No / The purpose of this chapter is to discuss and present a computational framework for detecting and analysing facial expressions efficiently. The approach here is to identify the face and estimate regions of facial features of interest using the optical flow algorithm. Once the regions and their dynamics are computed a rule based system can be utilised for classification. Using this framework, we show how it is possible to accurately identify and classify facial expressions to match with FACS coding and to infer the underlying basic emotions in real time.

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När sociala nätverk blir en del av vår vardag öppnas uppenbara möjligheter till interaktion och nätverkande på Internet med vänner, kollegor och bekanta. Samtligt som sociala nätverk erbjuder användare intressanta redskap, med många fördelar, för att kunna interagera utsätts samtidigt användares personliga integritet för risker och hot. Denna uppsats undersöker vad som oroar användare mest på Internet, värdet av en skyddad privat sfär utan insyn, varför vi delar med oss av privat information på sociala nätverk, vad kan man ta reda på utifrån den information som finns tillgänglig samt hur kan vi bära oss åt för att inte förlora vår integritet på Internet. Utöver ett stort fokus på sociala nätverk behandlas även positionsbaserade tjänster och hur dessa tjänster kan användas utan att integriteten går förlorad. Med detta i åtanke genomfördes en enkätundersökning av svenska studenters syn på integritet och medvetenhet i sociala nätverk samt deras inställning och vanor i positionsbaserade tjänster. Slutsatserna av undersökningen resulterade i reflektioner och diskussioner om vår syn på integritet och antaganden inför framtiden. / When social networking becomes a part of our everyday life opportunities for interaction and networking with friends, colleagues and other acquaintances opens up. While social networking offers and interesting approach to interacting it exposes users' personal privacy to external threats. This thesis examines elements that worries users on the Internet, the value of having a protected personal sphere, why we disclose personal information on social networks, what information can be obtained through data mining of personal profiles and how we can carry on with our online presence without losing our online privacy. Beyond the immediate focus on social networks, privacy in location-based services gets a review and a closer look into how it can be used without forfeiting privacy. With this in mind, a survey including Swedish students' views on privacy and general awareness on social networks and attitudes towards location-based services was conducted. The conclusion of the survey resulted in reflections and discussions about outlooks on privacy and assumptions about the future.

Location-based reminder systems (LBRs) are typically used to remind people to complete a to-do task at a particular location. People use their prospective memory to remember future to-do tasks. However, the current design of LBRs fails to take advantage of human prospective memory theory. In this dissertation, I propose a framework connecting human prospective memory theory with LBRs. My work applies human prospective memory into the technical design of LBRs. The goal of my work is to make the reminder work more consistently with how human memory works. Prospective memory research suggests that encoding of the location and familiarity with the location have an impact on prospective remembering. I conducted two empirical studies to test how this theoretical knowledge applies to LBRs. In one experiment, I hypothesized that if the encoding stage provides a closer match to the retrieval stage in LBRs, then location recognition and task recall should improve at retrieval time. The results indicate that providing a first-person view (street view of the desired location) at the encoding stage benefits prospective remembering the most. Prospective memory theory also suggests that the familiarity with the external cue has a significant influence on prospective remembering. In the second experiment, I hypothesized that familiarity with a location has an impact on the location recognition at the retrieval. The results show that the encoding interface is used differently for familiar and unfamiliar cities and businesses to support recognizing a target location. The findings have implications for the design of future LBRs. I designed an LBR prototype by applying these empirical research findings and conducted a usability evaluation. Future designers of LBR should consider 1) providing more support in matching the encoding stage to the eventual cue in retrieval stage and 2) involving user’s familiarity level with the places at the encoding stage to provide a better user experience. My work showed the importance of using prospective memory theory in the design of LBR systems. / Ph. D.

Ystad har under lång tid varit en populär turistdestination för svenska och utländska besökare. Staden med dess omnejd har genom den fina miljön och dess historiska byggnader goda förutsättningar att attrahera turister till regionen. Efter filmatiseringarna av Henning Mankells romaner om kriminalkommissarie Kurt Wallander, som utspelas i Ystad, har antalet turister ökat än mer till regionen. Förhållandet mellan böcker och filmer är en väsentlig del av den turism som uppstår efter en berättelse om en fiktiv karaktär i en existerande miljö. Vi ville följaktligen undersöka film- litteraturturism och dess påverkan på en plats. För att genomföra studien tillämpades en kvalitativ metod med kvalitativa intervjuer. Film- och litteraturturism ökar i omfattning inom turismindustrin och det är därav relevant att studera dess existens och betydelse för en plats. Resultaten i studien visar att effekterna på en destination vid film- och litteraturturism är många. När en plats skildras i en berättelse genom filmer eller böcker får platsen en "helig" betydelse för dess största entusiaster. Platsen som skildras kan även använda filmerna och böckerna som marknadsföringsmetod och genom den stärka sitt varumärke. Dock bör samarbeten mellan offentliga och privata aktörer fungera väl för att kunna utnyttja fördelarna med platsbunden film- och litteraturturism på bästa möjliga vis. / Ystad is a popular tourist destination for Swedish and foreign visitors, and has been for a long time. The city with its nice environment and its historic buildings attract tourists to the region. After filming Henning Mankell's novels about criminal inspector Kurt Wallander, set in Ystad, the number of tourists has increased even more to the region. The relationship between books and movies is an essential part of the tourism that occurs after a story about a fictional character in an existing environment. We would therefore consider movie and literary tourism and its impact on a location interesting to examine. To conduct the study a qualitative approach with qualitative interviews. was applied. Film and literature tourism is increasing in the tourism industry and it is hence relevant to study its existence and significance of a place. The results of the study show that the effects of a destination in film and literature tourism are numerous. When a place is illustrated through movies or books it may get a "sacred" aspect for its biggest enthusiasts. The location depicted may also use the films and the books as a marketingiimethod and through the strengthening of its brand. However, collaboration between public and private actors works well in order to take advantage of location-based film and literary tourism in the best possible way.

Utveckling av teknik skapar ständigt nya möjligheter men innebär också stora förändringar för företag och organisationer. Mobiltelefoner, surfplattor, bärbara datorer, mobilkommunikation och molnteknik gör det möjligt idag att inte längre vara bunden av tid, plats eller en enhet för att kunna arbeta. Förändringen innebär att en ny typ av flexibla och yteffektiva kontor med inga fasta arbetsplatser blir allt vanligare. Problemet med de så kallade flexkontoren är att veta var eller när en kollega befinner sig på kontoret är inte lika självklart, framförallt om det är stort kontor med flera våningsplan. Målsättningen med detta arbete är att ta fram och implementera en inomhuspositioneringstjänst eller en så kallad Location-Based Service, till företaget Connecta AB. Tjänsten ska göra det möjligt för användare att med hjälp av sin mobiltelefon dela med sig av sin nuvarande arbetsplats i en kontorsmiljö. Resultatet av arbetet är en Location Based Service som gör det möjligt för en användare att med hjälp av en Androidtelefon med stöd för kortdistanskommunikationstekniken Near Field Communcication att dela med sig av sin nuvarande arbetsplats. Den molnbaserade serverlösningen Windows Azure används för att lagra registrerade arbetsplatser. / Development of technology constantly creates new opportunities but it can also mean major chang-es for companies and organizations. Today phones, tablets, laptops, mobile communications and cloud technology make it possible to be no longer bound by the time, location or device in order to work. The change means that a new office type that is more flexible and space efficient due to no fixed workplaces, is becoming more common. A problem with this type of offices that are known as flex-offices is that it is not obvious where or when a colleague is in the office, especially if it is large office with multiple floors. The aim of this work is to develop and implement a Location-Based Service for the company Connecta AB. The service will enable users to use their mobile phone to share their current workplace location in an office environment. The result of this work is a Location-Based Service that enables a user to use an Android phone with support for Near Field Communcication to share their current workplace position. The cloud-based server solution, Windows Azure is used to store indexed workplace positions.

La dynamique humaine est un sujet essentiel de l'informatique centrée sur l’homme. Elle se concentre sur la compréhension des régularités sous-jacentes, des relations, et des changements dans les comportements humains. En analysant la dynamique humaine, nous pouvons comprendre non seulement des comportements individuels, tels que la présence d’une personne à un endroit précis, mais aussi des comportements collectifs, comme les mouvements sociaux. L’exploration de la dynamique humaine permet ainsi diverses applications, entre autres celles des services géo-dépendants personnalisés dans des scénarios de ville intelligente. Avec l'omniprésence des smartphones équipés de GPS, les réseaux sociaux de géolocalisation ont acquis une popularité croissante au cours des dernières années, ce qui rend les données de comportements des utilisateurs disponibles à grande échelle. Sur les dits réseaux sociaux de géolocalisation, les utilisateurs peuvent partager leurs activités en temps réel avec par l'enregistrement de leur présence à des points d'intérêt (POIs), tels qu’un restaurant. Ces données d'activité contiennent des informations massives sur la dynamique humaine. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons la dynamique humaine basée sur les données massives des réseaux sociaux de géolocalisation. Concrètement, du point de vue individuel, nous étudions la préférence de l'utilisateur quant aux POIs avec des granularités différentes et ses applications, ainsi que la régularité spatio-temporelle des activités des utilisateurs. Du point de vue collectif, nous explorons la forme d'activité collective avec les granularités de pays et ville, ainsi qu’en corrélation avec les cultures globales / Human dynamics is an essential aspect of human centric computing. As a transdisciplinary research field, it focuses on understanding the underlying patterns, relationships, and changes of human behavior. By exploring human dynamics, we can understand not only individual’s behavior, such as a presence at a specific place, but also collective behaviors, such as social movement. Understanding human dynamics can thus enable various applications, such as personalized location based services. However, before the availability of ubiquitous smart devices (e.g., smartphones), it is practically hard to collect large-scale human behavior data. With the ubiquity of GPS-equipped smart phones, location based social media has gained increasing popularity in recent years, making large-scale user activity data become attainable. Via location based social media, users can share their activities as real-time presences at Points of Interests (POIs), such as a restaurant or a bar, within their social circles. Such data brings an unprecedented opportunity to study human dynamics. In this dissertation, based on large-scale location centric social media data, we study human dynamics from both individual and collective perspectives. From individual perspective, we study user preference on POIs with different granularities and its applications in personalized location based services, as well as the spatial-temporal regularity of user activities. From collective perspective, we explore the global scale collective activity patterns with both country and city granularities, and also identify their correlations with diverse human cultures

This thesis is concerned with the problem of designing Mobile Location Services (MLS) - also commonly termed Location-Based Services - that meet user needs. MLS are applications that users access via a portable device such as a mobile phone. They provide services (i.e. information or other functionality) to end-users based on knowledge of the location of individuals and other entities within the environment. The market failure of many mobile services, including MLS, has been attributed in part to failing to provide `value' to the end user. This thesis reviews different theoretical approaches to help understand the notion of `value', and how value may be used to inform design (Chapter 2). Research methods are also discussed, including the particular challenges with doing `mobile' research (Chapter 3). A survey of UK consumers( Chapter4 ) demonstratesa current lack of use, and lack of awarenesso f most forms of MLS in the UK. llowever, overall positive attitudes,a nd a range of behavioural and demographic data, suggest that MLS have the potential to be successful if they can be designed to meet user needs. A qualitative study of users' travelling behaviour (Chapter 5) then demonstrates how effective mobile information delivery can provide considerable value within a dynamic, uncertain and location-varying environment. This added value is highly dependent on contextual and situated factors, including existing information sources, variances in possible outcomes and the intrinsic qualities of information provision. The thesis then focuses on a particular application domain for MLS - drivers navigating in an unfamiliar environment. A literature review (Chapter 6) investigates how drivers navigate, and what their information needs are. Three experimental studies (Chapters 7 to 9) then investigate what information adds value within a navigation context, the impact of contextual influences on driving and navigation performance, and the impact of the quality of the navigation cue on task performance. Good landmarks (such as traffic lights) are shown to add value for drivers navigating an unfamiliar route, depending on the context at particular manoeuvres. This thesis discusses( Chapter 10) how a multi-disciplinary perspectivec an help maximise the acceptance and effectiveness of MLS. 'Value' can be used to design specific services for users, based on offering new freedoms to the individual within a mobile context, employing time and location sensitivity to maximise relevance, taking into account user knowledge, existing information sources and contextual factors, and ensuring impact on real-world outcomes. In conclusion (Chapter 11), specific contributions and avenues for future work are highlighted.

Compared to the use of a traditional mobile phone, a smartphone user may experience advanced computing capability and connectivity. Internet connection along with advanced technology allows users to access the web, GPS navigation system, WIFI hotspot, etc. Today it is considerably easier for smartphone users to benefit from the global Internet connection with its extended range. A service that has expanded enormously and shaped a whole new industry in a short period of time, is location-based services (LBS). The service shows location information using coordinates providing the geographical position of a mobile device. Depending on the user’s location and preferences, mobile service providers may introduce context-related information to the user. However, LBS does not only involve opportunities, improvements, and benefits for societies. The use of digital technologies, with such spread as location-based services has obtained, may result in major integrity issues.   The aim of this qualitative investigation is to explain and describe location-based services. The purpose is to, through structured interviews, create an understanding of the users’ perception of LBS and investigate their attitudes, behavior and privacy concerns. The following understanding might be of value to application development companies regarding the comprehension of user behavior and attitudes. In turn, it could be of assistance for these companies in reaching the users in order to maximize the use of their applications.   The analysis showed that the respondents of this study are receptive to location-based services as long as it provides them with value. However, privacy concerns might intervene but are in most cases overlooked. The user’s perceived value is by the informants considered to be more important than the minor obstacles of LBS. In terms of LBS usage behavior, the respondents willingness to share location information differs among them and is based on different reasonings. The indication of user acceptance also differs. However, the informants’ perception of LBS purpose was discussed from both user and business perspective. It was concluded that it might be an indication of user acceptance since the respondents were able to recognize value deriving from location-based services. Additional LBS behavior is recognized in the process of allowing LBS access to apps.

O cada vez maior número de tecnologias que fornecem serviços de geolocalização tem possibilitado gerar uma grande quantidade de dados de geolocalização. Estes dados, são armazenados principalmente como pontos de localização com informação temporal. Uma trajetória é definida como uma sequência discreta e finita destes pontos de localização. Nos últimos anos, a recente área de mineração de trajetórias visa aproveitar esta abundância de dados. Nesta área, existem várias técnicas de mineração desenvolvidas, mas todas elas dependem diretamente da qualidade das trajetórias. Assim, o preprocessamento tem um papel primordial na mineração de trajetórias. Entre as tarefas de preprocessamento, um problema relevante é a reconstrução ou inferência de trajetórias. Devido ao alto consumo de energia de dispositivos de localização como o GPS e ao crescente uso de geo-marcações nas redes sociais, que possibilita a construção de trajetórias ordenando temporalmente estas marcações, muitas das trajetórias existentes apresentam taxas de amostragem muito baixas. A maioria das pesquisas nesse problema utilizam, no caso de áreas urbanizadas, informações do grafo formado por ruas e cruzamentos. Porém, elas levam em conta apenas trajetórias de veículos principalmente pelo fato que muitos dos percursos dos pedestres ficam fora das ruas. Atualmente, graças às plataformas livres de mapas colaborativos, é possível incluir estes trajetos como parte das informações de ruas. Assim, este projeto tem o objetivo de investigar o uso das informações das ruas na reconstrução de trajetórias, principalmente de pedestres. O escopo da proposta compreende o desenvolvimento de uma rede social geo-localizada com o intuito de capturar dados de localização. Posteriormente, estes dados serão anonimizados, utilizados na reconstrução de trajetórias de pedestres e disponibilizados para uso em pesquisas futuras. / The ever-greater number of technologies providing location-based services has allowed the generation of big amounts of geolocation data. This data is mainly stored as location points in conjunction with temporal information. A trajectory is defined as a discrete and finite sequence of this kind of points. In recent years, the relatively new field of trajectory data mining aims to leverage this abundance of data. On this field, there are several data mining techniques developed, but all of these depend on trajectory quality. Hence, preprocessing becomes relevant to this field. Among trajectory data mining tasks, one important problem is trajectory reconstruction. Due to the high energy consumption of geolocation devices like GPS and the growing usage of geo-tags in social networks, which can represent trajectories by being sorted chronologically, most of these trajectories are collected at low sampling rates. A majority of research on this problem is focused on using road network information in urbanized areas to reconstruct trajectories. However, these approaches take into account vehicle trajectories only due to fact that most pedestrian paths do not always follow the same road network routes than vehicles. Currently, thanks to open collaborative maps, it is possible to add pedestrian paths to the road network structure. Thereby, this project aims to research the usage of road network information in pedestrian trajectories reconstruction. This projects scope comprises the development of a location-based social network to collect geolocation data. Subsequently, this data will be anonymized, used for pedestrian trajectory reconstruction and, finally, made available for research purposes.