Using vignette experiments, this thesis examines individuals’ decision-making in various social dilemmas. A case study of littering behavior amongst university students in Lao People's Democratic Republic is used to investigate whether individual preferences are stable across littering dilemmas and other social dilemmas. This study further investigates if a visual prompt can encourage prosocial behavior in littering situations. The results show that behavior in social dilemmas is dependent on individual preferences. Additionally, the study finds little evidence that visual prompts could be used in order to efficiently decrease littering in Laos. However, a negative relationship is found between littering behavior and knowledge regarding the consequences of littering. These findings indicate that policy makers could use knowledge increasing campaigns in order to increase prosocial decision making regarding littering. Yet, further studies are needed in order to validate the results. Lastly, we also find differences in what influence littering behavior, depending on the item being littered.

The purpose of this study is to find the connection between the covid-19 pandemic and the increased littering in Jönköping municipality. Then, find out what is being done by Jönköping municipality and the municipality's waste company to manage the littering. The study used a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews to answer the research questions. The flexibility and open-ended choice of interviews were necessary considering the interviewee's different professional backgrounds. The topic chosen was essential, as increased knowledge can create the know-how required to prevent similar happenings in the future. The result showed that certain types of litter, such as medical waste and food packaging, had increased during the pandemic in certain places in Jönköping municipality. These certain places are, for example, the main beach in Jönköping city or different parks in the city, where people socialize along with something to eat and drink, hence the littering. Other litter has not seen any noticeable increase during the covid-19 pandemic. The municipality needed to reorganize and prioritize collecting the trash in these areas with an increase in litter, leaving other sites for later. This meant that the waste management system had not been efficient, and these littering changes had surprised the municipality. This study highlights the need for a waste management system that is more capable and efficient in cleaning, including when there is a pandemic or other events that temporarily increase the littering rates in certain areas.   Littering may be a forgotten subject when discussing the covid-19 pandemic, but this study aims to raise its importance and not underestimate its impact on people and nature.

Begreppet hållbar utveckling innefattar flera delar som påverkas stort av de val som människor gör till vardags. Nedskräpning har flera negativa konsekvenser socialt, ekonomiskt samt ekologiskt, därför är det viktigt att kunskaper kring hur man kan påverka människors benägenhet till att kasta sitt skräp på marken istället för en soptunna prioriteras. Denna uppsats syftar till att testa hur nudging kan tillämpas i Malmö genom tre olika experiment. Uppsatsens tre experiment har utförts i Pildammsparken och använder gröna fotavtryck i riktning mot en soptunna respektive en hundlatrin som en form av nudging för att öka förbipasserande människors benägenhet att kasta sitt skräp i soptunnan. Resultaten visade på både en ökning av avfallet som kastades i hundlatrinen samt en ökning av nedskräpningen vid utdelandet av godisbitar. Enligt denna uppsats resultat hade de gröna fotavtrycken inte någon effekt på människors benägenhet att kasta sitt skräp. / Sustainable development is a concept which is built upon different dimensions. These dimensions (ecological, social and economic) are all pressing when it comes to the issue of littering, which partly is the research subject of this paper. Due to the already established knowledge about the negative effects of littering, we have used a concept from behavioral science called “nudging”. The purpose of this paper is to test if nudging can be applied in Malmö successfully by doing three types of experiments involving littering. Green foot prints, in the direction of trash cans and a dog waste container in a park in Malmö, were the independent variable of the experiments. The aim of the footprints was to increase the probability of people throwing garbage in trash cans, instead of on the ground. In one experiment an increase in the weight of waste was found concerning the dog waste container but an increase in litter in the other experiment was also found. With opposing results like these we can only conclude that this form of nudging might not be an efficient method to reduce littering in parks in Malmö.

Current literature on public communication campaigns suggests that challenges and problems remain, even though generally the effectiveness of campaigns has increased in the past years. Challenges and problems are issue-specific and efforts put into influencing particular social behaviours through public communication campaigns have not been significantly successful. Although public communication campaigns are a popular method employed to influence social behaviours in many societies, campaign strategies inadequately consider the impact of cultural elements on social behaviours. The disappointing results through the use of campaigns are exacerbated by the difficulties faced in translating research observations to appropriate campaign strategies. In view of current challenges, this research examines public communication campaigns. Two main variables shaped this research ??? ???identity??? and ???culture???. The research postulated that a person???s identity influences his or her behaviour. It also argued that culture would impact on behaviour. The theoretical orientation drew on interpretivist perspectives. Using a comparative cross-cultural method, this research nominated the issues of organ donation and waste disposal behaviours in public places and the countries of Australia and Singapore for empirical study. Focus group research was employed. A total of sixteen focus groups were conducted ??? eight groups on organ donation (four in Sydney, Australia and four in Singapore) and eight groups on waste disposal behaviours (four in Sydney, Australia and four in Singapore). In line with the theoretical orientation, ???grounded theory??? was used to analyse the focus group transcripts. It is argued that a person???s decision to organ donation or waste disposal behaviour was intimately related to his or her identity. Cultural elements are critical constituents of identity. This is to say, cultural values, beliefs and attitudes have significant impact on social behaviours. These intricacies were made apparent when each issue was seen in the national contexts of Australia and Singapore. This research concludes that issues of identity can partly explain the type of decision a person makes about organ donation, and the kind of waste disposal behaviour a person enacts. It also argues that the effectiveness of campaign strategies can potentially be enhanced, if the strategies are responsive to people???s identities.

Sammanfattning Geocaching är en sport och hobby som blir allt mer populär i Sverige. Antalet användare ökar ständigt och det finns inget som tyder på någon avtagande trend.  I Sverige finns Allemansrätten, som ger alla rätt att fritt röra sig i skog och mark. Den fria rörligheten gör att aktiviteter och sporter så som geocaching utövas på platser långt ut i skog och mark. Utövandet av geocaching har nu blivit så omfattande att det finns behov av vetenskapliga studier. Behovet av fler studier kring ämnet geocaching belyses genom avsaknaden på publikationer samt att det uttrycks ett behov i de få skrifter som redan finns.  För att undvika framtida konflikter, på grund av nedskräpning i vår omgivning, i samband med utövandet av geocaching, syftar studien till att undersöka huruvida en geocache kan bedömas som nedskräpning eller ej. Studien baseras på en analys av relevanta rättsfall i ett nedskräpningssammanhang.  I ett fall har propositionen till nedskräpningsbestämmelsen för mindre nedskräpning utgjort grunden då det saknas relevanta rättsfall.    Studien visar att det föreligger flertalet prövningar bakom en nedskräpningsbedömning. Det visade sig att tillträde och insyn till nedskräpningen var viktig samt placeringen. En nedskräpning på känsliga och skyddsvärda platser där nedskräpning sker som dessutom inbjuder till ytterligare nedskräpning bedöms hårdare än annars. Den slutliga bedömningen var att en geocache inte kan räknas som en straffbar nedskräpning. Varje geocache är unik och rättslägen kan ändras därför kan inte slutsatsen appliceras likgiltigt i alla situationer och tider. / Abstract Geocaching is a sport and hobby that is becoming more and more popular in Sweden. The number of users is steadily increasing and there are no signs of any downward trend. In Sweden the Right of Public Access (Allemansrätt) is giving everyone the right to move freely in the nature. The free movement means that activities and sports such as geocaching can be practiced in places far out into the woods and fields. The practice of geocaching has now become so extensive that there is a need for scientific studies. The need for more studies on the subject of geocaching is illustrated by the lack of publications, and that is also expressed in the few already existing papers. To avoid future conflicts, due to littering of our environment, in practicing geocaching, the study aims to investigate whether a geocache can be considered as littering or not. The study is based on an analysis of relevant case law in a litter context. In one case, the proposition for littering provision for minor littering provided the basis in the absence of relevant case law.   The study shows that there are several evaluations behind a litter assessment. It turned out that access and transparency to the littering was important and the location of it. Littering in sensitive and places worthy protection which also invites further littering is considered harder than usual. The final conclusion was that a geocache can not be counted as a criminal littering act. Each geocache is unique and legal position may change therefore the conclusion can not be applied indifferently in all situations and times.

Current literature on public communication campaigns suggests that challenges and problems remain, even though generally the effectiveness of campaigns has increased in the past years. Challenges and problems are issue-specific and efforts put into influencing particular social behaviours through public communication campaigns have not been significantly successful. Although public communication campaigns are a popular method employed to influence social behaviours in many societies, campaign strategies inadequately consider the impact of cultural elements on social behaviours. The disappointing results through the use of campaigns are exacerbated by the difficulties faced in translating research observations to appropriate campaign strategies. In view of current challenges, this research examines public communication campaigns. Two main variables shaped this research ??? ???identity??? and ???culture???. The research postulated that a person???s identity influences his or her behaviour. It also argued that culture would impact on behaviour. The theoretical orientation drew on interpretivist perspectives. Using a comparative cross-cultural method, this research nominated the issues of organ donation and waste disposal behaviours in public places and the countries of Australia and Singapore for empirical study. Focus group research was employed. A total of sixteen focus groups were conducted ??? eight groups on organ donation (four in Sydney, Australia and four in Singapore) and eight groups on waste disposal behaviours (four in Sydney, Australia and four in Singapore). In line with the theoretical orientation, ???grounded theory??? was used to analyse the focus group transcripts. It is argued that a person???s decision to organ donation or waste disposal behaviour was intimately related to his or her identity. Cultural elements are critical constituents of identity. This is to say, cultural values, beliefs and attitudes have significant impact on social behaviours. These intricacies were made apparent when each issue was seen in the national contexts of Australia and Singapore. This research concludes that issues of identity can partly explain the type of decision a person makes about organ donation, and the kind of waste disposal behaviour a person enacts. It also argues that the effectiveness of campaign strategies can potentially be enhanced, if the strategies are responsive to people???s identities.

The economic and population growth have led to the increased volumes of municipal solid waste in South Africa, hence more pressure to the waste management facilities. Municipal solid waste management is a by-product of everyday living, this is the reason why there is an environmental burden caused by waste to the environment. This study was conducted in Pretoria within the three sampled areas, namely: Garsfontein, Marabastad and Pretoria Central Business District (CBD). The rationale of the study was to establish the influence and effects of biographic factors (age, marital status, educational background, gender) and religious conviction on littering. This project constitutes both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. About 150 of the questionnaires were administered to each of the three sampled areas. Therefore, the overall proportion of the respondents was 450. Visual inspection was done in all the three sampled areas to observe the littering status quo and waste management situation in these particular areas. The visual inspection uncovered very interesting findings. It was established that Marabastad was cleaner in the morning than in the late hours while Garsfontein was clean throughout the day. Another problem that was discovered, amongst others was that of the condition of the bins in Marabastad and Pretoria Central Business District (CBD) which was bad compared to Garsfontein. From the questionnaire, it was found that the 72% of elderly respondents (< 36 yrs) are more environmental conscious than the young people (18-35 yrs) who 83% of them claim to litter when there is no bin. Further, among young people, 78% said litter cigarette butts and 93% of these said better street cleanliness would help reduce littering. 72% of adults said religious convictions would help reduce littering. The chi-square and correlation coefficient statistical data analysis methods were used to establish the relationship between different biographic and religious variables. Gender, marital status, monthly income, age and religious conviction were all found to have significant effects on issues regarding littering in the city. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

The economic and population growth have led to the increased volumes of municipal solid waste in South Africa, hence more pressure to the waste management facilities. Municipal solid waste management is a by-product of everyday living, this is the reason why there is an environmental burden caused by waste to the environment. This study was conducted in Pretoria within the three sampled areas, namely: Garsfontein, Marabastad and Pretoria Central Business District (CBD). The rationale of the study was to establish the influence and effects of biographic factors (age, marital status, educational background, gender) and religious conviction on littering. This project constitutes both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. About 150 of the questionnaires were administered to each of the three sampled areas. Therefore, the overall proportion of the respondents was 450. Visual inspection was done in all the three sampled areas to observe the littering status quo and waste management situation in these particular areas. The visual inspection uncovered very interesting findings. It was established that Marabastad was cleaner in the morning than in the late hours while Garsfontein was clean throughout the day. Another problem that was discovered, amongst others was that of the condition of the bins in Marabastad and Pretoria Central Business District (CBD) which was bad compared to Garsfontein. From the questionnaire, it was found that the 72% of elderly respondents (< 36 yrs) are more environmental conscious than the young people (18-35 yrs) who 83% of them claim to litter when there is no bin. Further, among young people, 78% said litter cigarette butts and 93% of these said better street cleanliness would help reduce littering. 72% of adults said religious convictions would help reduce littering. The chi-square and correlation coefficient statistical data analysis methods were used to establish the relationship between different biographic and religious variables. Gender, marital status, monthly income, age and religious conviction were all found to have significant effects on issues regarding littering in the city. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Syftet med min undersökning var att ta reda på hur pedagoger tillsammans med barnen på förskolor med Grön Flagg certifikat arbetar med nedskräpningsfrågor och källsortering. Jag använde mig av semistrukturerade intervjuer och sex pedagoger som arbetar på Grön Flagg förskolor. Av resultaten framgår att man på Grön Flagg förskolor arbetar relativt kontinuerligt med nedskräpningsfrågor och källsortering tillsammans med barnen. Pedagogerna anser att det är två bra sätt att arbeta med miljö då det är konkret och något som kan väcka intresse för miljöfrågor hos barnen. Resultatet visar också vikten av att låta barnen vara delaktiga och ha inflytande över arbetet med nedskräpningsfrågor och källsortering. Något som också framkommer av undersökningen är att barnen har blivit mer intresserade och medvetna om miljön tack vare deras arbete med miljöcertifieringen Grön Flagg. / The purpose of this study was to examine how pre-school teachers at pre-schools with Green Flag certification work together with the children concerning questions about littering issues and recycling. I used semi-structured interviews and six teachers were interviewed, all working at pre-schools with Green Flag certificate. The results show that they work relatively constantly with littering issues and source separation with the children. Pre-school teachers believe that these are two good activities because they are tangible and something that can spark interest in environmental issues among children. The results also show the importance of allowing children to be involved and have a say in the work of littering issues and recycling. What also emerges from the survey is that children have become more interested and aware of the environment through their work with Green Flag.

Nedskräpningen i parkmiljöer är ett ständigt ökande problem. Regeringen tillsammans med landets kommuner och organisationen Håll Sverige Rent har inte kunnat motverka människors sätt att inte ta ansvar för var de slänger sitt skräp. I detta examensarbete kommer nedskräpningsproblemet att studeras. Studien är en beskrivning av hur rumsliga element kan främja renhållning i parkmiljöer genom en ökad ansvarskänsla för naturen i parkmiljöer. Centrum för studien är Vasaparken i Västerås, som ger att starkt uttryck för problemet med nedskräpning. Som besökare under sommarhalvåret möts man av en tråkig syn där skräp oftast hittas på marken och inte i parkens tillgängliga papperskorgar. Informationen om att hålla parkmiljön ren är för nuvarande bristande, vilket leder till minskad trevnad på platsen. Genom att studera området Vasaparken hade jag som syfte att skapa mig en insikt i hur tydliggörande av information bör utformas för att genom detta inkludera besökare i renhållningen. Metoderna som använts för att undersöka problemet med nedskräpning i Vasaparken har varit kvalitativa observationer och intervjuer, samt omvärldsanalys. Resultatet av insamlat material visade att nedskräpningen i parken är ett stort problem och att besökare är mindre medvetna om deras ansvar att själva bidra till en trevligare parkmiljö. Slutsatsen från detta var att det var attityden till nedskräpning som var själva orsaken till varför besökare medvetet valde att slänga sitt skräp på marken. Genom att stödja mig i presenterad empiri och teori utvecklade jag därför en attityd-förändrande gestaltning som genom rumsliga element ska fungera exkluderande mot den negativa attityden till nedskräpning. Detta exkluderande av en attityd har sin funktion i att öka ansvarskänslan för naturen i parkmiljöer för att därmed inkludera besökare i renhållningen. Gestaltningen tar fasta på det underliggande problemet – attityden till nedskräpning, som genom ett tillskott av rumsliga element i miljön informerar besökaren om hur det vore om skräpet istället flyttade in till deras eget hem. På detta sätt uppnås en lika hög ansvarskänsla för parkmiljön som i besökarens eget hem – parken är ditt vardagsrum / Littering in parks is an ever increasing problem. The government together with the country´s municipalities and the organization Håll Sverige Rent have not been able to counteract the way people lack responsibility for where they throw their trash. In this thesis the litter problem will be studied. The study is a description of how spatial elements can promote sanitaion in parks by increasing visitors sense of responsibility for the surrounding environment. The center for the study is Vasaparken in Västerås,  giving a strong expression of the littering problem. As a visitor during the summer months, you see a disappointning sight where litter more often is found on the ground and not in the park´s  available bins. Information about keeping the park clean is currently inadequate, thus leading to a reduction in comfort at the site. By field studies in Vasaparken, my purpose was to create my insight into how a clarification of information should be embodied and as a result lead to an inclusion of the visitors in the sanitation. The methods used to study the litter problem in Vasaparken has been qualitative observations and interviews, together with a research of previous solutions of the littering problem. The result of the collected material showed that littering in Vasaparken is a major problem and that visitors are less aware of their responsibility to contribute to a pleasant park environment. The conclusion is that it was the attitude towards littering that was the very reason that caused the visitors to knowingly disposal their trash on the ground. By support in empirical studies and theory presented in this thesis I developed an attitude changing design, where spatial elements functions exclusively towards the negative attitude to littering. This exclusion of an attitude has it´s function in increasing the sense of responsibility for the surrounding environment in the park, and therefore include the visitors in the sanitation. The spatial design focuses on the underlying problem – the attitude towards littering. Where an addition of spatial elements in the environment informs the visitor about what it would look like if the litter instead moved into their own home. In this way, an equally high sense of responsibility can be found in parks as in the visitors own home – the park is your livingroom.