Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire visent à évaluer des économies d'investissement inhérentes à l'implémentation du pilotage de charge. Pour ce faire, l'approche que nous avons proposée s'inscrit dans l'analyse de l'adéquation des infrastructures électriques avec les projections de la demande. Dans cette perspective, les travaux de modélisation que nous avons développés s'articulent en trois étapes. Premièrement, la capacité du pilotage de charge à modifier les appels des consommateurs a été évaluée. Le modèle que nous proposons tient à la fois compte des effets de bord des effacements de consommation et des limites de disponibilité des flexibilités des consommateurs. Sur la base de cette modélisation, nous avons proposé un modèle évaluant l'apport de ce pilotage pour l'équilibre offre-demande à long terme. Ce modèle quantifie les économies d'investissement dans les capacités de production que pourraient permettre des flexibilités au sein de la demande électrique. Enfin, nous avons complété cette approche en évaluant l'impact de ces flexibilités dans le dimensionnement des réseaux électriques. L'application de nos modèles à un scénario énergétique élaboré au sein du projet GreenLys a permis de dégager quelques conclusions importantes. Ainsi, l'essentiel des économies d'infrastructures induites par le pilotage de charge concerne les capacités de production. Néanmoins, une utilisation des flexibilités des consommateurs optimale pour l'équilibre offre-demande se traduit localement par des coûts d'infrastructure accrus. En particulier, nos simulations mettent en évidence qu'un tel pilotage de charge, optimal à l'échelle nationale, induit localement une augmentation des transits sur les heures les plus chargées de l'année. Aussi, nous avons montré que des modifications ponctuelles des programmes d'appel optimaux pour l'équilibre offre-demande suffisent à dégager des bénéfices pour l'ensemble du système électrique. Dans le cadre de notre étude, ces modifications sont motivées par les situations de défaillance probable des réseaux. Ces défaillances résultent de la concomitance d'aléas climatiques et techniques défavorables. L'analyse que nous avons produite révèle qu'en l'absence de prise en compte de la situation spécifique des réseaux de distribution, les intersaisons et les heures creuses pourraient devenir plus critiques dans la gestion de ces réseaux qu'elles ne le sont aujourd'hui. / The research presented in this report aims to evaluate investment savings related to the implementation of direct load control. To this end, the proposed approach fits into the framework of system adequacy analysis. In this perspective, the models that we have developed are structured in three stages. First, the ability of the direct load control to change consumer demand has been evaluated. The model we have proposed takes into account the side effects of load shedding and the limits of the consumer availability . Based on this model, we have proposed a model in order ro assess the contribution of this control to the long-term supply-demand balance. This model quantifies the investment savings in production capacity led by electric demand flexibilities. Finally, we completed this approach by evaluating the impact of these flexibilities in the design of electrical networks. These models have been applied to an energy scenario that has been developped in the GreenLys project. The simulations led to indentifysome important conclusions. Thus, most of the infrastructure savings induced by direct load controls deal with production capacities. Nevertheless, the optimal use of flexibilities optimal for consumer supply-demand balance is reflected locally by an increase in networks costs. In particular, our simulations show that such a load control strategy, which is optimal on the national level, locally induces an increase in power flows during the most loaded period of the year. Also, we have shown that slight modifications in consumers call programs are sufficient to generate profits for the entire electrical system. In the context of our study, these changes are motivated by the possible networks failures. These failures result from the conjunction of unfavorable climatic and technical hazards. The analysis that we have produced shows that misconsidering the specific situation of distribution networks could lead the shoulder season and the off-peak hours to become more critical in the management of these networks.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T12:34:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 francinecaetanodeandrade.pdf: 975998 bytes, checksum: 187163df36d3d3d5dec09c56b2ed10ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:56:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 francinecaetanodeandrade.pdf: 975998 bytes, checksum: 187163df36d3d3d5dec09c56b2ed10ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 francinecaetanodeandrade.pdf: 975998 bytes, checksum: 187163df36d3d3d5dec09c56b2ed10ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-11 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente estudo teve como objetivos 1) comparar a percepção da intensidade da carga de treinamento planejada pelo técnico com a intensidade percebida pelos atletas; 2) analisar a relação entre a carga externa de treinamento representada pelo volume e intensidade e a carga interna obtida pela PSE da sessão; e 3) verificar o comportamento do estado de recuperação e dos níveis de rendimento em função das cargas externas e internas em atletas juvenis de natação. Participaram do estudo 17 atletas juvenis de natação de ambos os sexos (15,2 ± 0,57 anos; 59,7 ± 5,7 kg e 170,1 ± 6,3 cm). Diariamente, antes da sessão de treinamento, os atletas responderam a escala de TQR e o treinador respondeu a Escala de PSE conforme planejou seu treino. Ao final de cada sessão, os atletas responderam a Escala de PSE e o treinador anotou o volume total a intensidade e a duração da sessão. Os atletas também responderam ao RESTQ no primeiro dia de coleta, após o Campeonato Estadual e após o Campeonato Nacional. Os resultados oficiais de cada atleta em cada prova foram convertidos em International Point Score (IPS), para análise do rendimento. Para a análise dos dados, utilizaram-se os programas estatístico Statistica (versão 8.0) e SPSS (versão 19.0) e nível de significância de 5% em todas as análises. Os principais achados indicaram que as maiores incompatibilidades entre as percepções de atletas de natação e seu treinador estão na categoria moderada. Porém, em intensidades extremas (treinos leves ou pesados) os atletas perceberam as sessões dentro do proposto. A carga interna apresentou maiores valores de correlação com o volume total nadado, além de a PSE da sessão sofrer maior influência das variáveis relacionadas ao volume aeróbio, do que das relacionadas ao volume anaeróbio. Houve aumento dos níveis de recuperação, apesar da não alteração do rendimento entre as três competições. Durante a competição principal, os atletas tinham uma menor autoeficácia, aceitação pessoal e qualidade do sono e um maior estresse geral, mas que não foram suficientes para alterar significativamente a relação recuperação-estresse do RESTQ. Sugere-se que futuros estudos correlacionem as variáveis de carga interna e externa também com variáveis fisiológicas, para verificar possíveis diferenças nos resultados. / The aim of this study was to 1) compare the perception of the training load intensity planned by the coach with the intensity perceived by athletes, 2) analyze the relationship between the external training load represented by the volume and intensity and internal load obtained by the session RPE, and 3) verify the behavior of the recovery state and performance levels from the external and internal loads in young swimming athletes. The sample consisted of 17 young swimming athletes of both genders (15.2 ± 0.57 years, 59.7 ± 5.7 kg and 170.1 ± 6.3 cm). Every day, before the training session, the athletes responded to TQR scale and the coach responded RPE scale as he planned workout. At the end of each session, the athletes responded to RPE scale and the coach noted the total session intensity and session duration. Athletes also responded to RESTQ in the first collection day, after the State Championship and after the National Championship. The official results of each athlete in each event were converted to International Point Score (IPS) for analysis of performance. For data analysis, we used the statistical software Statistica (8.0) and SPSS (19.0) and a significance level of 5% for all analyzes. The main findings indicated that the major incompatibilities between perceptions of swimmers and their coach are in the moderate category. However, in extreme intensities (light or heavy workouts) athletes realized within the proposed sessions. The internal load had higher correlation with the total volume swum, and the session RPE suffer greater influence of variables related to aerobic volume than anaerobic volume. There was an increase of the recovery levels, despite not change in performance between the three competitions. During the main competition, the athletes had a lower self-efficacy, personal acceptance and sleep quality and a greater overall stress, but were not sufficient to significantly alter the relationship of stress-recovery RESTQ. Suggest that future studies correlating internal and external training load variables with physiological variables, to check possible differences in results.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T11:02:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ruanalvesnogueira.pdf: 1615173 bytes, checksum: 07d5c7e68d297b4fb738f629f1c681c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T19:29:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ruanalvesnogueira.pdf: 1615173 bytes, checksum: 07d5c7e68d297b4fb738f629f1c681c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ruanalvesnogueira.pdf: 1615173 bytes, checksum: 07d5c7e68d297b4fb738f629f1c681c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-10 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente estudo teve como objetivos 1) comparar a resposta de marcadores enzimáticos, hormonais e psicométricos de três microciclos pertencentes a diferentes momentos da temporada de atletas de futsal e 2) verificar o comportamento de testes de rendimento em relação às adaptações dos atletas às cargas de treinamento após o período da pré-temporada no futsal. A amostra foi composta por 15 atletas do sexo masculino integrantes de uma equipe de futsal de alto rendimento. Anteriormente ao início das sessões da pré-temporada, os atletas foram submetidos à alguns testes de rendimento. Ao final da pré-temporada todos os jogadores repetiram o protocolo. Também foram analisados três microciclos não consecutivos da temporada, com ausência de jogos e posteriores a pelo menos dois dias de recuperação. Foram realizadas 4 coletas de dados, no primeiro dia de treinamento da equipe (baseline) e no último dia de treinamento de cada um dos 3 microciclos, consistindo em coleta sanguínea para análise dos níveis séricos de CK e dos valores dos hormônios Testosterona e Cortisol, além da aplicação da TQR e do RESTQ. Os principais achados indicaram que algumas escalas do RESTQ mostraram-se sensíveis às variações da carga. A Testosterona e o Cortisol não se constituíram como marcadores diretos da carga de treinamento. Verificou-se a necessidade de um acúmulo da carga para alterar a Razão T/C, enquanto a TQR mostrou ser uma ferramenta capaz de refletir agudamente o estado de recuperação do atleta após a aplicação das cargas. A CK necessita ser analisada em conjunto com outros marcadores para melhor interpretação das respostas. Dentre os testes aplicados, o Yo-yo Intermitent Recovery Test 2 (YYIR2) e o teste de salto vertical Squat Jump (SQJ) foram os únicos que apresentaram diferenças significantes durante a pré-temporada. / The aim of this study was to 1) compare the enzyme markers, hormonal and psychometric responses of three microcycles belonging to different moments of the soccer athletes season and 2) verify the behavior of the performance tests in relation to athletes adaptations to training loads after the futsal preseason. The sample was composed of 15 male athletes members of a futsal team high yield. Before the beginning of the pre-season training sessions, athletes were submitted to some performance tests. At the end of the preseason all players repeated the protocol. We also analyzed three nonconsecutive microcycles with no games and post at least two recovery days. Were performed 4 data collections on the team training first day (baseline) and on the training last day of each of the 3 microcycles, consisting of blood collection for analysis of serum CK and values of the testosterone and cortisol hormones. In addition, the athletes answered the TQR and RESTQ in these moments. The main findings indicated that some RESTQ scales were sensitive to load variations. Testosterone and Cortisol not constituted as direct training load markers. It’s necessary a training load accumulation to change the T/C ratio, while TQR shown to be a tool capable of acutely reflect the state of the athlete's recovery after the loads application. CK need to be conjunction analyzed with other markers for better interpretation of the responses. Among the tests, the Yo-yo intermitent Recovery Test 2 (YYIR2) and vertical jump test Squat Jump (SQJ) were the only significant difference that during the pre-season.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T20:24:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:05:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:05:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever e analisar a dinâmica da carga interna de treinamento em um macrociclo de futsal de alto rendimento utilizando-se o método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço (PSE) da sessão, e verificar a relação entre a carga de treinamento (CT) aplicada em longo prazo nesta modalidade e as respostas longitudinais dos marcadores bioquímicos creatinaquinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), n° de hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito; dos marcadores imunológicos n° de leucócitos, n° de neutrófilos e n° de linfócitos; e do marcador psicológico RESTQ-76 SPORT. A amostra foi composta por 13 atletas participantes da Liga Nacional Brasileira de futsal (26,9 ± 5,4 anos, 73,8 ± 4,7 kg). Calculou-se a carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST), monotonia e strain durante 37 semanas divididas em Período Preparatório (PP), Período Competitivo I (PCI) e Período Competitivo II (PCII). Ao final dos mesociclos (meso) 2 ao 8 foram analisadas as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicológicas. Utilizando ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni observa-se que PP apresentou maiores CTSTs que PCI e PCII. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento estatístico, foram observadas as diferenças significativas para CTST entre os mesos: 4 menor que 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 menor que 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 menor que 1; 8 e 9 menores que 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Utilizando teste correlação de Pearson foram observadas correlações significativas, porém, de nível baixo entre CK x CTST e LDH x CTST, considerando os valores da média da carga no mesociclo, além de correlação significativa e moderada entre CK x CTST da semana anterior. Também foram encontradas correlações significativas de nível moderado da CK com algumas escalas do RESTQ-76 SPORT. Pode-se concluir que os atletas foram submetidos a uma elevada carga durante o PP, e uma subsequente redução da mesma no Período Competitivo (PC). Entretanto, devido à longa duração do PC no futsal, são necessárias aplicações de cargas elevadas em alguns momentos deste período. Além disso, a CT apresenta uma característica oscilatória, adaptando-se ao calendário competitivo. Também se conclui que os marcadores bioquímicos, imunológicos e psicológicos utilizados neste estudo não apresentaram relação com a CT aplicada em longo prazo. Todavia, a CK se apresenta como uma variável que pode ser mais sensível a cargas aplicadas em ciclos mais curtos de treinamento, e o RESTQ- 76 SPORT se apresentou como um bom indicador para detectar o estado de fadiga. / The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the dynamics of internal training load in a macrocycle of high-performance futsal using the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and verify the relationship between training load applied to long-term and longitudinal responses of biochemical markers creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit; immunological markers number of leukocytes, number of neutrophils and number of lymphocytes; and psychological marker RESTQ-76 SPORT. The sample consisted of 13 athletes participating in the Brazilian Futsal National League (26.9 ± 5.4 years, 73.8 ± 4.7 kg). The total weekly training load (CTST), monotony and strain were calculated, over 37 weeks divided into preparation period (PP), competitive period I (PCI) and competitive period II (PCII). At the end of mesocycles (meso) 2 to 8, biochemical, immunological and psychological variables were analyzed. Using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, the PP was shown to have CTST larger than the PCI and PCII. Using the same procedure, significant differences were observed in CST among the mesos: 4 < 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 < 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 < 1; 8 e 9 < 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Using Pearson correlation, were founded significant correlations, however with low level between CK x CTST and LDH x CTST considering the average mesocycle values, in addition to a moderate and significant correlation between CK x CTST of the previous week. Significant correlations were also found at a moderate level between CK and some scales in RESTQ-76 SPORT. We can conclude that the athletes were subjected to a high CT during the PP, and a subsequent decrease in competitive period (PC). However, due to long-term PC in futsal, applications of high loads are needed in the competitive period. In addition, CT has an oscillatory characteristic, adapting to the competition schedule. We also conclude that the biochemical, immunological and psychological markers used in this study did not correlate with CT applied to a long term. However, is a variable that could be more sensitive to loads applied at shorter training cycles, and RESTQ-76 SPORT is a good indicator to detect the fatigue state.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:31:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T15:48:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T15:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever e analisar a dinâmica da carga interna de treinamento em um macrociclo de futsal de alto rendimento utilizando-se o método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço (PSE) da sessão, e verificar a relação entre a carga de treinamento (CT) aplicada em longo prazo nesta modalidade e as respostas longitudinais dos marcadores bioquímicos creatinaquinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), n° de hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito; dos marcadores imunológicos n° de leucócitos, n° de neutrófilos e n° de linfócitos; e do marcador psicológico RESTQ-76 SPORT. A amostra foi composta por 13 atletas participantes da Liga Nacional Brasileira de futsal (26,9 ± 5,4 anos, 73,8 ± 4,7 kg). Calculou-se a carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST), monotonia e strain durante 37 semanas divididas em Período Preparatório (PP), Período Competitivo I (PCI) e Período Competitivo II (PCII). Ao final dos mesociclos (meso) 2 ao 8 foram analisadas as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicológicas. Utilizando ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni observa-se que PP apresentou maiores CTSTs que PCI e PCII. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento estatístico, foram observadas as diferenças significativas para CTST entre os mesos: 4 menor que 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 menor que 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 menor que 1; 8 e 9 menores que 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Utilizando teste correlação de Pearson foram observadas correlações significativas, porém, de nível baixo entre CK x CTST e LDH x CTST, considerando os valores da média da carga no mesociclo, além de correlação significativa e moderada entre CK x CTST da semana anterior. Também foram encontradas correlações significativas de nível moderado da CK com algumas escalas do RESTQ-76 SPORT. Pode-se concluir que os atletas foram submetidos a uma elevada carga durante o PP, e uma subsequente redução da mesma no Período Competitivo (PC). Entretanto, devido à longa duração do PC no futsal, são necessárias aplicações de cargas elevadas em alguns momentos deste período. Além disso, a CT apresenta uma característica oscilatória, adaptando-se ao calendário competitivo. Também se conclui que os marcadores bioquímicos, imunológicos e psicológicos utilizados neste estudo não apresentaram relação com a CT aplicada em longo prazo. Todavia, a CK se apresenta como uma variável que pode ser mais sensível a cargas aplicadas em ciclos mais curtos de treinamento, e o RESTQ- 76 SPORT se apresentou como um bom indicador para detectar o estado de fadiga. / The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the dynamics of internal training load in a macrocycle of high-performance futsal using the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and verify the relationship between training load applied to long-term and longitudinal responses of biochemical markers creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit; immunological markers number of leukocytes, number of neutrophils and number of lymphocytes; and psychological marker RESTQ-76 SPORT. The sample consisted of 13 athletes participating in the Brazilian Futsal National League (26.9 ± 5.4 years, 73.8 ± 4.7 kg). The total weekly training load (CTST), monotony and strain were calculated, over 37 weeks divided into preparation period (PP), competitive period I (PCI) and competitive period II (PCII). At the end of mesocycles (meso) 2 to 8, biochemical, immunological and psychological variables were analyzed. Using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, the PP was shown to have CTST larger than the PCI and PCII. Using the same procedure, significant differences were observed in CST among the mesos: 4 < 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 < 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 < 1; 8 e 9 < 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Using Pearson correlation, were founded significant correlations, however with low level between CK x CTST and LDH x CTST considering the average mesocycle values, in addition to a moderate and significant correlation between CK x CTST of the previous week. Significant correlations were also found at a moderate level between CK and some scales in RESTQ-76 SPORT. We can conclude that the athletes were subjected to a high CT during the PP, and a subsequent decrease in competitive period (PC). However, due to long-term PC in futsal, applications of high loads are needed in the competitive period. In addition, CT has an oscillatory characteristic, adapting to the competition schedule. We also conclude that the biochemical, immunological and psychological markers used in this study did not correlate with CT applied to a long term. However, is a variable that could be more sensitive to loads applied at shorter training cycles, and RESTQ-76 SPORT is a good indicator to detect the fatigue state.

Smarta elnät nämns ofta som ett sätt att hantera ökad elektrifiering av transporter och industri och en växande andel väderberoende elproduktion. Ett syfte med det här examensarbetet är att studera möjliga följder för lokalnätägaren Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, om småhuskunder använder smart styrning av elvärmesystem för att sänka sina elnätsfakturor. Med rådande tariffmodell betalar småhusägaren för den gångna månadens tre högsta timmedeleffekter kl. 07 till 19 helgfria vardagar. Hur nätägaren påverkas av styrning, är en central fråga för projektet Auto-Flex, som startade i januari 2021. Uppsatsens litteraturstudie pekar på att efterfrågeflexibilitet kan ge olika följder för elnätet och för elmarknadens parter, beroende på vilka incitament som används för att skapa ett flexibelt beteende. Med efterfrågeflexibilitet avses här kunders förmåga att flytta eller minska sitt lastuttag från elnätet. I det här examensarbetet utförs beräkningar i Excel för att undersöka följderna av laststyrning och analysen utgår från historiska elmätardata från ca 140 anonymiserade hushållskunder samt från data över effektuttag från regionnätet. Beräkningarna visar att styrning som gynnar kunden ekonomiskt blir en förlustaffärför Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, trots sänkt effektuttag från regionnätet. Det gäller, i de flesta fall, även när extra styrning läggs till under timmar då effektuttaget från regionnätet är högt. Resultaten bygger på förenklade beräkningar, där ingen hänsyn tagits till hur effektsänkning av elvärmesystem samspelar med väderfaktorer eller med styrningens varaktighet. Samma effektsänkning har antagits vid varje styrtillfälle och för alla hushåll. Ett andra syfte med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka hur huvudaktörerna i projektet Auto-Flex ser på säkerhetsfrågor i samband utvecklingen mot ett mer IT-beroende elnät. Därför genomfördes två semistrukturerade intervjuer, med integritet, leveranssäkerhet och affärsmodeller som teman. Intervjupersonerna lyfte inga allvarliga hot kopplade till projektet Auto-Flex. Samtidigt kunde de se teoretiska risker med storskalig smart laststyrning i kapacitetssvaga elnät. Mer forskning behövs om smarta elnät och hållbarhet. Kopplingen mellan incitament till flexibilitet och flexibilitetens inverkan på elnätet, hur sårbarheter kopplade till informationsteknik påverkar elnätets leveranssäkerhet och hur smartteknik står sig miljömässigt i förhållande till nätutbyggnad är tre intressanta områden. / By facilitating demand side management, smart grids are expected to smooth the way for a transition to cleaner electric energy. This bachelor’s thesis aims to analyse the consequences for a distribution system operator (DSO) of direct load control,which is set to minimize the consumer’s bill for power transmission. This is also a central theme in the recently initiated Auto-Flex smart grid project, with main actors DSO Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB and tech company Ngenic AB. The included study of scientific articles points out that the impact of demand response on electric grids is largely determined by incentives used to harvest demand side flexibility. In this thesis, the consequences of direct load control are examined by means of simplified calculations in Excel, analysing electric meter data from approximately 140 anonymous customers, in addition to power supply data for the township connection to the regional distribution grid. If customers with electric heating systems would install load control equipment to lower their power transmission bills, the local DSO would experience reduced revenues. The reduction in revenues would not be offset economically by curbed peak power transmission from the regional grid, according to the executed calculations. Even if extra load control was added in peak days, the net economic result for the local DSO would still be negative in most of the studied cases. Individual characteristics of heating systems and buildings have not been accounted for in this study, neither has the correlation between load reduction, outdoor temperature and load control duration. A second aim of this thesis is to examine attitudes of the main actors in the Auto-Flex project on confidentiality, reliability and demand side management business models in relation to the development of smart grids. Through semi-structured interviews, it was revealed that neither chief executive officer of Ngenic AB, Björn Berg, nor chief grid officer of Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, Per-Erik Johansson, see any severe threats against customer confidentiality, nor against power reliability, when implementing direct load control within the project. However, it was pointed out that an electric grid with very low physical capacity could become vulnerable to load control failures. Further examination of the connection between business models, power reliability, and cyber security are crucial to ensure socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable smart grids.

This thesis is concerned with the generation control in small isolated power systems consisting of inverter interfaced generation systems. First the components of an individual distributed generation system (DGS) as well as the corresponding control schemes for active and reactive power flow are discussed and implemented. Then the contribution of multiple DGS to meet the requirement of the loads in both gridconnected and island operations are discussed. Having evaluated the performance of each developed model such as voltage source inverter, PQ and PV controlled as well as reference DGS, the impact of voltage degradation on power load control in isolated systems is analyzed. Finally a new method for generation control in a small power system based on power sharing between multiple DGS with voltage degradation consideration as the last alternative for sustaining the system is proposed and implemented.-11D

I Sverige står hushållen för en stor del av den slutliga elanvändningen och deras konsumtionsmönster bidrar till att skapa höga förbrukningstoppar, särskilt under vintermånaderna när elbehovet är som störst. Om hushållen kunde tänka sig att vara mer flexibla i när de använder el skulle förbrukningstoppar kunna dämpas avsevärt och balansen mellan elproduktion och elanvändning bli lättare att upprätthålla. Idag utnyttjas inte efterfrågeflexibilitet i någon större utsträckning, förutom den från vissa elintensiva industrier. Den flexibla kapacitet enskilda hushåll skulle kunna bidra med är naturligtvis lägre än hos industrier, men sammanslaget skulle hushållskunders flexibilitet kunna ge en substantiell inverkan på elsystemet. Vid låga utetemperaturer finns det en uppskattad potential att genomföra effektjusteringar om cirka 1 400 – 3 100 MW om värmelasten hos drygt hälften av samtliga eluppvärmda hus i Sverige omdisponeras till andra tidpunkter, och ytterligare några hundra MW om drygt hälften av samtliga hushåll i Sverige vore flexibla i när de använder hushållsel. Enligt en studie av Broberg m.fl. (2016) skulle drygt hälften av hushållen i Sverige kunna tänka sig att vara flexibla, beroende på vad flexibel innebär. Hushåll som använder el för uppvärmning kan vara flexibla genom att tillfälligt öka eller minska inomhustemperaturen, eller om de använder el i kombination med något annat uppvärmningssätt – genom att byta energikälla. Justeringen kan även ske automatiskt om uppvärmningssystemet är utrustat med central styrutrustning. Om ett stort antal kunders flexibla laster samlas ihop av en marknadsaktör skulle den totala flexibla lasten kunna säljas som kapacitet på grossistmarknaden för el eller erbjudas som upp- eller nedregleringsbud på reglermarknaden. Studien av Broberg m.fl. (2014) har även analyserat hur stor ekonomisk kompensation hushåll vill ha i utbyte mot att vara flexibla. Sett till den flexibla kapacitet hushållskunders efterfrågeflexibilitet bedöms motsvara, cirka 1 400 – 3 100 MW, är kompensationskraven legitimerade, åtminstone om den flexibla kapaciteten erbjuds på någon marknadsplats för elhandel. Styrtjänster som innebär att elanvändningen automatiskt optimeras efter elpriset kan dock vara dyra idag, vilket innebär att det främst tros vara hushåll med hög elförbrukning som utnyttjar dem och de bör därför subventioneras. En annan form av flexibilitet är att anpassa elanvändningen efter det timvarierande elhandelspriset. Den enda förutsättningen för att konsumenten ska tjäna på en sådan anpassning är att elförbrukningen mäts och debiteras på timbasis, vilket är fallet för de relativt få kunder som har valt att teckna timprisavtal. På grund av att konsumentpriset på el inte varierar särskilt mycket saknas incitament för att kunder ska vilja anpassa sin användning efter priset. Det behövs därför en mer effektiv prissättning som exempelvis förstärker volatiliteten eller gör det dyrare eller billigare att använda el vid vissa tidpunkter. / In Sweden, residential consumers account for a large share of the final electricity consumption. Their consumption patterns pose great impact on the network power peaks, especially during the winter. If residential consumers were more flexible in their consumption, peaks would be alleviated considerably and the balance between electricity supply and demand would more easily be maintained. Today, demand side flexibility is not utilized to any greater extent, except the one from energy intensive industries. De flexible capacity a single household could contribute with is of course less than within industries, but if flexible capacity from a large number of households were bundled up it would provide a considerable impact on the electricity system. At low outdoor temperatures there is an estimated potential to reach power adjustments in the size of 1 400 – 3 100 MW if the heat load in just over half of the electric heated houses in Sweden were displaced, and a few hundred more if residential consumers were flexible in their consumption of domestic electricity. According to a study by Broberg et al (2016) approximately half the population would consider to be flexible in their electricity consumption under the right circumstances. Households that use electricity for heating can be flexible through temporarily adjust the indoor temperature, or – if they heat their homes with electricity in combination with another heat source – by switching heat source. The adjustment can also be automatic if the heating system is equipped with a central control unit. If flexible capacity from a large number of households is bundled up into grid worthy demand response by a market actor, the capacity could be offered as bids on organized electricity markets. The study by Broberg et al (2014) also analysed how much compensation households require in exchange for being flexible. The compensation levels are justified with regard to the flexible capacity that can be gathered form households, 1 400 – 3 100 MW, at least as long as the capacity is sold in an organized electricity market. Services for automatic control of heating systems, where the power output is optimized after the varying electricity price, can be expensive today, which indicates that mainly households with a high electricity consumption utilize them today. Hence, they need to be subsidized. Demand side flexibility can also be to manually change consumption patterns in response to price signals. The only precondition is that the electricity consumption is measured and billed on an hourly basis, which is the case for the relatively few consumers with hourly rate agreements. The volatility of the electricity price is however subdued due to the large share of fixed surcharges, which means there is lack of incentive for consumers to adapt their consumption in response to price variations. Hence, the volatility needs to be amplified through efficient pricing.

L’Internet des Objets (IdO) et le déploiement des équipements connectés permettent la mise en place de solutions de Gestion Active de la Demande(GAD) avancées. En effet, il devient possible d’avoir plus de visibilité et un contrôle fin sur différents équipements qui consomment, stockent ou produisent de l’énergie dans une maison. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons des solutions ayant la capacité de produire des décisions de contrôle direct à différents niveaux de granularité en fonction des variables mesurées dans les habitats. Le contrôle est basé sur une optimisation d’utilité perçue. Des fonctions utilité sont définies à travers une approche générique qui considère la flexibilité de la charge et l’impact des décisions de contrôle sur les utilisateurs. L’approche proposée n’impose pas de restrictions sur le type des équipements contrôlés ni sur la granularité des décisions de contrôle. Ceci permet un contrôle joint d’équipements hétérogènes. Nous considérons trois types d’architectures de contrôle à savoir: des solutions centralisées, partiellement distribuées et entièrement distribuées. Ces architectures diffèrent dans la distribution de la prise de décision entre les entités impliquées dans le contrôle et les données qui sont mis à disposition de ces entités. L’analyse numérique montre les compromis des solutions proposées du point de vue de la performance, de l’extensibilité et de la complexité. / The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm brings an opportunity for advanced Demand Response (DR) solutions. Indeed, it enables visibility and control on the various appliances that may consume, store or generate energy within a home. In this thesis, we consider solutions having the capability to produce direct control decisions at different granularities based on variables measured at homes. Control schemes are driven by an optimization based on utility functions. These functions are defined based on a generic approach that considers load’s flexibility and the impact of control decisions on users. The proposed approach does not impose any restrictions on the type of controlled appliances nor on the granularity of control decisions. This enables joint control of heterogeneous loads. We consider three types of control architectures, namely centralized, partially distributed and fully distributed solutions. Schemes based on these architectures differ in the distribution of decision making among entities involved in the control and data that is made available to these entities. Numerical analysis shows the trade-offs of proposed solutions from a performance, scalability and complexity perspectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andreoli_al_me_bauru.pdf: 2837768 bytes, checksum: 899d0f484921dccf16d7027e336d500b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa aplicada ao desenvolvimento de um equipamento eletrônico microprocessado destinado ao controle de demanda máxima e de fator de potência em instalações elétricas. Motivado pelo aumento na demanda e pela limitação nos recursos do sistema elétrico interligado, o uso de equipamentos que permitam o gerenciamento de energia pelo lado da demanda tem se difundido com grande velocidade, pois é o método de racionalização do uso de energia elétrica que apresenta boa relação entre custo e benefícios, trazendo resultados favoráveis em curto prazo. O uso de controladores de demanda máxima e de fator de potência nas instalações atendidas por contratos de fornecimento horo-sazonal é uma forma de garantir que o sistema não ultrapasse os limites contratuais, que resultam em aplicação de multa, e também um modo de se operar o sistema dentro de parâmetros conhecidos evitando perdas excessivas, racionalizando a utilização de seus componentes. Embora não exista regulamentação relacionada a tarifas diferenciadas de energia elétrica para unidades atendidas em baixa tensão, a utilização de controladores de demanda máxima e fator de potência pode trazer à esta classe de consumidores os benefícios do gerenciamento de energia, reduzindo perdas e em muitos casos permitindo a diminuição no valor da fatura de energia. Pelo ponto de vista do fornecimento, a existência de controle de demanda nas unidades consumidoras permite um melhor planejamento e maior aproveitamento do sistema de distribuição, minimizando investimentos no setor. Para aplicação em unidades consumidoras de porte reduzido, os equipamentos de gerenciamento de energia disponíveis no mercado apresentam dois inconvenientes principais: o excesso de recursos que na maioria dos casos não é explorado em sua... / The present work is the result of an applied research to the development of an electronic microcontrolled device used in the control of maximum demand and power factor in small and medium range electric facilities. Stimulated by the increase of demand and limitation of electrical resources of the interconnected system, the use of demand-side energy management devices was increased, since this method is the better mode to provide the energy rationalization, good cost-benefits relationship and presents best results in a short time interval after its implementation. The use of maximum demand and power factor controllers in facilities with differential billing fares is a method of guarantee that the agreement limits will not be exceeded, resulting in penalties, and also a safe mode of system operation, reducing losses and rationalizing the use their components. Although don't exist regulation related to the differential billing applied to low-voltage supplied consumers, the use of maximum demand and power factor controllers can bring to this consumers category the benefits of energy management, reducing losses and in most cases decreasing the energy billing. In the supply point of view, the demand control in consumers units allow the better planning and the best utilization of distribution system, minimizing the investment in this sector. For application in small-size consumer units, the commercially available energy management devices have two inconvenient: excess of resources, in the most cases sub-utilized which increase the price, and the need of a special external energy meter or energy transducer, uncommon in this class of facility. The device developed in this research have an electronic energy measurement system and associated signals independent of the supplier's meter, and also... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)