The purpose of my thesis is to generally describe the legal aspects of the loan agreement which includes the describtion of credit and customer credit too. The thesis is composed of eight chapters and each of them dealing with different aspects of the credit or the Loan agreement. Chapters describes the term "credit" and the difference between his legal and economic sense for society. It's necessary mention different kinds of credits, his meaning, ways of categorizations and basic principles used in credit contracts. In loan agreement I begin with a short historical introduction, his origin and evolution. Most important part of my thesis examines relevant Czech legislation of the credit contract, his meaning in system of law, necessary and unnecessaty part of loan agreement, diferrent kind of legal security of provided money and the special possition of bank like a creditor. Credit contract is regulated in § 497 - § 507 in Czech Commercial code n. 513/1991. Under the loan agreement, the creditor obligates to provide to the debtor, at his request, certain amount of money, and the debtor obligates to repay the provided money and pay interest. Interest in this contract is a price that the crediton is fain to allow the money. Loan agreement is one of the absolute commercial law obligations which means that the...

Loan Contract This thesis investigates the provision of loans based on the Loan Contract under Sections 497-507 of the Commercial Code. The aim is to analyse the relevant legal regulation of the Loan Contract in detail, and to emphasize its interpretations issues, which are followed by the proposal of appropriate solutions. Furthermore, some other legal institutes closely related to the Loan Contract are also described (e.g. the Loan Contract under the Civil Code, loan business terms, security etc.). In the first chapter, the general concept of the loan is described, its essential importance in the free market economy, and its definition in the legal sense. The second chapter provides the history of the origin and evolution of the loan, from its formation under the Roman law to the changes in the contemporary legal regulation. The following third chapter aims to compare the Loan Contract under the Commercial Code with the Loan Contract under the Civil Code. The subject of the fourth chapter is the analysis of the fundamental principles which serve as guidelines for the Loan Contract structure. In the fifth chapter, the relevant legal regulations are addressed, the purpose and meaning of the loan business terms, and the legal character of the Loan Contract as an absolute commercial obligation. The...

Le crédit est indispensable au bon fonctionnement de l’économie. Il existe sous différentes formes (financement participatif, émission obligataire, etc.). L’une des plus répandues reste le crédit bancaire, et lorsque ce crédit est dispensé par au moins deux établissements financiers, il s’agit d’un « crédit syndiqué » qui répond à une certaine organisation collective. C’est dans ce contexte qu’un « agent du crédit » assure l’administration du crédit. En fonction du droit applicable, il peut être un « agent » (droit anglais) ou encore un « mandataire » (droit français). De surcroît, ces financements étant généralement pourvus de sûretés et de garanties il est fréquent de constater l’intervention d’un « agent des sûretés ». Ce dernier agit comme un véritable « gardien » des sûretés et des garanties dont bénéficient les parties financières en garantie de la bonne exécution des obligations des emprunteurs au titre des documents de financement. Son rôle est donc crucial. / Credit is essential for the smooth functioning of the economy. It is existing in various forms (crowdfunding, bond issuance, etc.). One of the most widespread is the bank loan, and when this credit is provided by at least two financial institutions, it is a "syndicated loan" that has to fulfil a certain collective organization. It is in this context that a "facility agent" ensures the administration of loan. Depending on the applicable law, it may be an « agent » (English law) or a « mandataire » (French law). Moreover, as these financings are generally provided with security and guarantees, it is frequent to observe the intervention of a "security agent". The latter acts as a "guardian" of the security and guarantees the financial parties are benefiting from as guarantee of the proper performance of borrowers' obligations under the finance documents. Its role is therefore crucial.

The thesis is focused on the analysis of legislation concerning loans and usage of contractual undertakings for the purpose of protection of the credit institution in the field of loans provided to corporations. Loan represent an economic tool that enables to provide a temporarily unused financial sources to another subject based on agreed terms and returnable character for the consideration in the form of interest payment. Corporation represent a form of legal person that is based on organized association of persons (physical and legal). The credit institution is exposed to a number of risks in relation to loans business. In the forefront it is exposed to the credit risk of non-payment of the debt by the debtor at maturity date mainly because of factual inability (deficient sources) to repay the debt. The credit institution is next to the credit risk exposed to other risks - liquidity risk, market risks (interest and exchange rate risk) and risk of changes of legislation (regulatory environment). Analysis of applicable contractual undertakings for the purpose of reduction of credit and other risks represent the main focus of the thesis. The thesis is in this context focused also on the economic aspects next to the legal issues, especially risk analysis beforehand of the application of the...

Cette thèse se concentre sur la compréhension et l'analyse de l'efficacité technique des banques islamiques et conventionnelles. La thèse est divisée en deux parties : dans la première partie, l'étude fournit des illustrations théoriques utiles pour une comparaison détaillée entre les banques conventionnelles et islamiques, couvrant les différences en terme du système bancaire, la structure organisationnelle, la création monétaire, la structure du bilan, le rôle de la banque centrale et leurs impacts sur les cycles économiques. La deuxième partie se focalise sur le calcul des scores d'efficacité technique, pour essayer de comprendre la répartition des scores sous trois hypothèses principales : Constant Return to Scale (CRS), Variable Return to Scale (VRS), et Scale Efficiency (SE). La deuxième partie comprend également une analyse de régression pour explorer les différentes variables financières qui affectent l'efficacité technique, et qui expliquent la différence entre les scores des deux catégories de banques. L'échantillon de cette étude contient 1 425 banques commerciales et 85 banques islamiques tirées de la base Bankscope. La méthode utilisée dans la première partie combine la Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) et l'Analyse Descriptive, tandis que la deuxième partie est réalisée selon la régression Tobit. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les scores de type Scale Efficiency sont préférables pour représenter l’efficacité, par rapport aux scores CRS et VRS. L'étude montre également que les banques islamiques sont statistiquement plus efficaces que les banques conventionnelles. De plus, l'étude a révélé que le rendement de l’actif moyen, le ratio prêt net / actif total, la marge nette d'intérêts et le ratio des capitaux propres par rapport au total des actifs ont une incidence importante sur le rendement. / This thesis focuses on two parts: providing theoretical understanding and investigation of technical efficiency score in Islamic and conventional banks. This study is divided into two parts. In the first part, the study provides useful theoretical illustrations regarding the comparison between conventional banks and Islamic banks in greater details, covering the difference in banking scheme, organization structure, money creation, balance sheet structure, the function of a central bank, and the difference on impact to economic system and economic cycles. The second part is the calculation of technical efficiency score to understand how the distribution of score across banks under three primary assumptions: Constant Return to Scale, Variable return to Scale and Scale Efficiency. The second part involves regression analysis in understanding financial variables affecting technical efficiency and how different the score between Islamic and conventional banks. The sample of this study is 1,425 commercial banks and 85 Islamic banks (Data downloaded from Bankscope Database). The method used in the first part is Data Envelopment Analysis and Descriptive Analysis, while the method used in the second part is Tobit regression. The findings in this study shows that Scale Efficiency score is better to represent efficiency score compared to Variable Return to Scale and Constant Return to Scale. The study also shows that Islamic banks are statistically more efficient than conventional banks. Moreover, the study found that return on average asset, net loan to total asset ratio, net interest margin, and equity to total asset ratio significantly affect the efficiency score.