O cada vez maior número de tecnologias que fornecem serviços de geolocalização tem possibilitado gerar uma grande quantidade de dados de geolocalização. Estes dados, são armazenados principalmente como pontos de localização com informação temporal. Uma trajetória é definida como uma sequência discreta e finita destes pontos de localização. Nos últimos anos, a recente área de mineração de trajetórias visa aproveitar esta abundância de dados. Nesta área, existem várias técnicas de mineração desenvolvidas, mas todas elas dependem diretamente da qualidade das trajetórias. Assim, o preprocessamento tem um papel primordial na mineração de trajetórias. Entre as tarefas de preprocessamento, um problema relevante é a reconstrução ou inferência de trajetórias. Devido ao alto consumo de energia de dispositivos de localização como o GPS e ao crescente uso de geo-marcações nas redes sociais, que possibilita a construção de trajetórias ordenando temporalmente estas marcações, muitas das trajetórias existentes apresentam taxas de amostragem muito baixas. A maioria das pesquisas nesse problema utilizam, no caso de áreas urbanizadas, informações do grafo formado por ruas e cruzamentos. Porém, elas levam em conta apenas trajetórias de veículos principalmente pelo fato que muitos dos percursos dos pedestres ficam fora das ruas. Atualmente, graças às plataformas livres de mapas colaborativos, é possível incluir estes trajetos como parte das informações de ruas. Assim, este projeto tem o objetivo de investigar o uso das informações das ruas na reconstrução de trajetórias, principalmente de pedestres. O escopo da proposta compreende o desenvolvimento de uma rede social geo-localizada com o intuito de capturar dados de localização. Posteriormente, estes dados serão anonimizados, utilizados na reconstrução de trajetórias de pedestres e disponibilizados para uso em pesquisas futuras. / The ever-greater number of technologies providing location-based services has allowed the generation of big amounts of geolocation data. This data is mainly stored as location points in conjunction with temporal information. A trajectory is defined as a discrete and finite sequence of this kind of points. In recent years, the relatively new field of trajectory data mining aims to leverage this abundance of data. On this field, there are several data mining techniques developed, but all of these depend on trajectory quality. Hence, preprocessing becomes relevant to this field. Among trajectory data mining tasks, one important problem is trajectory reconstruction. Due to the high energy consumption of geolocation devices like GPS and the growing usage of geo-tags in social networks, which can represent trajectories by being sorted chronologically, most of these trajectories are collected at low sampling rates. A majority of research on this problem is focused on using road network information in urbanized areas to reconstruct trajectories. However, these approaches take into account vehicle trajectories only due to fact that most pedestrian paths do not always follow the same road network routes than vehicles. Currently, thanks to open collaborative maps, it is possible to add pedestrian paths to the road network structure. Thereby, this project aims to research the usage of road network information in pedestrian trajectories reconstruction. This projects scope comprises the development of a location-based social network to collect geolocation data. Subsequently, this data will be anonymized, used for pedestrian trajectory reconstruction and, finally, made available for research purposes.

Le concept de ”Smart Cities” a émergé au cours des dernières années pour décrire comment les investissements dans le capital humain et social, et dans les technologies de la communication (TIC) infrastructures et services électroniques peuvent maintenir la croissance durable et la qualité de vie, par une gestion judicieuse des ressources naturelles et par un gouvernement participatif. Pour nous, Smart City est un environnement réel augmenté permettant l’informatique ubiquitaire, avec web 2.0, qui est collaborative, mobile et contextuelle, les acteurs humains, ainsi que des objets connectés faisant désormais partie intégrante de l’Internet. Dans le contexte de notre projet international France-Chine sur Smart City, nous avons utilisé une approche MOCOCO (Mobilité, Contextualisation, Collaboration) à mener des travaux de recherche avec de multiples applications dans des situations de travail professionnels et à domicile, des situations d’apprentissage mobile contextuelles, ainsi que des applications de Smart City sont prises en compte - le transport, la distribution des marchandises, et des activités sportives et culturelles. Cette thèse se concentre sur les services basés sur la localisation (LBS), et Internet des Objets (IdO), qui sont deux aspects importants de Smart City. Le choix de la Gestion Dynamique des Voies de Circulation comme une étude de cas dans cette thèse est également une bonne pratique d’intégration de nouvelles technologies pour rendre la ville plus intelligente et pour rendre notre vie plus confortable. Selon Schiller et Voisard (2004), les services basés sur la localisation peuvent ˆêtre définis comme des services qui intègrent l’emplacement ou la position d’un dispositif mobile avec d’autres informations afin de fournir une valeur ajoutée à un utilisateur. L’objectif est d’utiliser la mise en œuvre IdO pour améliorer LBS, fournissant l’intelligence ambiante et d’assurer la facilité d’utilisation pour usagers dans des situations dynamiques. L’aspect théorique de nos contributions est que nous examinons la possibilité et la faisabilité de l’utilisation de l’IdO pour augmenter LBS. L’architecture de l’IdO a une capacité d’intégrer divers objets, ce qui fournit à LBS une meilleure gestion des dispositifs de géolocalisation; l’intergiciel de l’IdO, capable de faire l’abstraction des objets et la composition de services, donne la possibilité de déployer des composants de service plus intelligents et personnalisés, ainsi peut améliorer l’intergiciel de LBS. L’aspect pratique de nos contributions est que nous avons choisi une problématique de gestion dynamique des voies comme une étude de cas, validant notre approche d’utiliser l’IdO pour augmenter LBS dans une application de Smart City. L’objectif du système de gestion dynamique des voies est d’assurer une meilleure utilisation de voie de circulation par l’allocation dynamique de voies à différents types de transport. Nous avons fourni l’architecture du système du point de vue de TIC, et un environnement de simulation pour valider la conception de la solution. Nous avons également développé une preuve de concept pour valider les aspects technologiques du système. L’environnement de simulation comprend un simulateur pour simuler la fonction du système et les comportements des véhicules, un éditeur de scénario, et un générateur de trafic en tant qu’outils d’initialisation. Différentes formes de visualisation de résultats de simulation sont également prises en compte. En outre, nous avons développé un outil d’évaluation basé sur la visualisation en 3D, qui permet l’interaction entre l’utilisateur et l’outil en temps réel, pour effectuer des tests d’utilisation comme l’étude des aspects IHM, puisque les facteurs humains devraient toujours être mis en premiers dans le contexte de Smart City. [...] / The concept of “Smart Cities” has emerged during the last few years to describe how investments in human and social capital and modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure and e-services fuel sustainable growth and quality of life, enabled by a wise management of natural resources and through participative government. To us, Smart City is a real augmented environment allowing ubiquitous computing, with up-to-date web 2.0, which is collaborative, mobile and contextual, human actors as well as different things (connected objects) are now an integral part of internet. In the international France-China project on Smart City we used the MOCOCO approach (Mobility, Contextualization, Collaboration) to conduct research work with multiple applications in working, learning and social situations; professional and home working situations, professional and teenager contextual mobile learning situations as well as Smart City applications are taken into account – transportation, goods distribution and local sport and cultural activities. This dissertation focuses on Location Based Services, and Internet of Things, which are both important aspects of Smart City. The choice of dynamic management of road lanes as a case study in this thesis, is also a good practice of integrating new technologies to make the city smarter and to make our life more comfortable. According to Schiller and Voisard (2004), Location Based Services (LBS) can be defined as services that integrate a mobile device’s location or position with other information so as to provide added value to a user. During recent years, LBS has evolved from simple GIS applications and positioning of emergent phone callers to more complicated, proactive, application-oriented services adapted to different users. However, heterogeneity of devices, data management and analysis, and HCI aspects are always main challenges for LBS. Our goal is to make the LBS meet the requirements of Smart City, with use of Internet of Things (IoT), integrating a certain degree of ambient intelligence. The theoretical aspect of our contributions is that we examine at component level the possibility and feasibility of using IoT to better support LBS. The ability of IoT architecture of integrating various objects gives LBS a better management of location-aware devices; the sensors can also enrich the data source of LBS. The middleware of IoT, good at objects abstraction and service composition, provides possibilities to deploy more intelligent and customized service components, thus can enhance the middleware of LBS. The practical aspect of our contributions is that we choose a dynamic lane management problem as a use case study demonstrating our approach in regard to combining LBS with IoT for a Smart City application. The goal of the dynamic lane management system is to make a better use of road lanes by dynamic allocation of lanes to different types of transportation. We provide the system architecture, user interfaces and a simulation environment to validate the solution design. We also develop a proof of concept to validate the technological aspects of the lane management system. The simulation environment of the lane management system is another important part of our contributions, it includes a core simulator to simulate the function of the system and the behaviors of the vehicles, and an editor of scenario and a generator of traffic as initialization tools. Different visualization methods of simulation results are also taken into consideration. In addition, we develop an evaluation tool which allows for real time user interaction, based on the visualization of the results of the simulator to conduct user tests for HCI aspects, as human factors should always be considered in the context of Smart City. [...]

O cada vez maior número de tecnologias que fornecem serviços de geolocalização tem possibilitado gerar uma grande quantidade de dados de geolocalização. Estes dados, são armazenados principalmente como pontos de localização com informação temporal. Uma trajetória é definida como uma sequência discreta e finita destes pontos de localização. Nos últimos anos, a recente área de mineração de trajetórias visa aproveitar esta abundância de dados. Nesta área, existem várias técnicas de mineração desenvolvidas, mas todas elas dependem diretamente da qualidade das trajetórias. Assim, o preprocessamento tem um papel primordial na mineração de trajetórias. Entre as tarefas de preprocessamento, um problema relevante é a reconstrução ou inferência de trajetórias. Devido ao alto consumo de energia de dispositivos de localização como o GPS e ao crescente uso de geo-marcações nas redes sociais, que possibilita a construção de trajetórias ordenando temporalmente estas marcações, muitas das trajetórias existentes apresentam taxas de amostragem muito baixas. A maioria das pesquisas nesse problema utilizam, no caso de áreas urbanizadas, informações do grafo formado por ruas e cruzamentos. Porém, elas levam em conta apenas trajetórias de veículos principalmente pelo fato que muitos dos percursos dos pedestres ficam fora das ruas. Atualmente, graças às plataformas livres de mapas colaborativos, é possível incluir estes trajetos como parte das informações de ruas. Assim, este projeto tem o objetivo de investigar o uso das informações das ruas na reconstrução de trajetórias, principalmente de pedestres. O escopo da proposta compreende o desenvolvimento de uma rede social geo-localizada com o intuito de capturar dados de localização. Posteriormente, estes dados serão anonimizados, utilizados na reconstrução de trajetórias de pedestres e disponibilizados para uso em pesquisas futuras. / The ever-greater number of technologies providing location-based services has allowed the generation of big amounts of geolocation data. This data is mainly stored as location points in conjunction with temporal information. A trajectory is defined as a discrete and finite sequence of this kind of points. In recent years, the relatively new field of trajectory data mining aims to leverage this abundance of data. On this field, there are several data mining techniques developed, but all of these depend on trajectory quality. Hence, preprocessing becomes relevant to this field. Among trajectory data mining tasks, one important problem is trajectory reconstruction. Due to the high energy consumption of geolocation devices like GPS and the growing usage of geo-tags in social networks, which can represent trajectories by being sorted chronologically, most of these trajectories are collected at low sampling rates. A majority of research on this problem is focused on using road network information in urbanized areas to reconstruct trajectories. However, these approaches take into account vehicle trajectories only due to fact that most pedestrian paths do not always follow the same road network routes than vehicles. Currently, thanks to open collaborative maps, it is possible to add pedestrian paths to the road network structure. Thereby, this project aims to research the usage of road network information in pedestrian trajectories reconstruction. This projects scope comprises the development of a location-based social network to collect geolocation data. Subsequently, this data will be anonymized, used for pedestrian trajectory reconstruction and, finally, made available for research purposes.

In 1993, a travel study was conducted along the Wasatch front in Utah (Research Systems Group INC, 2013). The main purpose of this study was to assess travel behavior to understand the needs for future growth in Utah. Since then, the Research Service Group (RSG), conducted a new study in 2012 to understand current travel preferences in Utah. This survey, called the Residential Choice Stated Preference survey, asked respondents to make ten choice comparisons between two hypothetical homes. Each home in the choice comparison was described by different attributes, those attributes that were used are, type of neighborhood, distance from important destinations, distance from access to public transport, street design, parking availability, commute distance to work, and price. The survey was designed to determine the extent to which Utah residents prefer alternative household attributes in a choice selection. Each attribute contained multiple characteristic levels that were randomly combined to define each alternative home in each choice comparison. Those choices can be explained by Random Utility Theory. Multinomial logistic regression will be used to estimate changes in utility when alternative attribute levels are present in a choice comparison. Using the coefficient estimate for price, a marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for each attribute level will be calculated. This paper will use two different approaches to obtain MWTP estimates. Method One will use housing and rent price to recode the price variable in dollar terms as defined in the discrete choice experiment. Method Two will recode the price variable as an average ten percent change in home value to extrapolate a one-time payment for homes. As a result, we found that it is possible to obtain willingness to pay estimates using both methods. The resulting interpretations in dollar terms became more relatable. Metropolitan planning organization can use these results to understand how residents perceive home value in dollar terms in the context of location-based attributes for homes.

Parce qu’ils font l’objet d’une utilisation intensive ces dernières années et que leur adoption suit une courbe similaire à celle du taux de pénétration du smartphone, les services de géolocalisation se sont rapidement et solidement ancrés dans le quotidien des individus hyperconnectés. Nous nous interrogeons dans cette recherche doctorale sur les nouvelles expériences au monde qui découlent de l’usage de ces dispositifs à travers une enquête qualitative menée auprès de 62 individus. Nos premiers résultats mettent en évidence que ces services, au même titre que d’autres technologies de l’information et de la communication, contribuent grandement à un réinvestissement des espaces et des lieux, à une relativisation des distances kilométriques et à de nouveaux rapports au temps marqués par une accélération continue et une recherche de l’immédiateté. Mais, les applications géolocalisées se voulant aujourd’hui de plus en plus socialisantes, nous avons également relevé et analysé de nouvelles stratégies de regroupement, d’évitement, de surveillance voire de contrôle entre des individus. Cela amène parfois à de nouveaux rapports de forces entre un géolocalisant et un géolocalisé, intimement liés aux problématiques de la visibilité, de la visualité et de l’anonymat dans un espace urbain hybridé où le partage de la position géographique est devenu quasiment permanent. / Because of their increasing and intensive use over the last few years, roughly similar to the smartphone penetration rate, Location-Based Services (LBS) have quickly and strongly become rooted in the everyday’s life of the hyperconnected user. We are questionning ourselves in this PhD research on the new experiences to the world brought by the use of such devices throughout a qualitative survey conducted among 62 LBS users. Our first results highlight that those LBS, like some other information and communication technologies, largely contribute in the reinvestment of space and places, while they are creating a relativization of metric distance over the temporal one and new ways to experience time defined by a continuous acceleration and a search for immediacy. But, as LBS are becoming more and more socializing, we also noticed and analyzed new grouping and dodging strategies, as well as new ways to watch over and possibly control people. This sometimes leads to new balances of power between the one who is tracking and the one who is being tracked, deeply linked to discussions over visibility, visuality and anonymity in a hybrid urban space where the share of location has become almost continuous.

<p>For the past recent years mobile developers and content providers have been aware of consumers’ engagement in online social networking. New opportunities are presented when using a mobile device as a medium for social interaction, also referred to as mobile social software. An ever growing effort aimed at various mobile design processes and applications have taken place. To achieve a widespread adoption of mobile social software amongst the main stream mobile consumer, several problem areas have to be taken into consideration, such as the technological possibilities and limitations of mobile phones, security issues regarding user privacy and the different aspects of consumers appeal for social media. This research looks into the overall situation of the current field of research and focuses on the interests in mobile social software amongst users. The study was geographically limited to Malmö, Sweden and focused on a population at the ages of 13-18.</p>

<p>Internet and mobile communications have had a profound effect on today’s society. New services are constantly being deployed, in which an increasing amount of personal data is being processed in return for personally tailored services. Further, the use of electronic surveillance is increasing. There is the risk that honest citizens will have their privacy invaded for “the greater good”. We argue that it is of uttermost importance to retain the individuals’ control over their personal spheres.</p><p>One approach for enhancing the users’ privacy is to deploy technical measures for safeguarding privacy, so-called Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs). This thesis examines a set of PETs for enabling anonymous communication, so-called anonymous overlay networks,which eliminate the processing of personal data altogether by allowing the users act anonymously when communicating in a networked environment.</p><p>This thesis focuses mainly on mobile networks. These are of great interest because on the one hand they lay the groundwork for new innovative applications, but on the other hand they pose numerous novel challenges to privacy. This thesis describes the implementation</p><p>and performance evaluation of mCrowds – an anonymous overlay network for mobile Internet that enables anonymous browsing. It also describes the ongoing investigation on how to design anonymous overlay networks in order to make them suitable for mobile ad hoc</p><p>networks, a required building block for ambient intelligence.</p>

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A new class of wireless sensor networks has recently appeared due to the pervasiness of cellular phones with embedded sensors, mobile Internet connectivity, and location technologies. This mobile wireless sensor network has the potential to address large-scale societal problems and improve the people's quality of life in a better, faster and less expensive fashion than current solutions based on static wireless sensor networks. Ubiquitous Sensing is the umbrella term used in this dissertation that encompasses location-based services, human-centric, and participatory sensing applications. At the same time, ubiquitous sensing applications are bringing a new series of challenging problems. This dissertation proposes and evaluates G-Sense, for Global-Sense, an architecture that integrates mobile and static wireless sensor networks, and addresses several new problems related to location-based services, participatory sensing, and human-centric sensing applications. G-Sense features the critical point algorithms, which are specific mechanisms to reduce the power consumption by continous sensing applications in cellular phones, and reduce the amount of data generated by these applications. As ubiquitous sensing applications have the potential to gather data from many users around the globe, G-Sense introduces a peer-to-peer system to interconnect sensing servers based on the locality of the data. Finally, this dissertation proposes and evaluates a multiobjective model and a hybrid evolutionary algorithm to address the efficient deployment of static wireless sensor nodes when monitoring critical areas of interest.

Today’s metropolitan areas see changes in populations and land development occurring at faster rates than transportation planning can be updated. This dissertation explores the use of a new dataset from the location-based social networking spectrum to analyze origin-destination travel demand within Austin, TX. A detailed exploration of the proposed data source is conducted to determine its overall capabilities with respect to the Austin area demographics. A new methodology is proposed for the creation of origin-destination matrices using a peer-to-peer modeling structure. This methodology is compared against a previously examined and more traditional approach, the doubly-constrained gravity model, to understand the capabilities of both models with various friction functions. Each method is examined within the constructs of the study area’s existing origin-destination matrix by examining the coincidence ratios, mean errors, mean absolute errors, frequency ratios, swap ratios, trip length distributions, zonal trip generation and attraction heat maps, and zonal origin-destination flow patterns. Through multiple measures, this dissertation provides initial interpretations of the robust Foursquare data collected for the Austin area. Based upon the data analytics performed, the Foursquare data source is shown to be capable of providing immensely detailed spatial-temporal data that can be utilized as a supplementary data source to traditional transportation planning data collection methods or in conjunction with other data sources, such as social networking platforms. The examination of the proposed peer-to-peer methodology presented within this dissertation provides a first look at the potential of many-to-many modeling for transportation planning. The peer-to-peer model was found to be superior to the doubly-constrained gravity model with respect to intrazonal trips. Furthermore, the peer-to-peer model was found to better estimate productions, attractions, and zone to zone movements when a linear function was used for long trips, and was computationally more proficient for all models examined.