsverfahren eine Machbarkeit von 2 mm Auflösung in Zukunft möglich erscheinen lassen. Durch das geringe Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis des Messverfahrens, aber auch durch die Tatsache, dass der Stoffwechsel des Patienten über einen längeren Zeitraum betrachtet wird, betragen typische PET-Aufnahmezeiten mehrere Minuten bis Stunden. Dies hat zur Folge, dass Patientenbewegungen zunehmend die erreichbare räumliche Auflösung dieses Schnittbildverfahrens limitieren. Eine Immobilisierung des Patienten zur Reduzierung dieser Effekte ist hierbei nur bedingt hilfreich. Es kommt daher zu einer relevanten Auflösungsverschlechterung sowie zu einer Verfälschung der quantifizierten Stoffwechselparameter. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Nutzbarmachung eines neuartigen Bewegungskorrekturverfahrens für klinische PET-Hirnaufnahmen. Mittels eines externen Bewegungsverfolgungssystems wird während einer PET-Untersuchung kontinuierlich die Kopfbewegung des Patienten registriert. Anhand dieser Bewegungsdaten führt ein neu entwickelter event-basierter Bewegungskorrekturalgorithmus eine räumliche Korrektur aller registrierten Koinzidenzereignisse aus und nutzt somit die als "List-Mode" bekannten Rohdaten eines PET Systems. Für die Akquisition dieser Daten wurden eigens Methoden entwickelt, die es erstmals erlauben, diese Rohdaten von einem ECAT Exact HR+ PET Scanner innerhalb eines akzeptablen Zeitraumes zu erhalten. Des Weiteren wurden Methoden für die klinische Akquisition der Bewegungsdaten sowie für die automatische Auswertung dieser Daten entwickelt. Ebenfalls Teil der Arbeit waren die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Integration in die klinische Routine (z.B. graphische Nutzeroberflächen). Nach der Entwicklung, Optimierung und Integration der event-basierten Bewegungskorrektur für die klinische Nutzung wurden Analysen anhand von Beispieldatensätzen vorgenommen. Es zeigten sich bei der Auswertung sowohl der qualitativen als auch der quantitativen Effekte deutliche Änderungen. In qualitativer Hinsicht wurden Bildartefakte eliminiert; bei der quantitativen Auswertung einer FDOPA Messung zeigte sich eine revelante Änderung der R0k3 Einstromraten eines irreversiblen Zweikompartment-Modells mit Referenzgewebe. Es konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass eine Integration einer Bewegungskorrektur unter Zuhilfenahme der Rohdaten eines PET Systems sowie unter Nutzung eines externen Verfolgungssystems nicht nur sinnvoll und in der klinischen Routine machbar ist, sondern auch zu maßgeblichen qualitativen und quantitativen Verbesserungen in der PET-Bildgebung beitragen kann.