Comment rendre compte du rapport dialectique entre la densité des interactions sociales et la construction du développement dans un système d’action local que peut constituer le territoire ? Voilà une question centrale à laquelle tente de répondre notre thèse. La problématique du développement local est posée au regard des processus portés par des acteurs de tout ordre, inscrits dans des contextes de construction de leur territoire. La Commune rurale de Fandène est un laboratoire riche en matière d’expérimentation de pratiques de développement, favorable à l’étude pour toucher le local, l’acteur et pour pénétrer dans le coeur de l’action, des situations sociales enfouies ; là où logiques d’action et stratégies d’acteurs s’enchevêtrent au quotidien des projets et initiatives de développement. Ainsi, la socioanthropologie du développement s’est révélée utile pour aborder ces questions et a favorisé l’utilisation de l’approche systémique pour analyser les interactions dans les organisations locales (GIE, GPF), entre ces dernières et les organismes de développement (ONG) d’une part ; les motivations des acteurs à prendre part à l’action dite de développement, d’autre part. Avec des observations, entretiens et questionnaires, l’enquête de terrain a permis de récolter des informations sur les acteurs, les relations sociales créées, dont l’analyse a permis entre autres, un début, incomplet certes mais intéressant, de « profilage » de certains acteurs, en se basant sur les motifs et intentions de participation à l’action collective. / How to give an account of the dialectical relationship between the density of social interactions and the building of development in a local system of action which the territory can constitute? This is the key question which our thesis tries to answer. The issues of local development are posed with regards to processes carried out by actors of all kinds, registered in contexts of building their territory. The rural municipality of Fandène is a laboratory rich for experimentation of development practices. As such, Fandène is ideal for studying the act of reaching the local, the actor and, to penetrate into the heart of the action, hidden social situations; where the logic of action and the strategies of actors are muddled in the everyday life of projects and development initiatives. Thus, the socioanthropology of development turned out to be useful in addressing these questions and promoted the use of the systematic approach to analyze interactions, on the one hand, the interactions both in the local organizations (EIG, FPG), and between them and the agencies of Development (NGO), and, on the other hand, the motivations of the actors to take part in the so-called development. With observations, interviews and questionnaires, the field inquiry allowed for the collection of data on the actors and created social relationships, whose analysis allowed for, among other things, the start of an incomplete but interesting, ''profiling'' of certain actors, based on the motives and intentions of participating in collective action.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étendre des opérateurs de révision d'ontologie existants en respectant les postulats AGM (priorité aux nouvelles connaissances, cohérence de connaissances et minimalité des changements) pour des ontologies d'expressivité SHIQ et de proposer de nouveaux algorithmes palliant les inconvénients inhérents à ces opérateurs.Après étude de l'existant, nous avons proposé un nouvel algorithme de tableau pour la révision des ontologies exprimées en SHIQ. En créant ce nouvel algorithme de tableau, nous avons défini la notion des modèles de graphe finis (des modèles d'arbre ou des modèles de forêt) afin de représenter un ensemble éventuellement infini de modèles d'une ontologie en SHIQ. Ces structures finies équipées d'un pré-ordre total permettent de déterminer la différence sémantique entre deux ontologies représentées comme deux ensembles de modèles. Nous avons mis en œuvre les algorithmes proposés dans notre moteur de révision OntoRev, intégrant des techniques d'optimisation pour (i) réduire des non-déterminismes lors de l'application de l'algorithme de tableau, (ii) optimiser le temps du calcul de distance entre des modèles d'arbre ou entre des modèles de forêt, (iii) éviter de construire des forêts ou des arbres non nécessaires à la révision. De plus, nous avons examiné la possibilité d'améliorer la méthode de tableau par une approche permettant de compresser les modèles d'arbres. Enfin, nous avons effectué des expérimentations avec des ontologies du monde réel qui ont mis en exergue la difficulté à traiter des axiomes non déterministes intrinsèques. / The objective of this PhD thesis is to extend existing ontology revision operators in accordance with the postulates AGM (priority on new knowledge, knowledge coherence and minimal change) for ontologies in SHIQ and propose new algorithms to overcome the disadvantages in these operators.After studying the existing approaches, we have proposed a new tableau algorithm for the revision of ontologies expressed in SHIQ. Together with this new tableau algorithm, we have defined the notion of finite graph models (tree models or forest models) in order to represent a possibly infinite set of models of an ontology in SHIQ. These finite structures equipped with a total pre-order make it possible to determine the semantic difference between two ontologies represented as two sets of models.We have implemented the proposed algorithms in our revision engine OntoRev, by integrating optimization techniques for (i) reducing non-determinisms when applying the tableau algorithm, (ii) optimizing the computation time of the distance between tree models or between forest models, (iii) avoiding the construction of unnecessary forests or trees in the revision. In addition, we examined the possibility of improving the tableau method using an approach for compressing tree models. Finally, we carried out experiments with real-world ontologies which highlighted the difficulty to deal with intrinsic non-deterministic axioms.

Au coeur de la recherche sur les logiques institutionnelles, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l’identification des logiques et de leur cohabitation dans les organisations hybrides. La question de l’identification est centrale pour comprendre les logiques, leurs interrelations et leurs implications dans les organisations hybrides, soumises à l’influence d’une pluralité de logiques. Grâce à la prise en compte de données à la fois textuelles et visuelles, nous contribuons à l’analyse des informations contenues dans ces données et leur rôle dans la diffusion des logiques. Il en résulte que pour favoriser la cohabitation des logiques, les organisations hybrides utilisent les textes et les visuels au sein de différents supports. Cette recherche se concentre sur une étude de cas, l’organisation des Scouts et Guide de France. Nous y développons plusieurs analyses de contenu, qualitative et quantitative, textuelle et visuelle, pour capturer les logiques et comprendre leurs interactions / The purpose of this thesis is to bring new insights on the identification and cohabitation of institutional logics in a hybrid organization. The question of the identification of logics is the main concern to then be able to understand the inner workings of logics, their relationships and implications in hybrid organisations, under the influence from a plurality of logics. By taking into account both textual and visual data, we contribute to consider the information contained in these data, as their role in the diffusion of logics. To support the cohabitation of logics, hybrid organizations use texts and visuals in different support. Focused on a case study, the organisation of Scouts and Guides of France, we develop several content analyses, qualitative and quantitative, textual and visual, to capture logics and understand their relationships

Sustainability has been identified as a fluffy idea containing conflicting logics that may make it problematic for individual employees to work with in practice. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the literature of translating ideas by looking at the microlevel perspective of how the idea of sustainability has been translated within Nordic Choice Hotels. This was done by conducting an in-depth case study and collecting data primarily from qualitative interviews with individual employees at different hotels and the Manager of Sustainable Operations at the headquarters. The results show that sustainability within Nordic Choice Hotels has been translated into (1) the own label ‘WeCare’ containing different initiatives that has enabled the organization to concretize the fluffy idea of sustainability; (2) a culture built around sustainability which is based on a community logic; and (3) individual employees becoming sustainability ambassadors that can be seen as bilingual in using different arguments and reasonings in different situations. Our main contribution in relation to previous research is the fact that a third logic, namely a community logic, was used to bridge the conflicting logics of sustainability.

In this paper, we explore how corporations use visual artifacts to translate and recontextualize a globally theorized managerial concept (CSR) into a local setting (Austria). In our analysis of the field-level visual discourse, we analyze over 1,600 images in stand-alone CSR reports of publicly traded corporations. We borrow from framing analysis and structural linguistics to show how the meaning structure underlying a multifaceted construct like CSR is constituted by no more than a relatively small number of fundamental dimensions and rhetorical standpoints (topoi). We introduce the concept of imageries-of-practice to embrace the critical role that shared visual language plays in the construction of meaning and the emergence of field-level logics. In particular, we argue that imageries-of-practice, compared to verbal vocabularies, are just as well equipped to link locally resonating symbolic representations and globally diffusing practices, thus expressing both the material and ideational dimension of institutional logics in processes of translation. We find that visual rhetoric used in the Austrian discourse emphasizes the qualities of CSR as a bridging concept, and facilitates the mediation of inconsistencies in several ways: By translating abstract global ideas into concrete local knowledge, imageries-of-practice aid in mediating spatial oppositions; by linking the past, present, and future, they bridge time; by mediating between different institutional spheres and their divergent logics, they appease ideational oppositions and reduce institutional complexity; and, finally, by connecting questionable claims with representations of authenticity, they aid in overcoming credibility gaps.

Global logistics companies are increasingly disclosing carbon related information due to institutional and stakeholder pressures. Existing research, however, is limited to categorizing these pressures and their influences on corporate carbon disclosure strategies. In particular, literature to date has not distinguished between different carbon disclosure strategies and how they may have changed over time. In response, this paper: (1) proposes a framework that depicts four different carbon disclosure responses and strategies based on internal and external pressures; and (2) subsequently analyzes and compares corporate carbon disclosure strategies between 2010 and 2015. Using a sample of 39 leading global logistics companies, carbon disclosure strategies are categorized based on the analysis of 25 applied carbon management practices from Bloomberg ESG to see if carbon management practices and the associated strategies have changed. The findings show overall shifts to more transparent corporate carbon disclosure strategies between 2010 and 2015 with an increase of applied carbon management practices in both internal and external actions.

OWL 2 EL is a popular ontology language that is based on the EL family of description logics and supports regular role inclusions,axioms that can capture compositional properties of roles such as role transitivity and reflexivity. In this thesis, we present several novel complexity results and algorithms for answering expressive queries over OWL 2 EL knowledge bases (KBs) with regular role inclusions. We first focus on the complexity of conjunctive query (CQ) answering in OWL 2 EL and show that the problem is PSpace-complete in combined complexity, the complexity measured in the total size of the input. All the previously known approaches encode the regular role inclusions using finite automata that can be worst-case exponential in size, and thus are not optimal. In our PSpace procedure, we address this problem by using a novel, succinct encoding of regular role inclusions based on pushdown automata with a bounded stack. Moreover, we strengthen the known PSpace lower complexity bound and show that the problem is PSpace-hard even if we consider only the regular role inclusions as part of the input and the query is acyclic; thus, our algorithm is optimal in knowledge base complexity, the complexity measured in the size of the KB, as well as for acyclic queries. We then study graph queries for OWL 2 EL and show that answering positive, converse- free conjunctive graph queries is PSpace-complete. Thus, from a theoretical perspective, we can add navigational features to CQs over OWL 2 EL without an increase in complexity. Finally, we present a practicable algorithm for answering CQs over OWL 2 EL KBs with only transitive and reflexive composite roles. None of the previously known approaches target transitive and reflexive roles specifically, and so they all run in PSpace and do not provide a tight upper complexity bound. In contrast, our algorithm is optimal: it runs in NP in combined complexity and in PTime in KB complexity. We also show that answering CQs is NP-hard in combined complexity if the query is acyclic and the KB contains one transitive role, one reflexive role, or nominals—concepts containing precisely one individual.

Cette thèse cherche à mieux comprendre la manière dont les organisations font face à des logiques et attentes institutionnelles potentiellement contradictoires. Pour ce faire, la thèse étudie le cas des Grandes Ecoles de Commerce Françaises (GECF), qui font face depuis le milieu des années 1990 à une mondialisation croissante de l’enseignement supérieur en gestion. En raison de cette mondialisation, les GECF doivent gérer deux types de contraintes : d’une part, répondre aux exigences des organismes d’accréditations et des classements internationaux – qui véhiculent les standards du modèle de la business school (recherche, internationalisation, académisation) – et, d’autre part, préserver leur identité originelle et fondatrice, construite sur un modèle national, et qui constitue encore leur source de légitimité locale. Les problématiques générées par la présence de ces deux logiques institutionnelles dans le champ des GECF, nécessite de la part de ces dernières des arbitrages complexes, et une redéfinition de leur identité. En particulier, la thèse cherche à identifier les mécanismes entrepreneuriaux et identitaires à l’oeuvre dans les réponses des GECF aux pressions institutionnelles différentes et parfois contradictoires. Ecrite sous forme d’articles, la thèse s’intéresse aux origines des GECF et à l’émergence d’une logique institutionnelle propre, à la transformation de leurs pratiques et de leurs identités en réponse aux nouveaux standards internationaux et à l’incidence de ce processus sur les logiques institutionnelles présentes dans leur environnement. / This dissertation explores how organizations cope with multiple and heterogeneous institutions, a situation recently referred to as ‘institutional complexity’. It is based on the study of French Business Schools, known as French Grandes Ecoles de Commerce (FGEC). Up until the mid 1990s, FGEC operated in a familiar and monolithic national institutional environment. Recent years have seen a rise in global standards for management education; a movement that has been particularly salient in Europe with the proliferation of MBAs, the development of accreditation and public ranking systems and the endorsement of the Bologna agreement in 1999, which aimed at developing a harmonized European higher education system. From that point onwards, FGEC have come under pressure to adapt to the growing internationalization of management education and adopt its dominant standards. While trying to redefine themselves as International Business Schools, FGEC continue to value their historical identity, which still forms the basis of their national legitimacy. This dissertation brings together a wide range of qualitative methods (participative observation, semi-structured interviews and documentary evidence), which are particularly suitable for understanding the social dynamics of institutional processes. The architecture of the dissertation goes from the micro to the macro level of analysis and combines three articles that should be considered together. The first article focuses on the case of one FGEC and explores how it attempted to promote an alternative definition of what an MBA program represents, by simultaneously combining the FGEC and the International Business School institutional logics. The second offers a comparative study of how four FGEC have interpreted and experienced the rising institutional complexity in their field, based on their identities. The third article offers a study of the FGEC population. It explores how and why FGEC emerged, established themselves as a particular form of management education, and developed by infusing practices from a competing logic, while remaining true to their traditional core.

This thesis deals with the algorithmic undecidability (unsolvability) of provability in some non-classical logics. In fact, there are two natural variants of this problem. Fix a logic, we can study its set of theorems or its consequence relation, which is a more general problem. It is well-known that both these problems can be undecidable already for propositional logics and we provide further examples of such logics in this thesis. In particular, we study propositional substructural logics which are obtained from the sequent calculus LJ for intuitionistic logic by dropping structural rules. Our main results are the following. First, (finite) consequence relations in some basic non-associative substructural logics are shown to be undecidable. Second, we prove that a basic associative substructural logic with the contraction rule, which is notorious for being hard to handle, has an undecidable set of theorems. Since the studied logics have natural algebraic semantics, we also obtain corresponding algebraic results which are interesting in their own right.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvestrini_lhc_me_mar.pdf: 390849 bytes, checksum: 3e56bcae7fb7fbdc04cda1eb30e5f1ea (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em 1999, Grácio introduziu a Lógica do Plausível como uma particularização de uma família de sistemas lógicos, caracterizados pela inclusão de um quantificador generalizado na sintaxe da lógica clássica de predicados, a saber, as Lógicas Moduladas, cuja formalização semântica é dada por um subconjunto do conjunto das partes do universo. Nesta particularização de lógica modulada, é incluído o quantificador do Plausível P, que engendra a formalização de um raciocínio indutivo de maneira que uma 'boa parte' dos indivíduos possui determinada propriedade. O presente trabalho introduz um novo sistema dedutivo para a Lógica do Plausível, denominado TLP, construído seguindo os princípios de tableaux semânticos clássicos. Na elaboração do sistema de tableaux TLP, há uma forma original de localizar pontos nos ramos de um dado tableau. Ademais, por meio do raciocínio indutivo engendrado por esta lógica, discussões sucederam acerca da indução ser considerada um processo genuinamente lógico, tendo por ponto de partida o problema epistemológico da indução. / The Logic of the Plausible was introduced in 1999 by Grácio as a particularization of a family of logical systems characterized by the inclusion of a generalized quantifier in the syntax of the classical logic of predicates, denominated the Modulated Logics, whose semantical interpretation is given by a subset of the power set of the universe. In this particularization of modulated logics, it is included the quantifier of Plausible P that engenders the formalization of a type of inductive reasoning so that a 'good' number of individuals possesses certain property . This work introduces a new deductive system for the Logic of the Plausible, denominated TLP, built according to the principles of the classical semantical tableaux. In the construction of the tableaux system TLP, an original form of locating points in the branches of any tableaux is presented. Besides, through the inductive reasoning engendered by this logic, the work also promotes discussions concerning the consideration of the induction as a genuinely logical process, beginning from the epistemological problem of the induction.