¡@¡@Because of recession of investment environment and deregulation of Mainland policies in Taiwan since the early 1990s, Taiwanese manufacturing industries were attracted with cheap production costs and regional development policies in Mainland China, led investment of Taiwanese manufacturing industries and export of Taiwan to Mainland China rose quickly. Since foreign investment policies had been changed, problems of labor shortages and rising wages got worse in Mainland China in recent years, led production advantages of Taiwanese manufacturing industries lost gradually. In order to look for supply chain process cheaply and effectively, Taiwanese manufacturing industries were developing toward localization and domestic market in Mainland China, led its¡¦ demands of Taiwanese supply chain reduced gradually. In order to increase importance of Taiwanese supply chain, Taiwan government should promote industrial restructuring and upgrading, and attract Taiwanese manufacturing industries establish R & D sectors about technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive in Taiwan. We can use advantages of logistics and channels about Taiwanese service industries, it will maintain and raise importance of Taiwanese supply chain by the high quality and high value-added part.

當投資環境發生變化時, 某些企業便會出現移動現象, 尤其受到全球整體經濟不景氣的影響下, 企業營運的快速因應更是重要。 中國自1979年鄧小平推動改革開放，歷經將近40年的發展，中國藉由低廉的勞動人力帶動經濟高度成長，吸引了全球各國目光，紛紛到中國投資。隨著中國勞動力成本的優勢不再，整體營運成本上升，政府要求企業產業轉型升級等，對台商在經營上產生很大的影響。而許多資料也指出，在面臨中國整體運營成本上升時，不少台商選擇到具備低廉勞動力成本和人口紅利優勢的東南亞國家進行投資設廠。 本研究結合企業成長理論、資源基礎理論，並配合區位選擇理論和生產力工資理論，探討台商在大陸經營成長過程中，面對中國投資環境改變，對於區位選擇的策略影響。期望藉由本研究提供未來台商在區位選擇上的參考。透過個案公司的深入訪談，本研究發現台灣中小企業受限於企業規模及營運資金規模，加上大環境是連動、相互影響的複雜動態系統，許多決策是多面向且多變的，因此台商在思考區位選擇時，除了首重關注勞動成本，也需考量目標市場及產業特性和其他因素的影響。 / When the investment environment changes, some enterprises will experience a transformational phenomenon, especially in recent years, with the global financial crisis, and the global economic downturn. It is more important than ever that business operations rapidly change in response to such influences. After nearly 40 years of development in China, since Deng Xiaoping promoted an economic revolution in order to help the economy in 1979, now China becomes the second largest economy in the world. During this period, the high economic growth in China was driven by low labor force and attracted the attention from all of the world and started to invest. After the advantage of labor cost gradually disappear, the overall operation cost increase, and the government asked the transformation and upgrading for enterprises, these factors brought a large burden on business operation. And many information also pointed out that many Taiwanese Small and Medium Enterprises choose to invest and relocate the factory in Southeast Asian countries which have cheaper labor force and demographic dividend advantage when they face the constrains in China. This study uses business growth, resource-based, location select and productivity wage as theoretical approach to discuss Taiwanese Small and Medium Enterprises growth process in China, the impact of location select strategy when their face the investment environment changes in China. It is expected that this study will provide a reference for further Taiwanese enterprises in terms of location selection. Through in-depth interview with case companies, this study found that Taiwanese Small and Medium enterprises are limited by the size of enterprise itself and the scale of operation capital, in addition, the environment is the complex dynamic system with linkage, complex and interaction. Many decisions ought to be made by cogitating in the short term and long term, in addition, the labor cost is the priority when Taiwanese enterprises select the location, but also consider the target market, industrial characteristics and other factors.

本研究著眼於台灣經濟轉型、中國經濟的崛起與台灣企業組織的變化，從台灣企業集團的總部設立、跨界投資的區位選擇及在地再投資三個面向進行討論，期望在既有的研究基礎上，就台灣廠商在兩岸投資區位佈點的考量提出完整性的觀察，並強化既有的研究。 首先，以台灣1000大製造業為研究樣本，選擇包括純辦公室使用、研發設計、台商一千大、跨國生產網絡、外資企業、員工人數、資本總額、知識密集型、傳統型製造業等變項分別代表總部功能、跨界治理能力及企業屬性三大類變數，透過二元羅吉特模型以及集群分析方法，探討台灣企業在首都、都會區以及生產性服務業及創新氛圍同質性地區的總部設立區位選擇行為。實證的結果發現，代表企業屬性變數的資產總額、員工人數和產業別明顯影響台灣製造業廠商在首都設立總部的區位選擇，而總部功能為純辦公室使用或設有研發機構者更傾向將總部設立於首都或都會區，跨界治理能力的影響則未能獲得證實。另外，過去國內在研究企業總部地點選擇研究上較少從創新氛圍角度出發，而本研究實證的結果發現，台灣製造業廠商企業總部的區位選擇不僅受到地區生產性服務業的影響，也受到地區創新氛圍的影響。 在跨界投資區位選擇部分，本研究以台灣250大企業集團中的知識密集型製造業集團為研究對象，以台灣、環渤海地區、長江三角洲地區、珠江三角洲地區為研究場域，選擇企業特性與投資區位條件變數，並以多項羅吉特模型進行實證分析。其中，企業特性變數為產業類別、投資經驗、投資時間等三項因子，而投資區位條件則有勞工薪資、市場規模、區域創新強度及外資投資強度等因子。實證結果發現，代表經濟發展階段的投資時間變項確實會影響企業集團的區位選擇行為，產業的類別不同其區位選擇也會不同，先前的投資經驗雖然影響區位選擇。但是與過去研究不同的是，本次實證發現對台灣企業來說面對相似而且鄰近的市場，進入新市場的動機可能比過去的投資經驗來得重要的多，同時投資區位條件亦會影響區位選擇行為。另外，過去較少直接連結廠商生產面的區域創新能力亦明顯影響企業集團的區位選擇，因此本研究認為區域創新活動對於跨國企業在地化取得知識及技術亦具有相當重要的意義。 在地再投資部分以台灣製造業1000大廠商中知識密集型製造業為研究對象，並以工業地域觀點所劃分的台灣地區北、中、南三大區域為研究場域，選擇包括在台投資經驗、總部區位、第一次投資決策、路徑依循等企業廠商組織決策之屬性變數，以及包含區域中科學園區的設立、產業專業化係數、雜異化指標等區域環境變數，透過多項羅吉特模型進行實證分析。實證的結果發現，總部區位確實影響後續再投資的工廠區位選擇，第一次的投資決策經驗對於第二次投資的區位選擇行為影響比總部區位的影響明顯，代表時間演進而產生路徑相依的地區經濟型態差異變項也確實會影響區位選擇行為。而當區域內科學園區的發展相較未臻成熟時，其區域的賦能仍不足以吸引企業廠商進駐，至於台灣企業的再投資區位選擇基於對區域特性的了解較偏好區域內工業地域的地方化經濟，而不偏好區域內工業地域的都市化經濟。 / Stressed on the Taiwanese economical transition, the up-rising of Chinese economy and the change of Taiwanese enterprise organization as well as based on the past research, this study explores the factors affecting location selection behavior of Taiwanese firms across Taiwan Strait from three aspects including the establishment of enterprise headquarter, cross-border investment and local re-investment. On the establishment of enterprise headquarter, the top 1000 manufacturing firms in Taiwan were sampled and some factors were analyzed including office type, R&D, multinational production network, foreign enterprise, number of employee, total asset, knowledge-intensive business, and traditional manufacturing firms. However, these factors could be classed into three fields: headquarter function, cross-border management ability and firm characteristics. Then, the location selection behavior of Taiwanese enterprise headquarter was examined by the techniques of binary logit model and cluster analysis technique among capital area, urban area and homogenous area with productive service industry and innovation-based cluster. The results of empirical analysis show that the factors represented firm characteristics including total asset, number of employee and enterprise type significantly affected the location selection of Taiwanese enterprise headquarter. Furthermore, it is also verified that the enterprise headquarter had been established in capital or urban area if the headquarter was provided with R&D or simply used as office, but the effect of cross-border management upon headquarter establishment is insignificant. The effect of innovation-based cluster upon location selection of enterprise headquarter is seldom studied in the past. However, according to empirical results in this study, they show that location selection of Taiwanese enterprise headquarter is affected not only by local Productive Service industry but also by regional innovation-based cluster. On the location selection of cross-border investment, this study focused on the area of Taiwan, Bohai Economic Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. The top 250 Taiwanese enterprise groups were taken into consideration, and the multinomial Logit model was adopted for empirical analysis in which firm characteristics and location conditions were chosen as research variables. Where, firm characteristics contained industrial type, investing experience and investment time, and location conditions included labor cost, market scale, regional innovation intensity and foreign investment intensity. The empirical results indicate that industrial type and investment time significantly affect the selection of investment locations. In contrast, investment experience only slightly influences the selection of investment locations. In addition, we find that entrepreneurial motivation to enter new markets may be much more influential than prior location investment experiences for Taiwanese enterprises functioning within similar markets. Regional differences shaping investment conditions in Taiwan and mainland China also affect the selection of investment locations. Our analysis shows a particularly strong linkage between regional innovation capacity and the selection of investment locations. This implies that regional innovation capacity plays a very important role in the selection of investment locations for multinational enterprises On local re-investment, the top 1000 knowledge-intensive manufacturers in Taiwan were the samples divided by region into the northern, central and southern Taiwan groups by administrative region. The factors affecting organizational decisions were the attribute variables, including Taiwan investment experience, headquarters location, first investment experience and path dependence; and the factors affecting location selection were the regional environment variables, including regional science park status, industry specialization coefficient and Hirschman-Herfindahl index (HHI). The multinomial Logit model was used for empirical analysis, and the results show that the headquarters location affects plant location selection in re-investment, and the first investment experience has a more significant effect on the plant location selection in the second investment than the headquarters location, suggesting that the path-dependent heterogeneity in regional economic style developed over time affects location selection. Also, the immaturity of regional science parks affects plant location selection when regional empowerment cannot attract enterprises. Lastly, Taiwanese enterprises prefer regions with localized economies to regions with urbanized economies for plant location selection.