Thesis advisor: Heather Richardson / Thesis advisor: Kevin Kenny / Between 1824 and 1876, almost ten million immigrants came to the United States. The onset of mass immigration posed a logistical problem: how to process, aid, and regulate a large influx of newcomers. State and federal governments, caught up in conflicts over state sovereignty and slavery, proved ill-equipped to manage the influx of migrants. The states enacted their own individual policies to control mobility, but there was no national immigration policy before the Civil War. Where state and federal governments failed to come up with a comprehensive solution, an ad hoc group of shipping merchants, passenger agents, aid organizations, runners and swindlers responded to the onset of mass migration by turning migration into a commercial enterprise. Taken together, these various actors, which I term the “migration business,” formulated an institutional response to the problem of mass immigration in the US. The passenger trade was a side business for many merchants in 1824, when the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had power over interstate commerce. But by 1876, the migration business had become a vast commercial enterprise, according to the Supreme Court, that was so important to the national interest as to require federal regulation. This dissertation explains how the migration business became a commercial enterprise worthy of federal regulation and how it influenced immigration policy on the local, state, and federal level. Through its control of transportation costs, charitable aid, and state and federal immigrant organizations, the migration business held regulatory power over immigrants, as well. By regulating immigration, the migration business formed its own kind of immigration policy—one that was led by merchants and entrepreneurs, and one that exploited foreign-born people in the US. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

No description available.

No description available.

No / This article presents a review of key issues around caring for people in the last hours and days of life. The aim is that community nurses will be able to support patients and families, and to provide and explain decisions and interventions to promote comfort and dignity based on current evidence.

This thesis discusses the role and function of the temporary use of urban space within the context of the development process and urban regeneration across the core cities of England. The research utilises the concept of gaps in the cycle of utilisation in land and property to develop a single structured analytical framework to assess the relationship between disuse, interim development as a means to alleviate vacancy and the property development industry. In doing so it attempts to extend existing efforts to interpret temporary urban development by exploring what the thesis comes to define as 'extraordinary' and 'ordinary' forms of short-term reuse. An exploratory, mixed method and multi-scalar approach is used to discuss this dichotomy. Research findings, through a national landscape of the phenomenon of temporary development in the core cities, highlight the characteristics of high profile compared to everyday temporary solutions. In doing so, it exposes the limited frequency of landmark interim solutions in comparison to their more mundane counterparts over a fifteen year period (2000-15). Set against this contextual and temporal backdrop, extraordinary temporary uses are demonstrated to be a marginal but emerging practice of land and property re-use, associated in particular with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-08. Subsequent testing of the spatial distribution and patterning of temporary uses in two selected cities - Bristol and Liverpool - revealed that landmark interim solutions were more commonly centralised in cities than everyday versions, with disproportionately large shares in principal regeneration areas. Through a programme of interviews with key regeneration and development actors, connectivity to urban renewal was shown to be dependent on how the shape and form of local development processes evolve and how regeneration actors' outlooks on temporary use vary over time, as institutional agendas shift and urban economic circumstances change. The thesis explores this shift in the function and emphasis of temporary development in England's second tier cities, from ordinary, everyday forms toward cultural-creative, extraordinary solutions, to discuss the implications of employing high profile short-term uses as mechanisms to incentivise regeneration. Here, the use gap framework developed in this research is shown to be a useful method for conceptualising the rationale behind the variation in stakeholder perspective on temporary development. The model highlights how fluctuating externalities and the interrelating variables of risk, value and time can affect responses taken toward temporary development by the development industry, elucidating a more complete understanding of the role and function of temporary urbanism amongst the wider (re)development process. Ultimately, this thesis argues that while the consensus on temporary use is that it is an effective tactic to assist in the continuation of regeneration, it can also leave some temporary users exposed to the vicissitudes of the market. Extraordinary users bear a disproportionate share of the potential risks associated with development, often without commensurate reward. This illustrates how temporary use can engender opportunity for creativity and innovation as part of the regeneration process, but also, demonstrates how risk-shifting rationalities in the development industry can mean that economic, social and political costs accrue inordinately for temporary users. The research specifies that recognition of the locally specific and multi-dimensional nature of the development process and appreciation of the complexity of the interrelationships between the actors involved are of critical importance in any attempt to understand the role and function of temporary use. It concludes that by understanding the evolution of local structures and actions, over time and across space, the nature and form of temporary development can be better appreciated and strategies to successfully manage it developed.

Syfte: Att redogöra för sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att vårda patienter i livets slutskede enligt Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP). Metod: Litteraturstudien baseras på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. De vetenskapliga artiklarna söktes i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och World of Science. Inklusionskriterier var att artiklarna skulle vara primärkällor, vara skrivna på svenska eller engelska samt publicerade mellan år 2003-2013. Ytterligare inklusionskriterier var att sjuksköterskorna skulle ha erfarenhet av LCP, samt att de vetenskapliga artiklarna erhöll medel eller hög poäng vid granskningen och var godkänd av en etisk kommitté. Studier från hela världen inkluderades. Huvudresultat: Ett flertal studier visade att LCP bidrog till ett ökat självförtroende och tydligare riktlinjer för den palliativa vården. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde en förbättrad symtomkontroll och förbättrad vård efter införandet av LCP. Sjuksköterskorna var positiva till dokumentationen i LCP och det framgick också att LCP hade förbättrat och underlättat kommunikationen med närstående. LCP erbjöd stöd och vägledning i vården men det framgick också att det fanns oklarheter vad beträffar diagnostiserande av en patient som döende. Slutsats: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att vårda patienter i livets slutskede enligt Liverpool Care Pathway. Det framgick att det fanns bristande kunskaper om palliativ vård, men att införandet av LCP gett sjuksköterskor stöd och vägledning samt förbättrat kunskapen om palliativ vård. En vårdplan som LCP kan vara ett stöd för sjuksköterskan i omvårdnaden av patienter inom palliativ vård, men en sådan vårdplan kan aldrig ersätta sjuksköterskans kliniska kompetens. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskor erbjuds fortlöpande utbildning inom palliativ vård, samt att en vårdplan som LCP används utifrån ett kritiskt förhållningssätt.

Bakgrund: Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) är en vägledning för att vårda patienter i livets slutskede. Den är framtagen i syfte att överföra den palliativa modellen av vård till annan vårdkontext. LCP ger vägledning i kommunikation inom det multiprofessionella teamet, med anhöriga och med patienten som är döende. LCP utgör en guide för läkare om att förskriva läkemedel mot de vanligaste symtomen som kan uppträda i livets slut, för att förbättra symtomhanteringen.  LCP används idag i Sverige på flera håll inom olika ramar av vårdinrättningar. Syfte: Syftet var med denna litteraturöversikt att ur ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv beskriva vård i livets slutskede med tillämpning av Liverpool Care Pathway på akutvårdsavdelningar. Metod: Litteraturöversikt är ett examensarbete som grundar sig på nio vetenskapliga artiklar. De är utformade utefter en kvalitativ design och söktes från databaserna: PubMed, Cinhal, Medline och ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source. Datamaterialet har sedan analyserats och strukturerats upp samt sammanställts till ett resultat. Artiklarna är baserade på studier utförda i England, Nya Zealand och Italien. Resultat: Utifrån de valda vetenskapliga artiklarna identifierades sex olika huvudteman. Dessa var: kommunikation, dokumentation, medicinska riktlinjer och vård, ökat självförtroende, förbättrad vård och ökad kontinuitet av vård i livets slut. Diskussion:Artiklarnas relevans har diskuterats i relation till Sverige eftersom ingen av dem var gjord i Sverige. De huvudteman som identifierats diskuterades i förhållande till tidigare forskning och mot Erikssons definitioner av lidande och vårdande. / Background: The Liverpool Care Pathway is a guidance of care for the dying patient. It was created to transfer the hospice model of care into other hospital settings. LCP provides a pathway in communication within the multidisciplinary team, with relatives and the dying patient. LCP gives guidance for doctors to prescribe medication for the most common symptoms that can appear in the dying phase to improve symptom management. LCP is today used in several places in Sweden within different frameworks of medical facilities. Aim: The aim was to illustrate the use of Liverpool Care Pathway in an acute hospital setting from a nurse perspective. Methods: This essay is a systematic literature review and the data was based on nine articles of published research. The published articles were found in four different databases. These were: Pubmed, Chinhal, Medline and ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source. The data was then analyzed and structured into different main themes, and was then compiled into a result. The articles were based on studies made in England, New Zealand and Italy. Results: When analyzing the articles six different main themes emerged. These were: communication, documentation, increased self-confidents, medical guidelines and care, improved end-of-life care and improved continuity in the care of the dying. Discussion: The studies relevance to Sweden was discussed because none of them had been made in Sweden. The main themes were related to previous research and to Katie Eriksson's concept of suffering and care.

The late Victorian and Edwardian period saw ritual become increasingly important in political life. Towns and cities were involved in conscious efforts to construct and project attractive images of themselves. These images were intended to encourage a sense of civic patriotism. Ceremonies, honorific titles, public events and civic architecture were essays in the invention of tradition. However, historians have applied the concept of the invention of tradition unevenly. Previous research has dwelt on the construction of images. Perceptions of official images and responses to them have been overlooked. This thesis employs a model which recognises images as processes with foundaitons in human relationships. It evaluates images in terms of intentionality, power, context and participation. The participative dimension is of particular importance, because images aimed to instil a sense of civic patriotism which would encourage citizens to make emotional and financial investments in their communities. Liverpool attained the status of a city in 1880. The civic ideology of the city was dominated by images of commerce and by notions of Imperial duty and public service which celebrated commercial virtues. Many aspects of urban life were shaped by civic image. This study does not confine itself to public events and pageantry, instead it explores such spheres as municipal art policy, Liverpool's public health record, the attempts to extend the city boundaries, civic hagiography, the foundation of the University, women and the ideal of citizenship and the influence of football on civic identity to demonstrate the importance of images in the city's social, political and institutional history. The purpose of the thesis is three-fold: to suggest that civic image opens new perspectives on Liverpudlian history, to discover why there were more conscious attempts to construct civic image and to restore participation to the study of civic image by unravelling the connections between image and patriotism.

This project examines the relationship between football, the media and the constitution and reconstitution of cultural identities within Glasgow and Liverpool. It explores the extent to which a range of contemporary religious, political and national identities can be understood by focusing on the role that football and the support for particular clubs, play in their formation. Throughout, there is a concern with the relationship between supporters, the clubs, the media and identity-formation. There is also a realisation of the importance of placing this material within an histo rical framework, which emphasises how political, economic and social changes have all shaped the specific relationships in each city. This is achieved through the use of a number of case studies. The geographical areas used for the studies are the west of Scotland and the north-west of England, with specific attention focused on the cities of Glasgow and Liverpool and the football supporters within these cities. There has long been a strong connection between football and a range of social identities in these two cities. This study examines the theoretical debates regarding issues of the formation of identity in contemporary society, and argues for the need to have contextually grounded studies informing these broader theoretical discussions. This project, focusing on religious, political and cultural expressions of collective identity, emphasises the continual need to be wary of unproblematically allocating a central role to the media in any process of identity-formation. It suggests that in the cities of Glasgow and Liverpool today a range of more socially and historically grounded factors are crucial in understanding the configurations of collective expression which football support provides for many in these cities.

This thesis represents an attempt to encourage a new perspective on health in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth century by concentrating on the ‘mundane maladies’ of the middle classes. The conventional approach to studies of urban health has been to concentrate on the killer diseases of the period. Thus tuberculosis, cholera and typhoid have all received much attention. But what about the everyday experience of health and illness? It is largely unrecorded as the occasional bout of stomach ache, constipation or chesty cough was rarely thought to be noteworthy, except by the odd hypochondriac. However, with the aid of advertisements for health and beauty products published in the provincial press, it is possible to explore the experience of less dramatic and less debilitating ailments. This study, therefore, has analysed the language and strategies employed by advertisers of health and beauty products and services to gain a clearer understanding of the middle-class experience of health and ill-health. Whilst product names and descriptions reveal the range of ‘mundane maladies’ that beset the middle classes, the language employed to sell them offers an indication of the public’s beliefs and expectations surrounding health. Attention has also been paid on how beauty products were employed to manage external appearances. As towns and cities grew during the late-eighteenth and nineteenth century, individuals increasingly judged others by their appearance. By analysing the language used to sell beauty products, it is possible to gain an insight into how members of the middle class wished to be perceived.