Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1999. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-157).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Swaminathan, Madhavan, Committee Chair ; Cressler, John D., Committee Co-Chair ; Kenney, Stevenson J., Committee Member ; Peterson, Andrew, Committee Member ; Durgin, Gregory, Committee Member ; Sitaraman, Suresh, Committee Member.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-110). Also available online.

Στόχος της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η σχεδίαση ενός συστήματος που να επιτρέπει την μελέτη των τεχνικών Σύνθεσης Συχνοτήτων με βρόχο κλειδωμένης φάσης μέσω του RMCLab. Στη παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετήθηκε και σχεδιάστηκε το κατάλληλο υλικό (hardware) και λογισμικό (software) έτσι ώστε να δίνεται η δυνατότητα μελέτης του βρόχου σύνθεσης συχνότητας χωρίς κανένα ουσιαστικό περιορισμό. Ο χρήστης του συστήματος που κατασκευάστηκε σ’ αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία μπορεί να μελετήσει βρόχους σύνθεσης συχνοτήτων που υλοποιούνται με όλες τις γνωστές μέχρι σήμερα τεχνικές (πχ: Integer N, Fractional, ΣΔ), ή ακόμη να εφαρμόσει δικές του τεχνικές ή νέες, πρόσφατες τεχνικές όπως αυτή του DIPA. Μπορεί επιπλέον να σχεδιάσει και να χρησιμοποιήσει τους δικούς του διαιρέτες συχνότητας, τον δικό του phase/frequency comparator και ακόμη να επιλέξει μέσα από μία ευρεία περιοχή στοιχείων (αντιστάσεις πυκνωτές) για την υλοποίηση του φίλτρου του συνθέτη. Εκτιμούμε ότι το αποτέλεσμα αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας θα συμβάλει σημαντικά στην κατανόηση του βρόχου κλειδωμένης φάσης και του συνθέτη συχνοτήτων από τους φοιτητές, και επιπλέον θα διευκολύνει σημαντικά την υλοποίηση και πειραματική επιβεβαίωση νέων διατάξεων βασισμένων σε βρόχο κλειδωμένης φάσης. / The aim of this dissertation is the development and implementation of the appropriate hardware and software for enabling the study of the PLL based frequency synthesis techniques using the facilities of the RMCLab (Remote Monitored and Controlled Lab.). The RMCLab user is now able to study deeply on the well known techniques of frequency synthesis as Integer N, Fractional or ΣΔ, since the developed system enables him to access and customize any of the synthesizer components (dividers, phase/frequency detector, filter). Additionally, the system allows the user to apply new appeared frequency synthesis techniques such as the DIPA technique, or even to develop and experiment on his own ideas regarding frequency synthesis. It is anticipated that the system developed under this dissertation will enable students to deeply understand on the theory of phase locked loop and practice on various frequency synthesis techniques.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσης διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο σχεδιασμός ενός συνθέτη συχνοτήτων για MB-OFDM (Multiband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) UWB εφαρμογές. Ο συνθέτης συχνοτήτων αποτελεί εξέχουσας σημασίας δομικό στοιχείο των RF πομποδεκτών αφού είναι υπεύθυνος για την παραγωγή του (LO oscillator) σήματος που οδηγεί τον downconverter και τον upconverter στο μονοπάτι του δέκτη και του πομπού αντίστοιχα. Μελετήθηκαν οι δομές, οι κυριότερες τοπολογίες και τα χαρακτηριστικά ενός τυπικού συνθέτη συχνοτήτων καθώς και τα κύρια εξαρτήματα που το απαρτίζουν. Αφού μελετήσαμε το βασικό και το εναλλακτικό σχέδιο συχνοτήτων όπως παρουσιάζεται από το MB-OFDM πρότυπο προτείναμε την κατάλληλη τοπολογία η οποία και διαφέρει από αυτή των τυπικών συνθετών συχνοτήτων που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως στα ασύρματα συστήματα τηλεπικοινωνιών λόγω των υψηλών απαιτήσεων της UWΒ τεχνολογίας. Η επιλογή των εξαρτημάτων που απαρτίζουν τον συνθέτη συχνοτήτων έγινε με βάση την ελαχιστοποίηση του θορύβου φάσης και της κατανάλωσης ισχύος, της εξάλειψης ανεπιθύμητων σημάτων στην έξοδό του, τα οποία μπορούν να δημιουργήσουν παρεμβολές σε άλλα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα καθώς και την επίτευξη μικρού χρόνου αποκατάστασης που απαιτεί ένας τέτοιος συνθέτης. Προτείνεται και εξομοιώθηκε λοιπόν συνθέτης συχνοτήτων με περιοχή λειτουργίας του από 3.1 έως 10.6 GHz με βήμα συχνότητας 528 MHz όπως αυτή ορίζεται από το πρότυπο 802.15.3 που αναφέρεται στην UWB τεχνολογία. Από τα αποτελέσματα της εξομοίωσης προκύπτει ότι επιτυγχάνεται χαμηλός θόρυβος φάσης, μικρός χρόνος αποκατάστασης και μικρή ισχύς των ανεπιθύμητων σημάτων, αποτελέσματα που συνάδουν με τις απαιτήσεις της UWB τεχνολογίας. Τέλος προτείνεται και υλοποιείται η πλακέτα του βρόχου κλειδωμένης φάσης ο οποίος και αποτελεί το βασικό δομικό στοιχείο του συνθέτη συχνοτήτων. / The subject of the present essay is the design of a frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDM (Multiband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) UWB applications. The frequency synthesizer is a structural part of foremost importance at the RF transceivers, as it is responsible for the production of the signal (LO oscillator) that leads the downconverter and the upconverter at the path of the receiver and the transmitter correspondingly. Structures, principal topologies and a typical’s frequency synthesizer characteristics have been studied, as well as the main components that compose it. After having studied the current and the alternate frequency plan –as presented by MB-OFDM standard-, we proposed the proper topology, which is different from the one for the typical frequency synthesizers, that are widely used at the RF communication systems, due to UWB technology’s high specifications. The choice of the components that compose the frequency synthesizer is based on the minimization of the phase noise and the power consumption, on the reduction of spurious signals during its entrance, which can create interferences to other communicational systems, as well as on the accomplishment of a short settling time, which a synthesizer of this kind demands. So, a frequency synthesizer with a frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, with a frequency step of 528 MHz -as it is defined from the standard 802.15.3 that is referred at UWB technology-, has been proposed and simulated. From the results of the simulation, it emerges that a low phase noise is accomplished, a short settling time and a low power of spurious signals, results that add up to UWB technology’s specifications. Finally, the PCB (printed circuit board) of the phase locked loop - which consists the basic structural part of the frequency synthesizer - has been proposed and implemented.

Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία μελετάται η αρχιτεκτονική και τα χαρακτηριστικά ενός νέου συνθέτη συχνοτήτων (Frequency Synthesizer) που βασίζεται στην τεχνική του βρόχου κλειδωμένης φάσης (Phase-Locked Loop). Η νέα αρχιτεκτονική ξεπερνά την δυσκολία του απλού συνθέτη συχνοτήτων να έχει ταυτόχρονα μικρό βήμα συχνότητας και μικρό χρόνο κλειδώματος, ενώ ταυτόχρονα διατηρεί και επαυξάνει την δυνατότητα των απλών συνθετών να απορρίπτουν τον θόρυβο φάσης, δίνοντας έτσι πολύ καλή ποιότητα σήματος εξόδου. Τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτά καθιστούν τον νέο συνθέτη πολύ ανταγωνιστικό. / This Diploma Thesis studies the architecture and the characteristics of a new Frequency Synthesizer which based on the Phase-Locked Loop technique. This new architecture overcomes the difficulty of the simple frequency synthesizer to have simultaneously small frequency step and small locking time, while maintains and enhances the possibility to reject phase noise. This concludes to the high quality of the output signal. The above characteristics make the new synthesizer very competitive.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 agurtomerino_mk_me_botfmvz.pdf: 723207 bytes, checksum: 7df2268c52113d40d7dddacaadc2bf5e (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Entre os modelos de fixadores internos há um sistema denominado S.P.S. Free-Block, cuja placa possui um anel trava que possibilita o bloqueio do parafuso em angulações variadas. Visto os poucos estudos biomecânicos com o sistema, o presente trabalho avaliou a influência da orientação do parafuso bloqueado na resistência da montagem. Foram usados cilíndricos sintéticos, nos quais foram promovidas falhas segmentares de 10 mm. As placas de aço com 7 furos (2 DCP e 5 bloqueados) foram montadas de acordo com a posição dos parafusos nos orifícios bloqueados: Grupo 1 – parafusos monocorticais posicionados em 90º, Grupo 2 – parafusos monocorticais posicionados de forma inclinada em 20º. Os parafusos dos orifícios DCP foram aplicados rotineiramente em posição neutra e de maneira bicortical. Na região da falha segmentar o orifício do parafuso bloqueado situado no centro da placa entre os DCP foi mantido livre. Em cada grupo, seis montagens foram testadas até a falência, três em flexão em quatro pontos e três em compressão axial, para determinar as cargas de teste. Posteriormente, em cada grupo, 14 montagens foram testadas até a falência em fadiga, sete em flexão e sete em compressão. Pela análise estatística não houve diferença na rigidez das construções entre os Grupos 1 e 2, tanto nos testes estáticos como nos de fadiga. Conclui-se assim que, em modelo de falha segmentar, o posicionamento do parafuso monocortical bloqueado não influenciou a resistência mecânica das montagens / Among the locked internal fixators is one denominated S.P.S. Free-Block that was designed with a locking ring that allows the screw to be locked and positioned obliquely. Due to the paucity of biomechanical studies on this system, the present work aimed to evaluate the influence of locked screw orientation on the resistance of the S.P.S. Free-Block plate. Non-osteoporotic synthetic bone cylinders with 10 mm fracture gap were used. Seven-hole 3.5 mm stainless steel plates (two DCP holes and five locked holes) were assembled according to the orientation of the blocked screws: monocortical screws positioned at 90º to the long axis of the cylinder (G1), and monocortical screws positioned at 20º to its cylinder long axis (G2). In both groups, DCP hole screws were positioned bicortically and neutrally. In the region of the fracture gap, the locked screw hole at the plate’s center was unfilled. For each group, six specimens were tested until failure, three in bending and three in compression, to determine the loads for fatigue testing. Subsequently, for each group, 14 specimens were tested for failure, seven by bending and seven in compression. No significant failure differences were observed between Groups 1 and 2 under static-loading or fatigue test. In a fracture gap model the orientation of the locked monocortical screws did not show any influence on the mechanical performance of the S.P.S. Free-Block

Orientador: Sheila Canevese Rahal / Banca: Alfredo Feio da Maia Lima / Banca: Celso Ribeiro / Resumo: Entre os modelos de fixadores internos há um sistema denominado S.P.S. Free-Block, cuja placa possui um anel trava que possibilita o bloqueio do parafuso em angulações variadas. Visto os poucos estudos biomecânicos com o sistema, o presente trabalho avaliou a influência da orientação do parafuso bloqueado na resistência da montagem. Foram usados cilíndricos sintéticos, nos quais foram promovidas falhas segmentares de 10 mm. As placas de aço com 7 furos (2 DCP e 5 bloqueados) foram montadas de acordo com a posição dos parafusos nos orifícios bloqueados: Grupo 1 - parafusos monocorticais posicionados em 90º, Grupo 2 - parafusos monocorticais posicionados de forma inclinada em 20º. Os parafusos dos orifícios DCP foram aplicados rotineiramente em posição neutra e de maneira bicortical. Na região da falha segmentar o orifício do parafuso bloqueado situado no centro da placa entre os DCP foi mantido livre. Em cada grupo, seis montagens foram testadas até a falência, três em flexão em quatro pontos e três em compressão axial, para determinar as cargas de teste. Posteriormente, em cada grupo, 14 montagens foram testadas até a falência em fadiga, sete em flexão e sete em compressão. Pela análise estatística não houve diferença na rigidez das construções entre os Grupos 1 e 2, tanto nos testes estáticos como nos de fadiga. Conclui-se assim que, em modelo de falha segmentar, o posicionamento do parafuso monocortical bloqueado não influenciou a resistência mecânica das montagens / Abstract: Among the locked internal fixators is one denominated S.P.S. Free-Block that was designed with a locking ring that allows the screw to be locked and positioned obliquely. Due to the paucity of biomechanical studies on this system, the present work aimed to evaluate the influence of locked screw orientation on the resistance of the S.P.S. Free-Block plate. Non-osteoporotic synthetic bone cylinders with 10 mm fracture gap were used. Seven-hole 3.5 mm stainless steel plates (two DCP holes and five locked holes) were assembled according to the orientation of the blocked screws: monocortical screws positioned at 90º to the long axis of the cylinder (G1), and monocortical screws positioned at 20º to its cylinder long axis (G2). In both groups, DCP hole screws were positioned bicortically and neutrally. In the region of the fracture gap, the locked screw hole at the plate's center was unfilled. For each group, six specimens were tested until failure, three in bending and three in compression, to determine the loads for fatigue testing. Subsequently, for each group, 14 specimens were tested for failure, seven by bending and seven in compression. No significant failure differences were observed between Groups 1 and 2 under static-loading or fatigue test. In a fracture gap model the orientation of the locked monocortical screws did not show any influence on the mechanical performance of the S.P.S. Free-Block / Mestre

O presente trabalho propõe-se a oferecer respostas à questão de como a informação é preservada num sistema, focalizando-se na distinção entre os papéis desempenhados pelos constituintes elementares e pelos estruturais na preservação da memória desse sistema. Os sistema simulados circunscreveram-se a malhas, com diferentes graus de regularidade, compostas pelo acoplamento de osciladores não-lineares que apresentam comportamento coerente no estado de equilíbrio. Malhas de Sincronismo de Fase, também conhecidas por PLLs (Phase Locked Loops), foram adotadas como elementos constituintes básicos dos sistemas analisados. Para tanto, utilizou-se a plataforma de cálculo MATLAB-SIMULINK, acompanhando-se as evoluções dos diversos sistemas e de seus parâmetros dinâmicos associados, possibilitando o estabelecimento da correspondência entre os valores dos referidos parâmetros dinâmicos com parâmetros gráficos \"sensíveis\" à estrutura das malhas. Os resultados obtidos indicam a coexistência/cooperação das componentes estrutural e elementar na determinação dos valores dos parâmetros dinâmicos no estado de equilíbrio do sistema. No entanto, evidencia-se que tais componentes apresentam importâncias distintas na determinação dos diferentes parâmetros dinâmicos. / This work was conceived aiming to present some answers to how the information is preserved in a system. The focus was laid on the distinction between the tasks played by the elementary components and the structure of the system. The simulated systems were composed by coupled oscillators, more precisely by PLLs (Phase Locked Loops), arranged in networks of different regularities. Simulations were performed using Matlab-Simulink software to build a correlation between the final state dynamical parameters of the system and its degree of regularity. Results show the influence of both elementary and structural components on the system attained state. However the responses of characteristics parameters of the system to changes in the regularity of the structured network may greatly differ from one parameter to another. This behavior may suggest different strategies to preserve information of the system according to the information to be kept.