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Jewish literary studies holds a peculiar field position. Although the study of Jewish American literature has been a part of American literary studies at least since the famed ‘breakthrough’ of Jewish literature in the postwar years, it often continues to be treated as a self-enclosed world of its own, apart from both ethnic literary studies and the larger American literary field.

During the research project "The situation of literary translation in Czech society after 1945", which was initiated by the Institute of Translation studies of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University and undertaken between 2008 and 2011, nearly thirty interviews were conducted with important Czech translators of the post-war generation. This thesis follows the cited research project. It is divided into three parts. The first part presents an introduction to the methods of oral history. The second part confronts objective historical facts with subjective memory - information obtained through the conducted interviews. The third part expands the corpus with two further sets of interviews. These are introduced by a short depiction of the presented narrators and followed by an editorial note. In the summary the paper points out and evaluates the results gained by the present research, including the newly collected material.

[pt] A proposta desta pesquisa, informada pelo paradigma teórico dos Descriptive Translation Studies, foi examinar três traduções para o inglês de romances brasileiros contemporâneos feitas pelo professor e tradutor norte- americano Clifford Landers, tendo em vista os seguintes objetivos: (i) verificar, mediante uma análise contrastiva das estratégias utilizadas por Landers na tradução de itens especificamente culturais, se essas traduções têm como efeito resultante um apagamento ou uma acentuação dos elementos culturais brasileiros a partir do ponto de vista da cultura receptora, e (ii) investigar qual é a imagem do Brasil projetada no pólo receptor norte-americano por meio dessas obras traduzidas, buscando avaliar se tais traduções desmentem, perpetuam ou geram representações culturais estereotipadas do Brasil. Além disso, sempre que pertinente aos objetivos da pesquisa, analisei a prática tradutória de Landers a fim de avaliar, dentre outras questões, em que medida sua prática se coaduna com suas próprias teorizações, divulgadas em livros, artigos e comunicações pessoais. / [en] Having the Descriptive Translation Studies as a theoretical framework, in this research I analysed the English translations of three Brazilian contemporary novels, all made by the American translator Clifford Landers. The purpose of it was to (i) analyse the strategies employed by Landers in translating textual elements known as culture-specific items, so as to infer if such strategies resulted either in the detachment or in the approximation, from the point of view of the target culture, of Brazilian culture as signaled by these kind of textual elements and (ii) to investigate the resulting representation of Brazilian culture by these translations, trying to infer if such texts create, deny or confirm stereotyped representations of Brazilian culture. Besides, whenever pertinent to the objectives of this research, I reviewed Lander`s translational practice, taking into account, amongt other issues, if his practice matches with his own theorization, published in books, papers or personal communications.

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objetivo primeiro examinar, segundo a teoria dos polissistemas de Itamar Even-Zohar e a abordagem descritivista da tradução de André Lefevere e Gideon Toury, a literatura brasileira traduzida para o inglês a partir de 1990. O estudo se fundamentará em uma análise do perfil das obras em tradução nos últimos quatorze anos, a qual, por sua vez, servirá de base para um exame das forças que determinaram a seleção, a tradução e a circulação de obras brasileiras nos polissistemas de língua inglesa. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo abordará também aspectos do mercado editorial atual, seu crescimento, sua profissionalização e o fortalecimento do papel do agente literário no fomento da tradução de obras brasileiras. Em um segundo momento, este estudo se dedicará à analise da trajetória de obras de Caio Fernando Abreu, Chico Buarque e Patrícia Melo nos polissistemas de língua inglesa, particularmente nos Estados Unidos e na Inglaterra. A partir das análises propostas, a conclusão abordará aspectos relacionados à recepção das obras brasileiras, tanto no nível mercadológico como no nível acadêmico, e à representação de identidades culturais brasileiras, especialmente no que diz respeito ao ambiente urbano, cenário da literatura desses três autores. / [en] The main purpose of this study is to examine Brazilian literature translated into English as of 1990, based on Itamar Even-Zohar`s Polysystem Theory and on the descriptive approach to translation of Andre Lefevere and Gideon Toury. The study will analyze the characteristics of works translated during the last fourteen years and will serve as a basis to examine the determining forces in the selection, translation and circulation of Brazilian literary works in English- language polysystems. Hence, the present study will also examine aspects of the current publishing industry, its professionalization, and the growing role of the literary agent in promoting translation of Brazilian works. Secondly, this study will analyze the trajectory of works by authors such as Caio Fernando Abreu, Chico Buarque and Patricia Melo in English polysystems, particularly in the United States and Great Britain. Based on the proposed analyses, the conclusion of the study will discuss aspects related to how Brazilian works are received (both in the market and in academia) and how Brazilian cultural identities are represented, especially with regard to the urban environment, which is the main setting in the literary works of the three above-cited authors.

The beginning section of this thesis named Current Trends in the French Children's Literature is focused on a terminology concerning key theoretical terms in children's literature. Further content is focused on the history of children's literature, including a brief overview of the period and examples of the key works. There is a list of Major international and French literary prizes given to authors of children's books. The complex relationship between author and reader was also examined. The next part of the thesis is primarily focused on a literary analysis of three French novels for teenagers published at the beginning of the 21st century: Toby Alone by Timothée de Fombelle, La vie, en gros by Mikaël Ollivier and Oscar and the Lady in Pink by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt. Emphasis is put not only on basic characteristics of contemporary children's literature but also on the singularity of these literary works. The problems of literary translation from French into a quite other language are covered in the final part of the thesis. The translator has to move a literary text into the target language and carry the distinctive character of a work, its idioms and tone. KEYWORDS children's literature, the reader, reading, the reception of the literary work, literary prizes in France, international literary...

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar o papel da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (FBN) na internacionalização da literatura brasileira, diversificando e ampliando a representatividade de nossos autores e obras nos mais diversos centros literários, bem como expandindo os cânones da literatura brasileira no exterior. O escopo do estudo abrange desde a atuação do órgão no sentido de difundir a literatura brasileira ao redor do mundo até o conjunto de autores favorecidos pelo programa de bolsas de tradução da instituição. O arcabouço teórico contempla a teoria dos polissistemas formulada por Itamar Even-Zohar (1990, 1997 e 2005), os conceitos de reescrita e patronagem de André Lefevere (1992) e a vertente sociológica dos Estudos da Tradução representada por autores como Pascale Casanova (2002 e 2010), Johann Heilbron (2007 e 2010) e Gisèle Sapiro (2007, 2008 e 2014). A análise realizada corrobora a importância da patronagem da literatura brasileira exercida pela Fundação Biblioteca Nacional para reduzir a assimetria das forças existentes no espaço literário internacional, desfavoráveis à literatura produzida no Brasil. / [en] This thesis aims to investigate the role of the National Library of Brazil (FBN) in the internationalization of the Brazilian literature by diversifying and enlarging the representativeness of our writers and literary works in the various literary centers as well as by expanding the canons of the Brazilian literature abroad. The scope of the study ranges from the FBN s work to disseminate the Brazilian literature around the world to the group of authors favored by the institution s translation grant program. The theoretical framework covers Itamar Even-Zohar s polysystem theory (1990, 1997, 2005), the concepts of rewriting and patronage devised by André Lefevere (1992), and the sociologically-oriented approaches to translation developed by authors such as Pascale Casanova (2002, 2010), Johann Heilbron (2007, 2010) and Gisèle Sapiro (2007, 2008, 2014). The analysis carried out corroborates the importance of the patronage of the Brazilian literature by the National Library of Brazil to reduce the asymmetry of the forces existing in the international literary space, unfavorable to the literature produced in Brazil.

La ricerca studia le riscritture delle opere di Gianni Rodari (1920-1980) in traduzione inglese attraverso la mediazione degli editori, critici letterari ma soprattutto dei traduttori tra il 1960 e il 2011. Nell’ambito degli studi sul contesto di produzione delle opere tradotte (Bassnett & Lefevere, 1998; Chesterman et al., 2000), la prima parte della ricerca presenta le caratteristiche traduttive della letteratura per l’infanzia attraverso un’analisi retrospettiva (Toury, 2012) utile a contestualizzare le opere di Rodari in inglese per il pubblico Anglo-Americano. La seconda parte illustra la mediazione linguistica dei traduttori in quattro di queste opere in inglese a partire dagli S-Universals (Chesterman, 2004). L’analisi delle traduzioni di Patrick Creagh (1965, 1971), Jack Zipes e Antony Shugaar (2008, 2011 rispettivamente), condotta attraverso le nove categorie traduttive proposte da J. L. Malone nel 1988, ha mostrato diversi gradi di addomesticamento ed estraniamento traduttivo (Venuti, 1995) a seconda dell’età del pubblico ricevente. Specificamente, le traduzioni addomesticanti si sono rivelate creative al punto da avvicinarsi all’intento narrativo di Rodari nei testi originali. La traduzione estraniante di Shugaar del 2011 ha mantenuto i riferimenti alla cultura italiana del testo rodariano, mostrando un cambiamento di pubblico ricevente dal testo fonte (pubblico giovane) al testo di arrivo (adulti). / The research investigates the extent to which Gianni Rodari’s (1920-1980) works changed in their English translations through the mediating presence of publishers, reviewers, and especially translators between the 1960s and 2011. With reference to the cultural context of production of translated works (Bassnett & Lefevere, 1998; Chesterman et al., 2000), translational patterns of children’s literature were firstly studied from a retrospective point of view (Toury, 2012) to contextualise Rodari’s books in English in the UK and the US. Secondly, the intervention of translators in four of these books was analysed within the mediation framework provided by S-Universals in translation (Chesterman, 2004). The discrete analysis of the translations by Patrick Creagh (1965, 1971), Jack Zipes and Antony Shugaar (2008, 2011 respectively), based on the nine translational trajections identified by J. L. Malone (1988), showed that the translators adopted different foreignising and domesticating strategies (Venuti, 1995) according to the intended public. More specifically, domesticating strategies presented a high degree of creativity in line with Rodari’s original narrative purpose, whereas Shugaar’s foreignising translation (2011) retained references to the Italian culture as in Rodari’s source text, marking a shift of audience from children to adults, from the Italian to the English target text.

The story of Joseph (in the Bible), Yusuf (in the Quran), has inspired literatures in many languages. This paper explores how some Swahili writers and translators have dealt with this inspiration, the implications for their language use and the way they have interpreted Yusuf as a theme for their writings. After a brief introduction on the importance of the story itself and putting the focus on a major theme of the plot, the following works are discussed: the new Quran translation by Sh Ali Muhsin (1995), a short novel by Mzee Salim A. Kibao (1975), two short stories by Amur bin Nasur il-Omeiri (1894), the utenzi Qissat-il Yusuf (l913) and Abdulrazak Gurnah\''s English written novel Paradise (1995). The paper concludes with the observation that in analyzing how these Swahili writers have integrated the story of Yusuf in their writings, prose as well as poetry, it becomes clear that attempts in defining what is ‘foreign’ (or ‘Oriental’) and what is ‘indigenous’ (or ‘African’) are bound to fail.

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