[pt] A construção de um poço de petróleo requer um planejamento extenso e antecipado. Dentre os vários objetivos deste planejamento, está a verificação da necessidade de aquisição de materiais e equipamentos para a realização das etapas da construção do poço. Tais aquisições muitas vezes envolvem contratações longas e, posteriormente, requerem um grande tempo para entrega, podendo chegar a anos. Como este planejamento é realizado em um cenário de muitas incertezas, várias técnicas, utilizando diversos tipos de dado, já foram propostas para correlacionar poços, de modo a obter antecipadamente as necessidades de materiais e equipamentos para construir um novo poço. Um desses tipos de dado é o perfil litológico, que contém os seguimentos de rochas presentes pela extensão do poço, coletados através de sensores e outros meios presentes durante a perfuração. Este perfil litológico pode ser gerado artificialmente para poços ainda não perfurados, através de dados sísmicos. Este trabalho propõe uma nova metodologia para agrupar poços de petróleo. A medida de distância será calculada com base no grau de similaridade entre poços, obtido através da aplicação de algoritmo de alinhamento de sequências, que, por sua vez, são geradas exclusivamente a partir dos perfis litológicos de tais poços. Desta forma, é possível obter poços correlatos a um determinado poço. Para validação da metodologia, foram realizados experimentos de clusterização envolvendo dados de 120 poços da costa sudeste brasileira. / [en] The construction of an oil well requires extensive and advanced planning. Among the various objectives of this planning is the verification of the need to purchase materials and equipment to carry out the stages of construction of the well. Such acquisitions often involve long contracts and, later, require a long lead-time, which can reach years. As this planning is carried out in a scenario of many uncertainties, several techniques, using different types of data, have already been proposed to correlate wells, in order to obtain in advance the material and equipment requirements to build a new well. One of these types of data is the lithological profile, which contains the rock segments present throughout the length of the well, collected through sensors and other methods present during the drilling. It is possible to generate artificial lithological profiles for not yet drilled wells, through seismic data. This work proposes a new methodology for grouping oil wells. The distance measure is based on the degree of similarity between wells, obtained by applying a sequence alignment algorithm, which, in turn, are generated exclusively from the lithological profiles of such wells. In this way, it is possible to obtain wells related to a specific well. To validate the methodology, clustering experiments involves data from 120 wells on the southeastern Brazilian coast.

The Proterozoic Espanola Formation (Huronian Sequence) was studied at Geneva Lake, Ontario, 45 miles north-west of Sudbury. A major lithological change exists in the Espanola Formation between this area and the type section on the north shore of Lake Huron, 75 miles to the south. Unusually pure (95 percent) microcrystalline limestones and dolostones occur in almost equal abundance to the calcareous siltstones which are the characteristic lithology of the formation in its type section. The existence and position of a fine grained deposit such as the Espanola in a stratigraphic sequence which consists mostly of glacial and periglacial deposits is unusual. It is suggested that this fine-grained deposit was an integral part of a cycle of deposition resulting from glacial advance and retreat and that its sedimentary basin was created by marine transgression in response to a glacial retreat. Spatial distribution of the Espanola Formation suggests that its sedimentary basin may have consisted of at least three environmental zones. At least one of these zones may represent a glacial melt-water lake. A microfossil search was carried out with negative results. This made speculation necessary in determining the origin of the calcareous fraction of the Espanola Formation. A mechanism is suggested whereby calcium carbonate is precipitated inorganically, as a result of photosynthesis by anaerobic bacteria. This mechanism can be observed in the present. If it is true, then the Espanola Formation may represent a time marker for the first presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Reservoir quality of subsurface sandstones depends on the composition, texture and grain size of the initial sediments. These factors are a function of hinterland processes: tectonic setting, provenance, climate and depositional environment, and sediment transportation processes. This study focuses on a modern, dryland, fluvial deposition system from source-to-sink that aims to provide a quantitative dataset analogue to facilitate forward modelling for prediction of subsurface compositions, grain size and textures of reservoir sandstones. Umbum Creek, in the western Lake Eyre Basin of Central Australia, was selected as a small river network (~ 100km²) in order to study source-to-sink sedimentation. The provenance area was analysed using isopach maps derived from a 783 drill-hole dataset, which included stratigraphy and lithology information. Subsequently forty-three samples of different provenance lithotypes from the Umbum Creek catchment were collected for petrographic thin-section analysis. Recent sediments were then sampled from 90 strategically located stream confluences along Umbum Creek and tributaries (proximal, medial and distal subsets). A quantitative textural and compositional dataset was subsequently generated from 34 selected samples. With half-phi sieve analysis (4mm to 32 microns), and an associated petrographic description recognising 72 categories of grain composition was undertaken for each sample. The provenance analysis using isopach maps demonstrated that Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basin evolution in the study area was controlled by northeast and northwest-trending structural elements. The regional uplift of the Peake and Denison Inliers that occurred during the Cenozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin, causing changes in the provenance of Late Neogene sedimentation and on through to the present. The sink area represents a shallow intracratonic basin whereby a thin veneer of fluvial/lacustrine sediments is accumulating adjacent to a basement uplift. This study has highlighted the importance of multiple sediment provenances. Five different provenance lithotype grains were identified in the Umbum Creek modern sediments: the Gawler Craton plutonic / basement provenance (recycled) the Peake and Denison Inliers Proterozoic volcanic provenance (recycled), the Davenport Ranges metamorphic provenance, the Mesozoic sedimentary provenance and the Cenozoic sedimentary provenance. Whereas a downstream fining of grain size was expected, a general trend of downstream coarsening of grain size was noted being the result of aeolian deflation of fines and intra-basinal coarse-grained sediment contributions. In the sink area, modern sediments from the terminal splay complex comprise 70-80% quartz, 10-20% lithic fragments (of which ~ 7% are ductile lithic grains), < 3% feldspar, and clay (<2%). Grains are sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately well sorted. The compositional and textural maturity of the terminal splay sediments is attributed to reworked plutonic quartz grains, the dissolution and disintegration of feldspar and carbonate grains during transportation, along with the breakdown of lithic fragments due to fluvio-aeolian interactions and subsequent mechanical/ chemical weathering processes. These data were used to build a predictive forward model for modal sandstone analysis that achieved a fair to good correlation between predicted and observed grain lithotypes and provenance categories. These results illustrate that the character of sands in the Umbum Creek catchment are governed by a multiplicity of controls such as tectonic setting, provenance lithotype analysis, climate, regional topographic gradient, hinterland transport distance, basin subsidence rate and depositional environment. The fluvio-aeolian depositional environment along with the current arid to semi-arid playa climatic conditions of Umbum Creek catchment facilitate the growth of clay coatings, however accounts for a low clay matrix within the deposits. In addition, the playa environment also facilitates the alteration of infiltrated detrital clay to kaolinite, the formation of evaporites (gypsum, halite and anhydrite) and the formation of authigenic clays. These factors are all significant in determining the ultimate reservoir quality of reservoir sandstones, emphasising the importance of this study as an analogue for modelling ‘buried’ dryland depositional systems. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1337211 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

Reservoir quality of subsurface sandstones depends on the composition, texture and grain size of the initial sediments. These factors are a function of hinterland processes: tectonic setting, provenance, climate and depositional environment, and sediment transportation processes. This study focuses on a modern, dryland, fluvial deposition system from source-to-sink that aims to provide a quantitative dataset analogue to facilitate forward modelling for prediction of subsurface compositions, grain size and textures of reservoir sandstones. Umbum Creek, in the western Lake Eyre Basin of Central Australia, was selected as a small river network (~ 100km²) in order to study source-to-sink sedimentation. The provenance area was analysed using isopach maps derived from a 783 drill-hole dataset, which included stratigraphy and lithology information. Subsequently forty-three samples of different provenance lithotypes from the Umbum Creek catchment were collected for petrographic thin-section analysis. Recent sediments were then sampled from 90 strategically located stream confluences along Umbum Creek and tributaries (proximal, medial and distal subsets). A quantitative textural and compositional dataset was subsequently generated from 34 selected samples. With half-phi sieve analysis (4mm to 32 microns), and an associated petrographic description recognising 72 categories of grain composition was undertaken for each sample. The provenance analysis using isopach maps demonstrated that Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basin evolution in the study area was controlled by northeast and northwest-trending structural elements. The regional uplift of the Peake and Denison Inliers that occurred during the Cenozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin, causing changes in the provenance of Late Neogene sedimentation and on through to the present. The sink area represents a shallow intracratonic basin whereby a thin veneer of fluvial/lacustrine sediments is accumulating adjacent to a basement uplift. This study has highlighted the importance of multiple sediment provenances. Five different provenance lithotype grains were identified in the Umbum Creek modern sediments: the Gawler Craton plutonic / basement provenance (recycled) the Peake and Denison Inliers Proterozoic volcanic provenance (recycled), the Davenport Ranges metamorphic provenance, the Mesozoic sedimentary provenance and the Cenozoic sedimentary provenance. Whereas a downstream fining of grain size was expected, a general trend of downstream coarsening of grain size was noted being the result of aeolian deflation of fines and intra-basinal coarse-grained sediment contributions. In the sink area, modern sediments from the terminal splay complex comprise 70-80% quartz, 10-20% lithic fragments (of which ~ 7% are ductile lithic grains), < 3% feldspar, and clay (<2%). Grains are sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately well sorted. The compositional and textural maturity of the terminal splay sediments is attributed to reworked plutonic quartz grains, the dissolution and disintegration of feldspar and carbonate grains during transportation, along with the breakdown of lithic fragments due to fluvio-aeolian interactions and subsequent mechanical/ chemical weathering processes. These data were used to build a predictive forward model for modal sandstone analysis that achieved a fair to good correlation between predicted and observed grain lithotypes and provenance categories. These results illustrate that the character of sands in the Umbum Creek catchment are governed by a multiplicity of controls such as tectonic setting, provenance lithotype analysis, climate, regional topographic gradient, hinterland transport distance, basin subsidence rate and depositional environment. The fluvio-aeolian depositional environment along with the current arid to semi-arid playa climatic conditions of Umbum Creek catchment facilitate the growth of clay coatings, however accounts for a low clay matrix within the deposits. In addition, the playa environment also facilitates the alteration of infiltrated detrital clay to kaolinite, the formation of evaporites (gypsum, halite and anhydrite) and the formation of authigenic clays. These factors are all significant in determining the ultimate reservoir quality of reservoir sandstones, emphasising the importance of this study as an analogue for modelling ‘buried’ dryland depositional systems. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1337211 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

Reservoir quality of subsurface sandstones depends on the composition, texture and grain size of the initial sediments. These factors are a function of hinterland processes: tectonic setting, provenance, climate and depositional environment, and sediment transportation processes. This study focuses on a modern, dryland, fluvial deposition system from source-to-sink that aims to provide a quantitative dataset analogue to facilitate forward modelling for prediction of subsurface compositions, grain size and textures of reservoir sandstones. Umbum Creek, in the western Lake Eyre Basin of Central Australia, was selected as a small river network (~ 100km²) in order to study source-to-sink sedimentation. The provenance area was analysed using isopach maps derived from a 783 drill-hole dataset, which included stratigraphy and lithology information. Subsequently forty-three samples of different provenance lithotypes from the Umbum Creek catchment were collected for petrographic thin-section analysis. Recent sediments were then sampled from 90 strategically located stream confluences along Umbum Creek and tributaries (proximal, medial and distal subsets). A quantitative textural and compositional dataset was subsequently generated from 34 selected samples. With half-phi sieve analysis (4mm to 32 microns), and an associated petrographic description recognising 72 categories of grain composition was undertaken for each sample. The provenance analysis using isopach maps demonstrated that Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basin evolution in the study area was controlled by northeast and northwest-trending structural elements. The regional uplift of the Peake and Denison Inliers that occurred during the Cenozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin, causing changes in the provenance of Late Neogene sedimentation and on through to the present. The sink area represents a shallow intracratonic basin whereby a thin veneer of fluvial/lacustrine sediments is accumulating adjacent to a basement uplift. This study has highlighted the importance of multiple sediment provenances. Five different provenance lithotype grains were identified in the Umbum Creek modern sediments: the Gawler Craton plutonic / basement provenance (recycled) the Peake and Denison Inliers Proterozoic volcanic provenance (recycled), the Davenport Ranges metamorphic provenance, the Mesozoic sedimentary provenance and the Cenozoic sedimentary provenance. Whereas a downstream fining of grain size was expected, a general trend of downstream coarsening of grain size was noted being the result of aeolian deflation of fines and intra-basinal coarse-grained sediment contributions. In the sink area, modern sediments from the terminal splay complex comprise 70-80% quartz, 10-20% lithic fragments (of which ~ 7% are ductile lithic grains), < 3% feldspar, and clay (<2%). Grains are sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately well sorted. The compositional and textural maturity of the terminal splay sediments is attributed to reworked plutonic quartz grains, the dissolution and disintegration of feldspar and carbonate grains during transportation, along with the breakdown of lithic fragments due to fluvio-aeolian interactions and subsequent mechanical/ chemical weathering processes. These data were used to build a predictive forward model for modal sandstone analysis that achieved a fair to good correlation between predicted and observed grain lithotypes and provenance categories. These results illustrate that the character of sands in the Umbum Creek catchment are governed by a multiplicity of controls such as tectonic setting, provenance lithotype analysis, climate, regional topographic gradient, hinterland transport distance, basin subsidence rate and depositional environment. The fluvio-aeolian depositional environment along with the current arid to semi-arid playa climatic conditions of Umbum Creek catchment facilitate the growth of clay coatings, however accounts for a low clay matrix within the deposits. In addition, the playa environment also facilitates the alteration of infiltrated detrital clay to kaolinite, the formation of evaporites (gypsum, halite and anhydrite) and the formation of authigenic clays. These factors are all significant in determining the ultimate reservoir quality of reservoir sandstones, emphasising the importance of this study as an analogue for modelling ‘buried’ dryland depositional systems. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1337211 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

The Bergslagen region has three base-metal mines operating today, and one of them is the Lovisa mine, which host a Zn-Pb-Ag deposit. The Lovisa mine is located in the Guldsmedshyttan area north of Lindesberg. The mine is part of in the X-Mine H2020 project that includes four different mines with the aim of an improved environmental resource management. The project aims at reducing the environmental impact from transport, ore processing and chemical handling as well as result in lowering the costs per produced amount of metal. The purpose for this thesis is to determine the petrophysical characteristics of the host rocks to the thin tabular mineralised units in the Lovisa mine with petrophysics. Petrophysics is used to obtain information about the physical properties of rocks, which is then is integrated with geophysics and the geology, to obtain an improved understanding about the different geophysical anomalies. The petrophysic methods used here, reviled three different physical properties of the rocks: density, magnetic volume susceptibility and natural remanent magnetization. These properties were measured on five different drill cores and correlated with the literature data and lithologies of the core. The lithologies close to the ore correspond to literature data for volcanic siltstone, volcanic sandstone, massive rhyolite, skarn (calc-silicates) and dolomite. Dolomite is not present in the cores and corresponds to breccia, volcanic sandstone and skarn. My conclusion for this method, is that in order to do a lithological interpretation based on the measured petrophysical properties, is that a good knowledge of the lithologies as well as a good understanding of the geological processes that have affected the rocks in the investigated area are required. / I Bergslagen finns det idag tre aktiva gruvor som bryter sulfidmalm, och en av dem är Lovisagruva som är en malmkropp Zn-Pb-(Ag)-malm. Lovisagruvan ligger i Guldsmedshytteområdet, norr om Lindesberg. Gruvan är en del av X-Mine-projektet som bl.a. undersöker små, komplexa malmkroppar i syfte att reducera miljöpåverkan och effektivisera produktionen. Syftet med detta kandidatarbete är att bestämma petrofysiska egenskaper hos lithologin i det malmnära sidoberget vid Lovisagruva. Petrofysik används för att ta reda på bergets fysikaliska egenskaper, och dessa egenskaper används sedan inom geofysik, för att få en förståelse för de olika avvikelser som visas i andra geofysiska mätningar. De petrofysiska mätningarna som utfördes, gav tre fysikaliska egenskaper hos varje prov, densitet, magnetisk susceptibilitet och den naturliga magnetiska remanensen. Resultaten från varje prov korrelerades sedan med litteraturdata och jämfördes med borrkärneloggar från Lovisa. De petrofysiska mätningarna utfördes på prover från fem olika borrhål. Resultatet visar att det malmnära sidoberget korrelerar med litteraturdata på vulkanisk siltsten, vulkanisk sandsten, kalksilikat, ryolit, skarn och dolomit. Dolomit finns inte i kärnorna utan representeras av bl.a. breccia, vulkanisk sandsten och skarn. Min slutsats är att det går att bestämma lithologin med dessa fysikaliska egenskaper, men man måste ha en god kännedom om vilka bergarter som förväntas att förekomma i området samt vilka geologiska processer som påverkat dem. / H2020 X-mine

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-23T16:50:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS15DA035.pdf: 8233837 bytes, checksum: 2bf2d66cbb50bb2bfe83751d86a81f26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T16:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS15DA035.pdf: 8233837 bytes, checksum: 2bf2d66cbb50bb2bfe83751d86a81f26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Capes / The sustainable use of natural resources, with emphasis on soil exploration in conservation base, demand for detailed information on their characteristics and properties, as an indication of its quality, to recommend the correct land use and the best management system. The study aimed to characterization of the nature and properties of the main soils in the southwestern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil, establishing relationships between the physical and chemical attributes with your mineralogical constitution, and researching the causes of the variability of soil classes resultant from the dynamics of the processes considering the lithological variation and modeled of topographic surface. The area studied is situated in the Basin of Santa Maria River in Rosario do Sul County located at latitude 30°15'28" south and longitude 54°54'50" west, with an average altitude of 132 m, humid mesothermal climate, average annual temperature near to 20°C, and a rainfall in the range of 1300 mm. The cartographic base consisted of topographic charts, geological map, satellite imagery, digital elevation models, and support from global positioning system receivers and geographic information system. Geomorphometric variables maps were used for the correlation of the geomorphic surfaces with pedogenesis applying classic models to the compartmentalization of slopes. Topolithosequence were defined as from soil developed with lithology of the Pirambóia, Sanga-of-Cabral and Guará geological formations, choosing to the soil profiles based on types of source material, variations in relief and altitude. It was proceeded a general and morphological description of soil profiles and a horizons sampling collection for chemical, physical, mineralogical and sedimentological analysis, aiming to study the influence of relief forms and the different source materials in the genesis and mineralogical composition of the soil, as well as to understand and describe the main pedogenic processes actants in their evolution. It was observed that soils developed in the same geological formation, in function to lithological variations of the sedimentary package, can have different chemical and mineralogical composition. Furthermore, the differences between the soils also are due to the strong interaction of the source material to the type and intensity of pedogenic processes, influenced by the position they hold in the landscape, conditioned by the flow of water in the soil, as presumably have evolved under the same preterit climatic conditions / O uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, com ênfase na exploração do solo em base conservacionista, demanda por informações pormenorizadas das suas características e propriedades, como um indicativo da sua qualidade, para recomendar o uso correto do solo e o melhor sistema de manejo. O estudo teve como objetivo geral a caracterização da natureza e das propriedades dos principais solos da região sudoeste do RS, estabelecendo relações entre os atributos físicos e químicos com sua constituição mineralógica, e investigando as causas da variabilidade das classes de solos decorrentes da dinâmica dos processos, considerando a variação litológica e o modelado da superfície topográfica. A área de estudo está situada na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria na cidade de Rosário do Sul-RS localizada a 30° 15′ 28″S e 54° 54′ 50″W, altitude média de 132 m, clima tipo Cfa, temperatura média anual próxima a 20 °C e índice pluviométrico médio de 1300 mm. A base cartográfica básica consistiu de cartas topográficas, mapa geológico, imagens de satélite, modelos digitais de elevação e apoio de receptores GPS e de SIG’s. Mapas de variáveis geomorfométricas foram utilizados para a correlação das superfícies geomórficas com a pedogênese aplicando-se modelos clássicos de compartimentação de vertentes. Foram definidas topolitossequências a partir de solos desenvolvidos de litologias das formações geológicas Pirambóia, Sangado- Cabral e Guará, escolhendo-se os perfis de solos com base em tipos de materiais de origem, variações no relevo e na altitude. Procedeu-se à descrição geral e morfológica dos perfis e a coleta de amostras de solo deformadas em cada um dos horizontes para análises químicas, físicas, mineralógicas e sedimentológicas, visando estudar a influência das formas de relevo e dos diferentes materiais de origem na gênese e na composição mineralógica dos solos, assim como compreender e descrever os principais processos pedogenéticos atuantes na sua evolução. Observou-se que solos desenvolvidos da mesma formação geológica, em função de variações litológicas do pacote sedimentar, apresentam composição química e mineralógica diferente. Além disso, as diferenças entre os solos também se devem à forte interação do material de origem com o tipo e intensidade dos processos pedogênicos, influenciados pela posição que ocupam na paisagem, condicionados pelos fluxos de água no solo, já que supostamente evoluíram sob as mesmas condições climáticas pretéritas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The techniques of image and data processing allowed to characterize and analyze the geological-geomorphological interrelationships of the Japaratuba River Basin, located in the state of Sergipe - Brazil. To obtain the results, based on the methodology, filtering techniques were applied in orbital data highlighting the linear structures present in the region. The methods enabled a semi-quantitative analysis, where the rosette diagrams show that the three variables (lineaments, drainage and linear representation of crest) studied in the research are preferably grouped in the NW-SE direction. The diagnosis also showed that the drainage network and the linear representation of tops in the area are complex and variable, presenting distinct densities and patterns controlled by lineaments and lithology. The use of remote sensing data coupled with geoprocessing techniques proved to be effective in the analysis and characterization of the study area since it was possible to obtain information about geological structures and modeling in a fast way. / As técnicas de processamento de imagens e dados permitiu caracterizar e analisar as inter-relações geológico-geomorfológicas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Japaratuba, localizada no estado de Sergipe – Brasil. Para a obtenção dos resultados, com base na metodologia, foram aplicadas técnicas de filtragem em dados orbitais resaltando as estruturas lineares presentes na região. Os métodos viabilizaram uma análise semi-quantitativa, onde os diagramas de roseta mostram que as três variáveis (lineamentos, drenagem e representação linear de topos) estudadas na pesquisa estão agrupadas de forma preferencial a direção NW-SE. O diagnóstico também evidenciou que a rede de drenagem e a representação linear de topos na área são complexas e variáveis, apresentando densidades e padrões distintos controlados pelos lineamentos e pela litologia. A utilização dos dados de sensores remotos aliados às técnicas de geoprocessamento mostram-se eficazes na análise e caracterização da área de estudo, uma vez que foi possível obter informações sobre as estruturas geológicas e o modelado de maneira rápida.

Este documento presenta la base metodológica para determinar la Estabilidad de taludes, en una de las carreteras de penetración con mayor crecimiento de tránsito vehicular; por ello su importancia en la construcción de una vía asfaltada para conectar los pueblos de esta parte norte del Perú. Asimismo, exponemos los diferentes procesos de desprendimientos o movimientos de masa que ocurren en los taludes; además de los factores que influencian el análisis de Estabilidad de Taludes, pasando a los Métodos de Diseño para la verificación de la condición de estabilidad y los posibles Métodos de Estabilización. Finalmente, se realizará un análisis de Estabilidad de Talud al Sector del Km. 17+200 al Km. 18+600 del Proyecto a través del Método seleccionado; hemos considerado como base los parámetros y características: morfológicas, litológicas, climatológicas, del suelo, vegetación de la zona en Estudio. Mostrando que nuestros resultados son de aplicación directa al Proyecto. This document presents the methodological basis to determine the stability of slopes, in one of the roads of penetration with increased growth of vehicular traffic; for this reason their importance in the construction of a paved to connect the peoples of the northern part of the Peru. We also expose the different processes of landslides or mass movements that occur on the slopes; In addition to the factors that influence the analysis of slope stability, to design methods for the verification of the condition of stability and possible methods of stabilization. Finally, an analysis of stability of slope to the Sector of the Km. 17+200 Km. 18+600 of the project will be through the method selected; We have considered as base parameters and characteristics: morphologic, lithological, weather, soil, vegetation in the study area. Showing that our results are directly applicable to the project.

Canadian remote areas are characterized by a minimal human footprint, restricted accessibility, ubiquitous lichen/snow cover (e.g. Arctic) or continuous forest with water bodies (e.g. Sub-Arctic). Effective mapping of earth surface cover and land cover changes using free medium-resolution Landsat images in remote environments is a challenge due to the presence of spectrally mixed pixels, restricted field sampling and ground truthing, and the often relatively homogenous cover in some areas. This thesis investigates how remote sensing methods can be applied to improve the capability of Landsat images for mapping earth surface features and land cover changes in Canadian remote areas. The investigation is conducted from the following four perspectives: 1) determining the continuity of Landsat-8 images for mapping surficial materials, 2) selecting classification algorithms that best address challenges involving mixed pixels, 3) applying advanced image fusion algorithms to improve Landsat spatial resolution while maintaining spectral fidelity and reducing the effects of mixed pixels on image classification and change detection, and, 4) examining different change detection techniques, including post-classification comparisons and threshold-based methods employing PCA(Principal Components Analysis)-fused multi-temporal Landsat images to detect changes in Canadian remote areas. Three typical landscapes in Canadian remote areas are chosen in this research. The first is located in the Canadian Arctic and is characterized by ubiquitous lichen and snow cover. The second is located in the Canadian sub-Arctic and is characterized by well-defined land features such as highlands, ponds, and wetlands. The last is located in a forested highlands region with minimal built-environment features. The thesis research demonstrates that the newly available Landsat-8 images can be a major data source for mapping Canadian geological information in Arctic areas when Landsat-7 is decommissioned. In addition, advanced classification techniques such as a Support-Vector-Machine (SVM) can generate satisfactory classification results in the context of mixed training data and minimal field sampling and truthing. This thesis research provides a systematic investigation on how geostatistical image fusion can be used to improve the performance of Landsat images in identifying surface features. Finally, SVM-based post-classified multi-temporal, and threshold-based PCA-fused bi-temporal Landsat images are shown to be effective in detecting different aspects of vegetation change in a remote forested region in Ontario. This research provides a comprehensive methodology to employ free Landsat images for image classification and change detection in Canadian remote regions.