This paper aims to investigate the polarization present within the Design Thinking field ofresearch. Starting off from Johansson-Sköldberg et al. (2013), who first identified the distinctionbetween the two discourses Designerly Thinking and Design Thinking in 2010, we constructed a literature review and a framework of analysis based on conception of knowledge and its relationto the advancement of a research field. We claim that root-causes of the polarization derive from different knowledge bases, which then inhibit knowledge exchange as well as production. We conclude the paper by providing a suggestion for a way forward, claiming the applicability ofEngaged Scholarship within the realm of Design Thinking to make the field of research progresscreating relevance for both practitioners and scholars.

<p><strong>Background: </strong>To suffer from diabetes type II affects peoples new situation of life and therefore even their experiences of quality of life. <strong>Aim: </strong>The aim with this study was to describe how people with diabetes's type II experiences their quality of life. <strong>Method:</strong> The method that was used was a literature study with describing and deductive approach, where people’s experiences have come forth on the basis of Rustoens (1993) definition of quality of life. In total we analyzed 16 scientific articles that were categorized in four themes through a systematic content analysis (Evans, 2003) which resulted in four themes and nine subthemes. Orems (2001) theory of self-care has been used as the theoretical frame of reference. <strong>Result: </strong>In the result, it appear that people with diabetes's type II experiences quality of life differently on the basis of those four different themes, being active, to have fellowship, to have ego and to have a base spirit of happiness. The different themes conduct in different ways to create a good quality of life among people with diabetes type II. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> People with diabetes type II have a need to increase their knowledge and understanding to cope with the disease. A continuous contact with health-care and belonging to a group was important. From without the four different themes the individual can self choose to see its own needs to be able to obtain good quality of life.</p>

This dissertation presents three separate studies designed to investigate the relationship between marriage and physical activity behavior. First, a systematic literature review of nineteen articles presents qualitative and quantitative articles from 2000 to 2010 that focus on the relationship between marriage and physical activity and/or exercise. Based on the findings from the review, social support (or lack of support), culturally-determined gender roles, environmental factors such as income level, and intrapersonal factors such as self-efficacy each influenced spousal physical activity. Secondly, a qualitative study based on interviews and photographs from twenty-four married individuals utilized Social Cognitive Theory to explore the mechanisms, determinants, and influences of spousal physical activity. Findings indicate verbal persuasion by husbands encouraged wives, yet verbal persuasion by wives was perceived as nagging by men. While verbal persuasion by husbands increased a small number of wives' sense of self-efficacy, the majority of women felt that persuasion increased motivation, not necessarily confidence. Findings also highlighted the power of modeling to increase husbands' physical activity. Overwhelmingly, men reacted more positively to modeling than verbal persuasion. Lastly, a second qualitative piece employed General Systems Theory to conceive of the marital unit as a type of system working within other broader systems. Findings highlighted the desire for increased quality time as a motivator for physical activity within the marital system. Also, the larger cultural, occupational, and familial systems greatly influenced marital dyads. Cultural expectations to be the primary caregiver negatively impacted wives while occupational pressures negatively influenced both parts of the marital dyad. Regarding the familial system, parents cited the influence of their own parents as well as a desire to "pass on" exemplary physical activity habits to their children. Finally, couples with children highlighted an increase in exercise frequency yet decrease in exercise intensity.

The overall aim of this thesis was to provide knowledge on the one handSomalian-born immigrants´ experiences of living with diabetes mellitus (DM)in a new cultural environment, on the other hand their encounter with Swedishdiabetic care – this from both their own point of view and that of the health-care professionals. There was an endeavour to describe methodological aspectsof the interpreter´s role in respect of the trustworthiness of research performedin multicultural societies. A descriptive design was used, involving threequalitative interview studies with an interpreter (Studies II-IV) and onesystematic literature review (Study I). The latter served as a foundation forconducting the interviews with an interpreter and the Matrix Method was used.The same 19 patients with diabetes of Somalian origin participated in StudiesII-IV, joined by five health-care professionals in Study IV. The interviews weresubjected to qualitative content analysis in the case of Studies II and III, and to phenomenograpic analysis in the case of Study IV. In Study I, 13 empirical cross-cultural interview studies with aninterpreter involved were scrutinized. The findings showed that the interpreter’srole in the research process was given little attention. There was usually noaccount either of the style of interpreting, the interpreter’s previous experienceor the seating arrangements for the interviews. On the other hand most of thestudies offered direct or indirect information about the interpreter’s knowledgeof the aim of the research or participation in the transcription of the text or data analysis. The most frequent techniques used to established trustworthiness were prolonged engagement and member checks. A prominent problem for the participants in Study II was to give uptraditional eating habits. Difficulty in managing everyday life was mentionedespecially by women in connection with the need to keep to the diet regimebecause of a lack of understanding and support from family and friends. Tochanging lifestyle was considered as a hard work and a number of barriers wasmentioned especially when it comes to eating habits. The findings showed avariation how the participants managed the fasting month of Ramadan. Thosewho fasted did not see the diabetes as an obstacle, others did so and indicated that fasting was not compulsory for a sick person. In study III the findings showed that women used more supernaturalbeliefs than men when they described their experiences in connection with thediagnosis and their health beliefs. Most of the experiences of receiving thediagnosis consisted of ways of managing this information. Commonlymentioned by the participants, irrespective of gender, when they receiving thediagnosis was a attempt to find some advantages, or positive comparison. Other participants tried to repress the diagnosis and doubted it. Most of theparticipants, irrespective of gender, did not immediately respond with shock orother strong emotion when they received the diagnosis. In study IV the patients conceived the diabetes care as being of highquality but they also conceived limitation with the care. They conceived unmetneeds such as too long waiting times for appointments, not encountering thesame physician every time, lack of contact with specialists and failure toculturally adapt dietary advice. Health-care professionals conceived severalcultural challenges in the encounter such as managing language barriers,illiteracy and traditions such as fasting during Ramadan. In conclusion, this thesis generate knowledge which can serve as afoundation to securing the quality of diabetes care for this patient group andcontribute to working out local diabetic programmes for patients with anotherbackground than the Swedish. In addition the thesis can contribute to makingimprovements when it comes to working with an interpreter in qualitativeinterview studies as well as in clinical settings.

Background: To suffer from diabetes type II affects peoples new situation of life and therefore even their experiences of quality of life. Aim: The aim with this study was to describe how people with diabetes's type II experiences their quality of life. Method: The method that was used was a literature study with describing and deductive approach, where people’s experiences have come forth on the basis of Rustoens (1993) definition of quality of life. In total we analyzed 16 scientific articles that were categorized in four themes through a systematic content analysis (Evans, 2003) which resulted in four themes and nine subthemes. Orems (2001) theory of self-care has been used as the theoretical frame of reference. Result: In the result, it appear that people with diabetes's type II experiences quality of life differently on the basis of those four different themes, being active, to have fellowship, to have ego and to have a base spirit of happiness. The different themes conduct in different ways to create a good quality of life among people with diabetes type II. Conclusion: People with diabetes type II have a need to increase their knowledge and understanding to cope with the disease. A continuous contact with health-care and belonging to a group was important. From without the four different themes the individual can self choose to see its own needs to be able to obtain good quality of life.

Bakgrund: Årligen insjuknar cirka 13000 kvinnor i Sverige i hjärtinfarkt. Det är en av de vanligaste hjärt- och kärlsjukdomarna i Sverige. Det är en av de vanligaste hjärt- och kärlsjukdomarna i Sverige. Biologiska skillnader mellan kvinnor och män innebär att sjukdom och hälsa kan upplevas olika. Kvinnor har beskrivit insjuknandet i hjärtinfarkt som en overklig känsla och en skam över att bli sjuk. Kvinnan ställs inför psykiska och fysiska utmaningar där balans mellan livsmod och tappad livsgnista blir tydligare än tidigare. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av sin livssituation efter att ha insjuknat i hjärtinfarkt. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes.13 kvalitativa vetenskapliga original artiklar inkluderades. Resultat: Kvinnornas livssituation påverkades och förändrades av hjärtinfarkten. Nya tankar kring livet väcktes. Kvinnorna upplevde en osäkerhet inför framtiden, fysiska begränsningar på grund av trötthet och svaghet. Stöd och nära relationer var viktiga och stödjande i den nya livssituationen. Att komma till acceptans fick kvinnorna att våga se framåt. Diskussion: Som sjuksköterska är det betydelsefullt att känna till kvinnans förändrade livsvärld efter hjärtinfarkt för att kunna möta henne där hon är. Preventivt arbete med fokus på en personcentrerad omvårdnad där kvinnan känner sig sedd och bekräftad tas upp till diskussion.

This dissertation contains reports of three separate studies in which the connections between work role salience, family role salience, stereotype threat, and work-family conflict were explored. In the first study, findings from a systematic review of the role salience literature were reported. Following a search of four Human Resource Development (HRD) journals, the PsycINFO database, and the Academic Search Complete database, 69 articles and papers were identified for inclusion in the literature review. The literature mostly pertained to career development, with a notable emphasis on life-span, life-space theory. Though, very little of the research in the sample of literature pertained specifically to how individuals negotiate their lives as they occupy multiple life roles. In the second study, meta-analytic techniques were used to identify the nature of the relationships between work role salience, family role salience, and work-family conflict. Hypothesized relationships were based on conservation of resources theory. Data were collected from fourteen papers and articles to test the hypothesized relationships. Work role salience was positively related to work-family conflict (ρ = 0.151; p < 0.01) and family role salience was negatively related to work interference with family (ρ = -0.049; p ≤ 0.05). Family role salience appeared to support healthy involvement in both the work and family roles while work family salience appeared to deplete the necessary resources to balance work and family roles satisfactorily. The third study was an introduction of stereotype threat as a potential moderator of the role salience and work-family conflict relationships. Data were collected from 727 individuals who responded to an online survey. MANOVA was used to conclude that White and Black/African-American participants differed in their responses to the work-family conflict and stereotype threat scales. Regression analyses were used to assess the moderating effects of stereotype threat. Stereotype threat moderated the relationships between parental role salience and family interference with work. Future research efforts should include further examination of the similarities and differences in how the variables interact across racial boundaries and the mechanism(s) by which the stereotype threat affects role salience and work-family conflict relationships.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht Wesensmerkmale des Life Cycle Costing (LCC, dt. Lebenszykluskostenrechnung) und dessen Anwendung veröffentlicht in Fachzeitschriften. Aufgrund der langen Historie des LCC seit Beginn der 30er Jahre, gibt es zu dem Forschungsthema bereits eine Vielzahl theoretischer und empirischer Studien. Dennoch existiert bis heute keine einheitliche Definition oder ein standardisierter methodischer Rahmen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, LCC zu charakterisieren und eine sinnvolle Methode für die Klassifizierung der vorhandenen Forschungsarbeiten zu identifizieren um methodische und inhaltliche Unterschiede darzustellen. Angewandt wird die Methodik des Literature Review, respektive einer Mischform explorativ-induktiver, qualitativer und quantitativer Inhaltsanalyse. Den Prozess der Charakterisierung und Systematisierung leiten folgende Fragestellungen: Was sind die Motivatoren der Anwendung von LCC in Firmen? Gibt es ein standardisiertes Konzept analog zur Ökobilanz (LCA)? Was sind die wesentlichen Vorteile von LCC? Was ist momentan unbefriedigend erforscht? Wo und in welcher Form wird LCC angewandt? Ergeben sich aus F-1 bis F-4 spezifische Anwendungsbereiche? Zu Beginn erfolgt im Sinne der Vision des Life Cycle Thinking eine Erörterung möglicher Motivationen einer Zuwendung zu LCC aus unternehmerischer Entscheidungsperspektive. Dem folgt eine umfangreiche Analyse und Diskussion der wesentlichen Charakterzüge. Ausgehend dieser Erkenntnis ist ein Analyseraster abgeleitet um die zu bewertenden Studien geeignet zu kategorisieren. Ein direktes Ergebnis stellt die Evaluierung von 34 Studien zu LCC dar. Als mittelbare Ergebnisse der Systematisierung gelten die Erkenntnisse zur Wahl einer optimierten Suchstrategie und die Schaffung eines Startpunkts für Forscher, die sich zukünftig mit Detailfragen des LCC beschäftigen.

Den offentliga sfären är ett begrepp som genom historien har definierats på en rad olika sätt. Detta har medfört att litteraturen om den europeiska offentliga sfären (EPS) har antagit en rad olika utgångspunkter. Vilket tidigare studier visar på finns det inom litteraturen på detta område ett antal brister i så väl operationaliseringar som konceptualiseringar. Denna kandidatexamen syftar till att, genom en litteraturstudie, utforska dessa olika konceptualiseringar kring EPS och även till att utreda huruvida forskningsfältet har förbättrats inom de olika områdena.   Vårat resultat visar på att många metodologiska och konceptuella problem återstår inom forskningen om EPS och även att det finns en generell avsaknad av diskussion och kritik mot forskningens egna tillvägagångssätt. Vi vill också hävda att det Habermasiska perspektivet, och även forskning med fokus på massmedia och ett empiriskt perspektiv, är allt för dominerande. / The public sphere is a term which historically has been defined in various ways. This has caused the literature on the European public sphere (EPS) to take on many different viewpoints. As shown by previous studies, the literature on this subject has several flaws as well in its operationalization’s as in its conceptualization’s. This bachelor’s thesis sets out to, through a literature review, explore the different conceptualizations of the EPS as well as review whether the field of research has improved in the various areas.   Our findings conclude that many methodological and conceptual issues remain in EPS research and there also seems to be a general lack of discussion and critique against the research’s own approaches. We would also argue that the Habermasian perspective, as well as research with a focus on mass media and an empirical perspective, is too dominant.

Bakgrund: När en person söker vård för sin diabetes typ II sker ett möte med sjuksköterskan. Mötet mellan patient och sjuksköterska utgör grunden för att en patient ska kunna skapa tillit och känna trygghet i samvaro med sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur patienter med diabetes typ II upplever mötet med sjuksköterskan. Metod: En litteraturstudie som bygger på tio kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Genom analys hittades fem huvudkategorier: Att ta emot och förstå information, att ta emot stöd och bli motiverad, att våga känna tillit till sjuksköterskan, att vara delaktig i sin vård och att genom kommunikation skapa en relation med sjuksköterskan. Metoddiskussion: Att det inte hittades så många artiklar som matchade syftet kan bero på att det vårdvetenskapliga forskningsintresset inte är inriktat på allmänsjuksköterskan utan de flesta studier har inriktats på sjuksköterskan med specialistutbildning inom diabetesvården. Resultatdiskussion: Patienten vet hur det är att leva med diabetes mellitus typ II och sjuksköterskan har kunskap om hur sjukdomen påverkar kroppen. Ett samarbete mellan dessa två parter utgör grunden för att patienten ska kunna skapa sig en fungerande vardag. / Background: When a person with type II Diabetes seeks care, an encounter with a nurse will take place. The encounter between patient and nurse will help build the foundation for the trust and security that the patient will feel towards the nurse. Aim: The aim was to describe how patients with type II Diabetes experience the encounter with the nurse. Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative articles. Results: The analysis found five main categories: To receive and understand information, to receive support and get motivated, to put faith in the nurse, participation in your own treatment and through communication create a relationship with the nurse. Method discussion: Difficulties in finding relevant articles may have been due to most research focusing on diabetic nurses rather than practice nurses. Discussion of results: The patient knows what it is like to live with type II Diabetes and the nurse have the knowledge of how the disease affects the body. Collaboration between these two parts provides the basis for the patient to be able to create a functional week-day