Au Niger, la maîtrise des ressources en eau demeure toujours un défi majeur après plus de 50 ans de politique hydraulique. Les investissements réalisés durant la Décennie Internationale de l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement (1981-1990) et les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (2000-2015) n’ont pas pu couvrir les besoins énormes en eau. Le déficit en infrastructures se pose au niveau de toutes les composantes du secteur de l’hydraulique. Les besoins en eau de plus en plus croissants et l’insuffisance des investissements publics pour y faire face expliquent ce sous-équipement en infrastructures hydrauliques. Au niveau de la commune urbaine de Téra, au-delà de la forte croissance démographique et de l’insuffisance des investissements dans le secteur de l’eau, il faut ajouter les contraintes climatiques et hydrogéologiques dans l’analyse de la situation hydraulique. Dans la ville de Téra, la précarité hydrique est due à un déficit considérable de production d’eau et à un réseau de distribution d’eau inadapté au site de la ville. Ainsi, de décembre à août, les trois quarts de la ville, principalement les quartiers Carré, Résidence, Douane, TP et Guenobon restent sans être desservis en eau. En milieu rural, l’insuffisance des points d’eau, leur localisation par rapport aux villages et le temps de rétention assez court (3 à 4 mois) des plans d’eau entraînent une situation d’extrême précarité hydrique qui bouleverse la vie socio-économique. En ville comme en campagne, en dépit des différences territoriales et des modalités d’accès à l’eau, les populations vivent le même niveau de précarité hydrique et y apportent les mêmes types de solutions. Elles recourent ainsi aux points d’eau traditionnels et développent une solidarité hydraulique à travers la mutualisation des points d’eau entre quartiers, entre villages et entre ville-villages. Mais, avec cette situation hydraulique particulièrement précaire réduisant systématiquement la pratique des activités économiques et la satisfaction des besoins humains fondamentaux, les défis de développement local deviennent de plus en plus lourds pour la commune urbaine de Téra. / In Niger, water resource management remains a major challenge after more than 50 years of water policy. Thus, the investments carried out during the International Decade of Driking Water and Sanitation (1981-1990) and the Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015) could not meet the enormous needs of water. The infrastructure deficit is being faced by all components of the hydraulic sector. The growing demand for water and insufficient public investment to meet it explain this under-equipment in water infrastructure. At the level of the urban district of Tera, in addition to the strong demographic growth and insufficient investments in the water sector, climatic and hydrogeological constraints must be added to the analysis of the hydraulic situation. In the city of Tera, the hydrous precariousness is due to a considerable lack of water production and an inadequate water distribution network at the city site. Thus, from december to august, three-quarters of the city, mainly the Carré, Résidence, Douane, TP and Guenobon neighbourhoods remain underserved. In rural areas, the insufficiency of water supply points, their location in relation to villages to the villages and the rather short time of retention (3 à 4 months) of lakes defines a situation of extreme hydrous precariousness which affects the socio-economic life. In town as in the countryside, despite the territorial differences and water access methods, the populations face the same level of hydrous precariousness and adopt the same types of solutions. Thus, they resort to the traditional water supply points and develop a hydraulic solidarity through the mutualisation of water supply points between districts, villages, villages and city. However, with this particularly precarious hydraulic situation systematically reducing the practice of economic activities and the satisfaction of the fundamental human needs, the challenges of local development become increasingly heavy for the urban district of Tera.

Compte tenu de la structuration de l'ordre global et de l'affaiblissement des États des nations pauvres, les dynamiques de construction d'un modèle de développement intégrateur doivent nécessairement se mettre en place au niveau local. Toutefois, vu que ce dernier ne constitue pas le lieu naturel du processus de transformation socio-économique méliorative, les acteurs locaux sont alors amenés à produire un ordre local de mouvement social susceptible de les réunir, de les associer, de les encadrer et de les orienter dans leur quête de développement. Il est néanmoins évident que cet ordre local de mouvement social, outre la simple association des individus concernés, suppose une autre condition. Celle-ci n'est autre que la mise en œuvre d'un dispositif d'apprentissage organisationnel, c'est-à-dire un mécanisme de fabrication collective de savoirs, de savoir-faire et de savoir être au sein d'une structure organisée. Ainsi, ce processus d'apprentissage collectif s'effectuant dans l'organisation locale, en tant qu'instrument d'identification, de définition, de coordination et de régulation des préférences collectives et de mobilisation des stratégies économique, socio-culturelle et politique innovantes des acteurs locaux, constitue la condition de possibilité principale pour la dynamique de construction du développement local ou d'un nouvel ordre territorial. Cette thèse montre donc pourquoi et comment des paysans d'une localité haïtienne, Belle-Fontaine, s'organisent, mettent en place, avec l'appui de certaines organisations non gouvernementales, un dispositif d'apprentissage collectif et participent à la construction d'un modèle spécifique de développement territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, né aux Gonaïves, Haïti, a obtenu un Certificat de fin d'études en Droit (École de Droit et des Sciences économiques des Gonaïves, 1999). Il est licencié en Sociologie (Université d'État d'Haïti, Faculté des Sciences Humaines, 2000). Il est détenteur d'un Diplôme Post-Gradué en Population et Développement (Université d'État d'Haïti/Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population, 2001). Il est titulaire d'un Diplôme d'Études Approfondies en Études du Développement (Développement, Environnement et Sociétés) de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 2003. Il est professeur à l'Université d'État d'Haïti depuis 2003. / In view of the world order, the weakening of poorer States, the dynamics of integrated development must be activated locally. However as this latter is not the place par excellence for socio-economic betterment, local actors must produce locally a social movement able to associate and organize them in view of their development. This localized social movement supposes more than mere regrouping: it requires organizational apprenticeship, i.e. the collective production of local knowledge, know how and simply being within an organization. This process taking place within a local structure fostering identity, coordination and selection of common options, mobilization of economic, socio-cultural and political innovations, presents itself as the primordial condition making for fresh local territorial ordering of things relevant to development. This thesis shows how the rural population of Belle Fontaine in Haiti, with help from NGOs, have built up a collective and participatory framework for apprenticeship aimed at locally rooted development. Fritz DORVILIER, born in Gonaïves, Haiti, obtained a diploma in Law from the School of Law and Economic sciences of Gonaïves in 1999 and a BA in sociology at the State University of Haiti in 2000. In 2001 he obtained the Postgraduate Diploma in Population and Development (financed by the UNFPA) at the same University and in 2003 a DEA in advanced development studies at the University of Louvain. Since then he is professor at the State University of Haiti. Resumen Teniendo en cuenta la estructuración del orden global y el debilitamiento de los estados de las naciones pobres, las dinámicas de construcción de un modelo de desarrollo integral deben implementarse, necesariamente, en el nivel local. No obstante, éste último no es por naturaleza el lugar del proceso de una transformación socio-económica progresiva; por ello, los actores locales son animados a producir un orden local de movimiento social, capaz de reunirlos y asociarlos, de facilitarles un marco y una orientación en su búsqueda del desarrollo. Sin embargo, es evidente que este orden local del movimiento social, además de la simple asociación de los individuos interesados, implica otra condición: la constitución de un dispositivo de aprendizaje organizativo, es decir, un mecanismo de fabricación de saber colectivo, de prácticas y sentidos en el seno de una organización. En tanto que instrumento de identificación, definición, coordinación y regulación de las preferencias colectivas y de movilización de las innovadoras estrategias económicas, socio-culturales y políticas de los actores locales, este proceso de aprendizaje colectivo desarrollado en la organización local constituye la condición de posibilidad principal para la dinámica de construcción del desarrollo local o de un nuevo orden territorial. Esta tesis muestra porque y como los campesinos de una localidad haitiana, Belle-Fontaine, se organizan y ponen en práctica, con el apoyo de ciertas organizaciones no gubernamentales, un dispositivo de aprendizaje colectivo y participan en la construcción de un modelo específico de desarrollo territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, nació en Gonaïves, Haití, obtuvo un Certificado de fin de estudios en Derecho (Escuela de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas de Gonaïves, 1999). Es licenciado en Sociología (Universidad del Estado de Haití, Facultad de Humanidades, 2000). Posee un diploma de Estudios de Postgrado en Población y Desarrollo (Universidad del Estado de Haití/Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Población, 2000). Obtuvo un Diploma de Estudios Aprofundidad en Estudios del Desarrollo (Desarrollo, Medio ambiente y Sociedades) en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, 2003. Es profesor en la Universidad del Estado de Haití desde 2003.

This study describes how a larger investment by a private company in the northern interior can affect a municipality’s economy. The mobility to the municipality is expected to increase and some of the direct and indirect effects that this investment can implicate on their economy are discussed.   The method for this study is qualitative. Interviews have been made with the initiative owner of the company LHG Learning Center and with civil servants in the municipality of Lycksele.   The conclusions drawn in this study are that the establishment of LHG Learning Centers in Lycksele will include both opportunities and risks for the municipality’s future. The indirect impact of LHG establishment on Lycksele economy is unknown today. Therefore the municipality can be vulnerable when a dependence is emerging, which make the community planning process hard. If the municipality of Lycksele can’t provide for LHG the needs, can the opportunities to develop be lost if the company choose to relocate. / Denna studie belyser hur en större investering av ett privat företag i en kommun i Norrlands inland kan påverka det lokala näringslivet och kommunen. Mobiliteten till kommunen väntas stiga och några direkta och indirekta effekter som detta kan innebära för näringslivet analyseras.   Metoden för denna studie är kvalitativ. Intervjuer har genomförts med initiativtagaren och ägaren av företaget LHG Learning Center och kommunala tjänstemän i Lycksele kommun.   De slutsatser som framkommer av denna studie är att LHG Learning Centrets etablering i Lycksele innebär både möjligheter och risker för kommunens framtid. Idag vet man inte hur omfattande de indirekta effekterna kommer att bli av LHG:s etablering för kommunens näringsliv. Därav kan man bli sårbar när samhällsplaneringen ska göras. Kan kommunen inte tillgodose de behov LHG Learning Center har, kan utvecklingsmöjligheterna med LHG i värsta fall försvinna om företaget väljer att omlokalisera sig.

La tesi individua come fine ultimo quello di comprendere quale ruolo può svolgere il turismo nel favorire lo sviluppo socio-economico in aree che presentano elementi di marginalità. Si intende quindi verificare se e a quali condizioni la promozione di programmi/progetti di sviluppo incentrati sull’aumento dei flussi turistici possa migliorare il grado di integrazione orizzontale e verticale dei sistemi locali e favorire l’innesco di processi di auto-scoperta e auto-organizzazione. In seconda battuta la tesi individua alcuni obiettivi di carattere metodologico: (i) si intende in primo luogo migliorare l’impianto metodologico per l’analisi delle capacità auto-organizzative dei territori, messo a punto nell’ambito delle ricerche sui sistemi locali territoriali (modello SLoT); (ii) in secondo luogo si vuole verificare se e in che modo attraverso la ricerca-azione sia possibile ottenere risultati sia sul piano dell’avanzamento teorico e metodologico che sul piano della promozione dello sviluppo. L’impianto della tesi è articolato in sette capitoli: il capitolo 1, 2 e 3 compongono il quadro concettuale che struttura l’impianto della ricerca; il capitolo 4 descrive e analizza l’impianto metodologico che sottende al lavoro di ricerca empirico; capitoli 5, 6 e 7 sono dedicati all’analisi empirica; le conclusioni riprendono i diversi focus tematici, rispondendo alle domande di ricerca. / The final aim of the thesis is to understand which role can tourism play in furthering the socio-economic development in areas presenting elements of marginality. The aim is also to verify whether and under which conditions the promotion of development programs/projects focused on increasing tourism flows can improve the degree of horizontal and vertical integration of local systems and facilitate the development of self-discovery and self-organization processes. Subsequently, the thesis identifies some methodological objectives: (i) to improve the methodological framework for the analysis of self-organizing capacity of places, developed within the researches conducted on Local Territorial Systems (Slot model), (ii) to verify if and how is it possible through action-research to obtain results both in terms of theoretical and methodological progress and in terms of development promotion. The layout of the thesis is divided into seven chapters: chapter 1, 2 and 3 make up the conceptual framework that structures the research; chapter 4 describes and analyzes the methodological framework underlying the work, chapters 5, 6 and 7 are devoted to the empirical analysis; conclusions summarize the main arguments of the thesis, answering the research questions.

Atualmente muito se debate sobre a questão energética no Brasil e no mundo, e um tópico que frequentemente esta presente nessas discussões é a situação energética de comunidades isoladas. Essas comunidades, por estarem localizadas em regiões de difícil acesso, dispõem apenas de soluções orientadas por sistemas isolados de geração de energia elétrica, nos quais seguidamente se usam os geradores à diesel, uma fonte de energia considerada insustentável. Assim, várias comunidades enfrentam uma situação de pobreza energética, em que a falta de fontes seguras e confiáveis de energia acaba prejudicando diversos aspectos da vida das pessoas, como a saúde, a educação e o trabalho. Em vista disso, as pessoas ficam aprisionadas a um círculo vicioso que liga os serviços de energia e a pobreza. No Brasil, esse tipo de situação pode ser encontrado principalmente na região amazônica, onde pelas características geográficas, muitas comunidades vivem uma situação de isolamento e pobreza energética, pois não possuem qualquer fonte de energia elétrica ou estão sujeitas a fontes inadequadas por dependerem de combustíveis fósseis. Vários estudos têm sido desenvolvidos com o objetivo de buscar soluções para essa situação, nos quais os autores indicam que as iniciativas voltadas para a mitigação desse problema devem ser orientadas por uma compreensão profunda da realidade amazônica, bem como pela valorização das características de cada comunidade. Há também o foco em projetos que utilizem o potencial de recursos naturais renováveis da região amazônica para a geração de energia, como no caso de centrais hidrelétricas de pequena escala, sistemas fotovoltaicos e tecnologias baseadas em biomassa. E acima de tudo, todos esses debates ressaltam a importância da criação de situações em que a comunidade possa usar a energia de forma produtiva. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a trajetória energética de uma comunidade amazônica isolada, considerando principalmente os serviços de energia diretos e indiretos, produtivos ou não, e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento local sustentável da comunidade. A partir dessas ideias, o referencial teórico foi organizado para auxiliar na compreensão da realidade vivida por estas comunidades, sendo apresentadas exposições sobre a Base da Pirâmide e a pobreza energética, e também as características dos serviços de energia em seus aspectos diretos e indiretos, bem como seus usos básicos e produtivos. A Lógica de Serviço foi estudada para facilitar o entendimento da criação de valor contextual para os serviços de energia, sobretudo pela combinação de recursos operand e operant. Para compreender como os serviços de energia poderiam afetar o desenvolvimento comunitário, abordagens voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável local em suas dimensões social, ambiental e econômica foram trazidas à discussão. Por último, para auxiliar a assimilação do cenário em estudo, aspectos institucionais e tecnológicos referentes à questão da eletrificação na Amazônia também foram apresentados. A operacionalização da pesquisa ocorreu por meio de um estudo de caso realizado na Vila de Cachoeira do Aruã, no estado do Pará. A comunidade possui uma microcentral hidrelétrica em funcionamento desde o ano de 2005, a qual trouxe uma série de mudanças para o local nos últimos dez anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu com a utilização de narrativas geradas pelos moradores, por observação simples e por pesquisa documental. Os resultados indicam que tanto os serviços diretos como os indiretos geraram uma série de benefícios para os comunitários, permitindo a melhoria da qualidade de vida local e uma diminuição da característica de isolamento da comunidade. Deve-se ressaltar a importância da atitude da comunidade em relação à geração de energia no local, bem como a autonomia da comunidade sobre a gestão do sistema de geração, e sobre outras atividades existentes na vila, como uma cooperativa agroextrativista. Porém, é necessário ressaltar que a disponibilidade de energia elétrica causa alguns efeitos inesperados, como um crescimento populacional descontrolado, e a sobrecarga do sistema de geração de eletricidade. Embora a comunidade seja capaz de se libertar de um ciclo vicioso de pobreza energética, para que consiga gerar um circuito virtuoso de desenvolvimento a comunidade deve ser capaz de manter a geração de energia ao longo do tempo ao mesmo tempo em que se adapta às mudanças inesperadas e cria novas oportunidades. Apenas dessa maneira a comunidade irá viver em um estado de desenvolvimento sustentável local. / Currently much is debated on the energy issue in Brazil and worldwide, and a topic that frequently is present at these discussions is the energy situation of isolated communities. These communities, as are located in difficult access regions, have only solutions driven by energy isolated systems, which frequently use diesel generators, a source that is considered unsustainable. Thus, many communities face an energy poverty situation, where the lack of safe and reliable sources of energy will hinder many aspects of people's lives, such as health, education and work. As a result, people become trapped in a vicious circle linking energy services and poverty. In Brazil, this type of situation can be found mainly in the Amazon region, where the geographical features implies many communities living an insulation and energy poverty situation, as they have no source of electricity or are subject to inadequate sources by relying on fossil fuels. Several studies have been developed in order to find solutions to this situation, in which the authors indicate that initiatives aimed at mitigating this problem should be guided by a deep understanding of the Amazon reality, as well as the appreciation of the characteristics of each community. There is also focus on projects that use the potential of renewable natural resources in the Amazon region for power generation, as in the case of small-scale hydroelectric plants, photovoltaic systems and biomass-based technologies. And above all, all of these debates highlight the importance of creating situations where the community can use the energy in productive ways. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the energy path of an isolated Amazonian community, especially considering the direct and indirect energy services, productive or not, and their contribution to the community sustainable local development. From these ideas, the theoretical framework was organized to assist in understanding the reality experienced by these communities being presented theories on the Bottom of the Pyramid and energy poverty, and also the characteristics of energy services in its direct and indirect aspects as well as its basic and productive uses. The Service Logic has been studied to facilitate the understanding of the creation of contextual value for energy services, especially by combining operand and operant resources. To understand how the energy services could affect the community development, approaches aimed at local sustainable development in its social, environmental and economic dimensions were brought to discussion. Finally, to assist the assimilation of the scenario in study, institutional and technological aspects related to the issue of electrification in the Amazon were also presented. The operationalization of the research was carried out through a case study in Cachoeira do Aruã Village, in Pará state. The community has a micro hydroelectric power plant in operation since 2005, which brought to the local a series of changes over the past decade. Data collection occurred with the use of narratives generated by residents, by simple observation and documentary research. The results indicate that both direct and indirect services generated a number of benefits to the community population, allowing improvement of local quality of life and a decrease in community isolation characteristic. It should be emphasized the importance of community attitude in relation to power generation on site, as well as community autonomy over the system generation management, and over other existing activities in the village, as the agro-extractivist cooperative. However, it is necessary to point out that the availability of electricity causes some unexpected effects such as uncontrolled population growth, and the overload of the electricity generation system. Although the community is able to break free from a vicious cycle of energy poverty, for generating a virtuous circuit of development it should be able to keep generating energy over time while adapts to unexpected changes and creates new opportunities. Only in this way the community will live in a state of local sustainable development.

Cette étude a comme objectif principal de comprendre les incidences culturelles ou économiques transformatrices des politiques publiques de développement local enclenchées à travers trois programmes de développement local d’envergure nationale dans les différentes zones de mode de vie en Haïti depuis 2006. En vue d’atteindre cet objectif, après une révision de la littérature théorique et empirique, une enquête de terrain auprès d’un échantillon systématique de trois-cent quatre-vingt-quatre chefs de ménages exerçant tout au moins leur propre activité de production ou de service a été réalisée. L’outil qui a été privilégié pour la collecte des données sur le terrain est le questionnaire-interview. De l’analyse des données de l’enquête de terrain, par l’intermédiaire de tableaux de fréquence et de Tests de McNemar, il en ressort que l’appartenance des bénéficiaires aux initiatives de développement issues de l’aide-projet permet respectivement de renforcer leur niveau d’attachement aux croyances et pratiques scientifiques à 19.53%, leur vision rationnelle du temps et de l’espace à 4.69%, leur conception positive de la compétition économique à 23.96%, leur perception positive de la réussite économique à 12.76%, leur opinion favorable à l’investissement et à l’épargne à 13.54%, leur détachement au fatalisme et au conformisme à 23.70% et leur opinion favorable au risque à 24.22%. Et, suivant les Tests de McNemar effectués, ces différentes contributions ont été statistiquement significatives au plus au seuil de 5%. Donc, l’appartenance à un projet productif peut être un bon vecteur de renforcement des traits culturels conditionnels de développement dans les différentes localités haïtiennes. Ce constat dans une certaine mesure donne raison à Lacoste (1965), Zaoual (2005), Charmillot (2008) qui voient en l’implantation de tout projet de développement dans les pays en développement une condition d’affaiblissement voir de destruction de la culture traditionnelle au profit de celle du développement.Par ailleurs, ces projets n’apportent pas de contribution significative au renforcement d’un esprit favorable au collectivisme et aux rapports intra-territorialisés chez les bénéficiaires comme l’avait présupposé l’hypothèse de recherche initiale. Ce résultat confirme en partie les thèses de Barthelemy (1987), Casimir (2001), Dorvilier (2007) et Sainsiné (2007) affirmant la dominance de l’esprit collectiviste chez les habitants du milieu rural haïtien. Il met tout aussi en question leur conception de la nature quasi exclusive des rapports intra-territorialisés des exploitants du milieu rural haïtien.A l’aide du modèle de régression logistique binaire, il y a lieu de constater que les seuls facteurs expressifs des projets de développement expliquant significativement le renforcement de certaines modalités de la variable expliquée sont d’abord ceux caractéristiques du niveau d’exposition des bénéficiaires aux volets techniques et instructifs des projets à savoir la formation technique reçue et la quantité restreinte de moins trois rencontres d’affaires mensuellement entretenues et ensuite ceux de nature financière à savoir le plus haut montant reçu ou emprunté par les bénéficiaires de la part des projets (10 000- 20 000 HTG) et le plus haut niveau de profit réalisé par eux à partir des projets (10 000-20 000 HTG). / The main objective of this study is to understand the transformative cultural or economic impacts of public policies of local development initiated though three national development programs of national importance in different zone of lifestyle in Haiti since 2006.Order to reach this objective, a field survey of a systematic sample of three hundred and eighty-four head of households at least performing their own production or service activity was carried out. Following a review of the theoretical and empirical literature, the tool that has been favored for collecting data in the field is the questionnaire-interviews.From the analysis of the field survey data, by using frequency tables and McNemar Tests, it appears that the fact that the beneficiaries belong to the development initiatives resulting from the project aid makes it possible respectively to strengthen their level of attachment to scientific beliefs and practices to 19.53%, their rational vision of time and space to 4.69%, their positive conception of economic competition to 23.96%, their positive perception of economic success at 12.76% , their favorable opinion on investment and savings at 13.54%, their detachment to fatalism and conformism at 23.70% and their favorable opinion of risk at 24.22%. And, according to McNemar's Tests performed, these different contributions were statistically significant at most at the 5% threshold. Therefore, belonging to a productive project can be a good vector for reinforcing the cultural conditionalities of development in the different Haitian localities.This observation to a certain extent gives reason to Lacoste (1965), Zaoual (2005), Charmillot (2008) who see in the implementation of any development project in developing countries a condition of weakening or even destruction of culture. for the benefit of development.In addition, these projects do not make a significant contribution to strengthening a spirit of collectivism and intra-territorial relations among beneficiaries, as the initial research hypothesis had assumed.This result confirms in part the theses of Barthelemy (1987), Casimir (2001), Dorvilier (2007) and Sainsiné (2007) affirming the dominance of the collectivist spirit among the inhabitants of rural Haiti. It also puts into question their conception of the almost exclusive nature of the intra-territorial relations of farmers in rural Haiti.Using the binary logistic regression model, it should be noted that the only expressive factors of development projects that significantly explain the strengthening of certain modalities of the explained variable are, first of all, those characteristic of the level of exposure of the beneficiaries. the technical and instructive aspects of the projects, namely the technical training received and the limited quantity of at least three-monthly business meetings, and then those of a financial nature, i.e. the highest amount received or borrowed by the beneficiaries from the projects (10 000- 20 000 HTG) and the highest level of profit realized by them from the projects (10 000-20 000 HTG).These results validate the thesis of Berthelemy (2006), Dorvilier (2007, 2011) and Logossah (2007), stipulating that the educational factor is a good vector capable of minimizing the impact of certain negro-African cultural traits that seem incompatible. to the logic of progress and economic growth. In this work, technical training in the same line of thought of the authors raised seems to facilitate a strengthening of the degree of attachment to scientific values and practices, of the rational vision of time and space, of the attitude favorable to the savings and investment, the spirit favorable to the decline of collectivism among the beneficiaries of the projects.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-07-01T18:51:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Débora Rodrigues da.pdf: 2009357 bytes, checksum: a640aa9ba20801ca3a568fd25fc76040 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-07-05T20:08:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Débora Rodrigues da.pdf: 2009357 bytes, checksum: a640aa9ba20801ca3a568fd25fc76040 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T20:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Débora Rodrigues da.pdf: 2009357 bytes, checksum: a640aa9ba20801ca3a568fd25fc76040 (MD5) / ideia de que as práticas das redes de economia solidária são fomentadoras do desenvolvimento local, à medida que fortalecem os empreendimentos; possibilitam a formação dos sujeitos sociais e fomentam a valorização e o aproveitamento das potencialidades locais, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de processos de produção apropriados aos territórios, tem adquirido força entre os atores do movimento da economia solidária e teóricos da temática. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo busca compreender e identificar as conexões e os fluxos existentes nas articulações em redes de economia solidária e de comércio justo presentes nas práticas da Cooperativa Agropecuária Familiar de Canudos, Uauá e Curaçá - COOPERCUC e na sua articulação na Rede O Sabor Natural do Sertão, considerando os elementos potencializadores do desenvolvimento local. A abordagem da temática da economia solidária, redes de economia solidária, comércio justo e desenvolvimento local, aqui elaborada, está fundamentada em Singer ( 1998 e 2002), Gaiger (2002 e 2004), França Filho (2001, 2006 e 2009); Mance (2002) e Silva ( 2008 e 2009) e serve como base para a análise da experiência da COOPERCUC, cooperativa de 141 agricultores e agricultoras familiares, localizada no Estado da Bahia, que trabalha na produção de compotas, doces e geléias de frutas nativas da região semiárida. O estudo destaca os avanços e desafios presentes nessa experiência e busca refletir sobre as redes de economia solidária como elemento de fortalecimento dos empreendimentos econômicos solidários e o seu potencial de apoio ao desenvolvimento local. The notion that the practices of the networks of solidarity economy foster local development has gained strength among members of the solidarity economy movement as well as theoreticians of this field, as they reinforce enterprises, enable the formation of social subjects and foster the valorization and the utilization of local potential, favoring the development of production processes which are adequate to territories. Within that perspective, this study seeks to understand and identify the connections and the flux that permeates articulations in networks of solidarity economy and fair commerce which are present in the practices of the Cooperative of Family of Agriculture and Cattle Raising of Canudos, Uauá and Curaçá – COOPERCUC and its articulation in the Network “The Natural Flavor of the Sertão (Hinterlands), considering the empowering elements of the local development. The theoretical framework utilized in this study of solidarity economy, solidarity economy networks, fair commerce and local development is grounded on Singer Singer (1998 e 2002), Gaiger (2002 e 2004), França Filho (2001, 2006 e 2009); Mance (2002) e Silva (2008 e 2009). It also grounds the analyses of the experience of COOPERCUC, a cooperative that congregates 141 family agricultural workers and cattle raisers, located in the state of Bahia, a cooperative that produces candy, jelly, and compotes with regional fruit from the semi-arid region. The analysis highlights the advances and challenges present within this experience, seeking to reflect upon the networks of solidarity economy as a strengthening element of solidarity economy enterprises and its potential for supporting local development.

Très présents sur les sites archéologiques, les vestiges d’architecture de terre suscitent un intérêt grandissant, pour la communauté scientifique, pour les autorités en charge de la protection du patrimoine, pour les populations locales et pour le grand public, amateur de tourisme culturel. De plus en plus de projets d’étude, conservation et mise en valeur des vestiges en terre sur les sites archéologiques voient le jour dans le monde, dans une perspective d’apport du patrimoine au développement local et territorial. Ces projets font appel à des compétences multiples, empruntant notamment aux disciplines de l’archéologie, de l’architecture, de la conservation, et au domaine de la valorisation patrimoniale. Des acteurs aux profils variés sont ainsi amenés à collaborer sur des projets à la fois plus nombreux et plus complexes, intégrant les apports et attentes de parties prenantes très diversifiées, dans une approche holistique et contextualisée de gestion du patrimoine (Agnew et Bridgland 2006).Les modalités de ces nouvelles collaborations sont étudiées en profondeur dans cette thèse, afin d’analyser les enjeux interdisciplinaires et les enjeux de formation qui en résultent. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les rapprochements entre les différents acteurs concernés par le patrimoine archéologique génèrent des perspectives de formations plus spécifiques, voire l’émergence de nouveaux métiers au carrefour des disciplines, qui seraient en mesure de mieux répondre aux attentes actuelles vis-à-vis de ce patrimoine.La recherche est fondée sur des enquêtes de terrain et des rencontres d’acteurs menées sur le long terme (quinze années d’exercice scientifique et professionnel), sur cinq sites principaux et douze sites de référence, principalement en Asie, mais aussi en Afrique et en Amérique Latine. Une grille d’analyse permet de confronter les pratiques observées sur ces terrains d’étude aux recommandations internationales en termes d’étude, conservation et valorisation du patrimoine archéologique en terre. Ces recommandations sont issues d’un corpus composé de publications de référence, de chartes et déclarations internationales, de conférences sur l’architecture de terre et de programmes internationaux sur cette thématique. Les résultats de l’analyse comparative nous amènent à faire des propositions méthodologiques et à énoncer des lignes directrices de programmes de formations plus spécifiques. Nous souhaitons ainsi contribuer aux dynamiques de recherche et d’enseignement qui se mettent en place autour du patrimoine archéologique en terre et de son apport au développement local. / Very present on archaeological sites, the vestiges of earthen architecture are arousing a growing interest, for the scientific community, for the authorities in charge of heritage protection, for the local populations and for the general public, fan of cultural tourism. More and more projects for study, conservation and enhancement of earthen architecture in archaeological context are emerging in the world, with a view to contributing to local and territorial development. These projects involve multiple skills, borrowing in particular from the disciplines of archeology, of architecture, of heritage conservation, and from the field of heritage valorisation. Specialists in each field are invited to collaborate on projects that are more numerous and more complex, integrating the inputs and expectations of very diverse stakeholders, in a holistic and contextualized approach to heritage management (Agnew, Bridgland 2006).The conditions governing these new collaborations are studied in depth in this thesis, in order to analyze the interdisciplinary challenges and the resulting training issues. We make the hypothesis that the links between the various actors involved in the archaeological heritage generate more specific training prospects, and even the emergence of new trades at the crossroads and interfaces of the disciplines, which would better meet current expectations with regard to this heritage.The research is based on field surveys and stakeholder meetings realized over the long term (fifteen years of scientific and professional practice), at five main sites and twelve reference sites, mainly in Asia, but also in Africa and in Latin America. An analysis grid allows to compare the practices observed on the field with the international recommendations in terms of study, conservation and valorisation of the archaeological heritage built with earth. These recommendations are based on a corpus of reference publications, international charters and declarations, conferences on earthen architecture and international programs on this theme. The results of the comparative analysis lead us to make methodological proposals and to formulate guidelines for more specific training programs. In this way, we wish to contribute to the new research and training dynamics that are set up around the earthen archaeological heritage and its contribution to local development.

Os investimentos privados no campo da gestão social têm sido cada vez mais expressivos. A atuação das empresas está saindo de uma lógica de assistencialismo e voltando-se para o desenvolvimento de projetos sociais mais estruturados. Um dos aspectos a serem tratados na questão da responsabilidade social das empresas é a idéia de que as empresas poderiam resolver grande parte dos problemas sociais, uma vez que, são dotadas de competências gerenciais para tanto. Contudo, o problema do campo da gestão social é mais complexo do que meramente uma questão de gestão de recursos, sejam eles de que natureza for. Esta é uma afirmação chave para o presente estudo. Uma contribuição efetiva no campo social implica que empresas – e qualquer outro agente – direcionem suas ações para a promoção de capital social e, assim, contribuam para o desenvolvimento local. Dessa forma, buscando ampliar a discussão que cerca os programas sociais de empresas privadas, este estudo trabalha com duas abordagens, tendo como pano de fundo a produção de capital social: a Visão da Empresa e a Visão da Comunidade. O primeiro enfoque contempla as teorias da responsabilidade social corporativa e dos stakeholders e reflete as preocupações e o modo de agir da empresa, no que diz respeito ao equacionamento para os problemas sociais. Já o segundo, tem como enfoque a promoção do capital social e o desenvolvimento de uma comunidade cívica através de redes de compromisso social e, conseqüentemente, o desenvolvimento local sustentável. Assim, para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa e atingimento dos objetivos propostos, identificou-se como mais adequada a abordagem qualitativa de cunho interpretativo com delineamento explanatório. O procedimento metodológico adotado foi o estudo de caso e, como principal técnica de análise de dados, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo. Dessa forma, foram estudados os programas de responsabilidade social de empresas da região da Serra Gaúcha reconhecidas como socialmente responsáveis, analisando a contribuição destes para a geração ou fortalecimento do capital social das comunidades atingidas. Como principal resultado do estudo é apresentada a proposta de um novo quadro de referência para os projetos sociais de empresas privadas, quadro, este, construído a partir das respostas aos objetivos propostos. O estudo finaliza destacando as contribuições confirmadas pela literatura pesquisada, as contribuições discrepantes em relação à literatura pesquisada, pontos relevantes não abordados na literatura pesquisa, peculiaridades verificadas nas experiências no contexto da região em estudo, as contribuições metodológicas e as implicações para a prática no campo da gestão social. / The private investments in the field of social management have been each time more meaningful. The performance of the companies is coming out of assistencialism logic and turning around to the development of more structured social projects. One of the aspects to be dealt with regarding the social responsibility of the companies is the idea that the companies could solve most part of the social problems, as they are endowed with managing competence for that. However, the problem in the social management field is more complex than merely a question of resources management, no matter their nature. This is a key statement to the present study. An effective contribution in the social field implies those companies – and ay other agent – to lead their actions to the promotion of social capital and, therefore, contribute to the local development. That way, seeking to expand the discussion that surrounds the social programs of private companies, this study works with two approaches, having as a background the production of social capital: the Company View and The Community View. The first view considers the theories of corporative social responsibility and the stakeholders and it reflects the concerns and the way that the company acts, regarding the equationing to the social problems. The second, however, focuses on the promotion of the social capital and the development of a civic community through social commitment nets, and consequently, the maintaining local development. So, for this research development and to reach the proposed goals, the qualitative approach of interpretative approach with explaining design was identified as the most suitable. The methodological procedure adopted was the study case and, as main technique of data analysis, the contents analysis was used. That way, the programs of social responsibility of companies renowned as socially responsible from the region of Serra Gaúcha were studied, analyzing their contribution to the generation or strengthening of the social capital of the reached communities. As the main result of the study it is presented the proposal of a new board of reference for social projects of private companies, and this board was built from answers to the proposed goals. The study ends pointing out the contributions confirmed by the literature researched, the different contributions regarding the researched literature, relevant points not approached on the researched literature, peculiarities verified in the experiences in the context of the region in study, the methodological contributions and the implications to the practice in the social management field.

Parcerias entre governo e organizações sociais tornaram-se uma importante ferramenta para a execução de políticas públicas. Com a interdependência dos atores, a relação entre público e privado é remodelada constantemente, o que faz emergir novas formas de ação social coordenada ou governança. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo propor ao Governo do Estado de Roraima a adoção de uma ferramenta semelhante à Rede Parceria Social (RPS), utilizada pelo Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de indicar caminhos para a conquista de mais e melhores oportunidades e qualidade de vida, sobretudo mostrar que direta e indiretamente essa nova ferramenta de gestão de redes reflete no aumento do PIB, ou seja, no crescimento da economia e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento econômico do Estado de Roraima. A revisão da literatura abordou o desenvolvimento econômico, em especial, o desenvolvimento local e seus desdobramentos, a gestão de redes, políticas públicas e o terceiro setor. Apresentou-se a RPS e seus impactos sobre a economia gaúcha, com base no estudo realizado pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do Rio Grande do Sul. Com fundamento no trabalho da FEE, constatou-se que a adoção de uma ferramenta de gestão semelhante à RPS é de grande valia para o alcance dos objetivos socioeconômicos propostos pelo Governo de qualquer estado, inclusive o Estado de Roraima, sendo o primeiro passo a criação de uma lei que institua um programa de apoio à inclusão e promoção social (no Rio Grande do Sul: Lei da Solidariedade – Lei nº 11.853/2002), uma lei de incentivo fiscal para empresas que desejam investir em projetos sociais. Nesse sentido, o Governo do Estado de Roraima precisa “abrir os olhos” para oportunidades como esta que, além de contribuírem para a justiça social e solidariedade, podem gerar impactos positivos na economia, ou seja, aumentar o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), “primeiro passo” para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade. / Partnerships between government and social organizations have become an important tool for the implementation of public policies. With the interdependence of the actors, the relationship between public and private sectors is constantly remodeled, which brings out new forms of social action coordinated or governance. This dissertation aims to propose to the government of Roraima state to adopt a similar tool to the Social Partnership Network (SPN), used by the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to indicate ways to conquer more and better opportunities and quality of life, particularly directly and indirectly show that this new network management tool reflected in GDP growth, ie growth of the economy and consequently in the economic development of the State of Roraima. The literature review addressed the economic development, in particular, local development and its consequences, network management, public policy and the third sector. Presented to the SPN and its impact on the economy of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, based on a study by the Foundation of Economics and Statistics (FES) in Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the work of the FES, it was found that the adoption of a tool management similar to SPN is of great value to the achievement of socioeconomic goals proposed by the government of any state, including the state of Roraima, the first step being the creation of a law to implement a program to support and promote social inclusion (in Rio Grande do Sul: Solidarity Act - Law No. 11.853/2002), a law of tax incentives for companies that wish to invest in social projects. In this sense, the government of Roraima state needs to “open your eyes” for opportunities like this that, in addition to contributing to social justice and solidarity, can generate positive impacts on the economy, ie, increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), “first step” to improve the quality of life of society.