<p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Abstract Purpose – The study aims to investigate the possibilities of improving companies’ logistical processes and reduce costs regarding pallet handling with the help of traceability. Two questions were designed to answer the study’s purpose:  [1]  What impact does lack of traceability have on external pallet flows?   [2]  How should traceability of external pallet flows be handled?  Method – The purpose of the study was fulfilled with the help of a literature review and a case study. Theoretical framework was created with a comprehensive literature study while empirical collection consisted of interview and document studies. The empirical data were analysed to present the findings of the study.  Findings – The case study identifies several factors related to a company’s lack of traceability such as uneven and unpredictable supply chains, costs related to logistical processes and manual registration. Uneven and unpredictable logistical flows affect companies’ production planning in a negative way. To compensate for pallet shortages in production, companies have established a safety stock. A better overview of pallet can be achieved with better traceability. External pallet flows should be managed through the implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and a more comprehensive system support.  Implications – The study has shown that traceability of pallets improves several aspects within the company. With the help of identification technology and system support, companies can streamline their logistical processes and reduce logistics-related costs.  Limitations – The limitations regarding the study were the involvement of only one company. The usage of several companies would have given the study a more diversifiable outlook on the pallet handling. The study recommendation has not been applied which could have confirmed our findings. It has not been possible due to the pandemic to visit and observe the company on site. Keywords – Traceability, pallet handling, identification technology, enterprise system support, automated processing, return logistics.

Unquestionably the COVID-19 pandemic has helped to accelerate the transition from store-based to internet-based retailing. Consequently, this transaction has put more pressure and challenges on online retailers to provide the best variety of options to their customers regarding the last mile delivery while at the same time maintaining a sustainable way of delivery. This paper will examine the increased number of deliveries and their impact on the environment and how the e-tailers are responding to this situation. The problem will be tackled from the companies and the customers point of view. Purpose:  the purpose of the study is to explore e-commerce last mile delivery practices in Sweden from an environmental perspective and examine how they meet consumer environmental requirements. Method:  The researchers used a deductive approach to carry out the study. The empirical data was collected through quantitative survey and website observations. Findings: the study showed the current situation of the last mile delivery practices for the SMEs e-tailers in Sweden. After conducting the analysis, both strengths and weaknesses aspects of the current situation have been identified regarding the sustainability of those practices. The e-tailer promoted the Solitary C&amp;C delivery option to the customer by providing it almost in all the companies and making it the cheapest option in comparison to the other delivery modes. The Solitary C&amp;C is the eco-friendliest delivery mode in comparison to the home delivery. The velocity also played an important role in making the Solitary C&amp;C more attractive because the velocity was almost the same for both and sometimes it is faster for C&amp;C. On the other hand, the e-tailers failed to communicate the sustainability of their delivery modes to their customers. The majority did not show or marked the eco-friendly delivery option and as a result they did not take advantage of the willingness of the customer to contribute to more eco-friendly deliveries that had been studied in many papers. Finally, the price differentiation of the delivery fee was not efficient enough in the favor of the Solitary C&amp;C compared to HD. When the delivery fee existed, the price was almost the same for both is so many cases and this is something the e-tailer should take into consideration. Implications: The paper contributed to the limited number of research on SMEs, especially in the last mile delivery field of study. The paper large scale quantitative study on SME firms in Sweden.  The large scale consists of 50 SME e-tailers located in Sweden and ranked in the top 100 SMEs in the e-commerce market. The finding of the study will advise managers to design their last mile delivery practices more sustainably while maintaining their competitive advantages.    Limitation: the study examined the Swedish e-tailers. Thus, it’s geographically limited to Sweden. Furthermore, the study only investigated the environmental aspects of the last mile delivery.    Keywords: last mile delivery, e-commerce, Sustainability, Delivery mode, Velocity.

Företag A är i tankarna om att genomföra en logistisk förändring för att kunna uppnå en ökad lönsamhet. I dagsläget har företag A ett eget lager i Stockholm där två olika typer av vätskor utgör en del av varusortimentet. Majoriteten av dessa vätskor köper företaget in av leverantör B, vilket är en leverantör belägen i Tyskland. Från företag A:s lager levereras vätskorna sedan ut till företagets kunder av transportföretag C. Vid implementering av förändringen kommer vätskorna inte att lagerhållas av företag A längre. De kommer istället att direktlevereras till företagets kunder från det logistikcenter som leverantör B köper sina lager- och transporttjänster av.  Syftet med denna studie är att påbörja en totalkostnadsanalys som företag A kan slutföra när de nu okända delarna av förändringens material- och informationsflöde är fastställda. Målet med studien är därmed att undersöka vilka kostnadsposter som kommer att påverkas i och med förändringen samt att beräkna totalkostnaden för dessa i nuläget. För att uppnå syftet och målet besvarar studien följande frågeställningar:  • Vilka kostnadsposter kommer att förändras med det alternativa leveranssättet av vätskorna? • Vad är kostnaden för respektive framtagen kostnadspost för nuläget?  De metoder som har tillämpats för att kunna besvara frågeställningarna är litteraturstudie, intervjuer, flödeskartläggning och sekundärdata. Litteraturstudien utgör underlaget för studiens anpassade totalkostnadsmodell innehållande de kostnadsposter som har utnyttjats. Tre olika intervjuer genomfördes med VD:n samt lagerarbetaren på företag A för flödeskartläggning av nuläget respektive förändringen. De studerade totalkostnadsmodellerna användes tillsammans med flödeskartorna för att identifiera de kostnadsposter som påverkas av förändringen. Sekundärdata har samlats in genom företag A för beräkning av respektive kostnadspost i nuläget.  Studiens resultat visar att transport, lagerföring, lagerhållning/hantering, informationssystem och orderkvantitet är de kostnadsposter som kommer att påverkas av förändringen. Kostnaderna för dessa samt totalkostnaden för nuläget presenteras i tabellen nedan, informationssystem är ej inkluderad då kostnaden endast uppstår i förändringen. I och med att det råder en viss osäkerhet gällande använda indata för beräkningarna av kostnadsposterna har även en känslighetsanalys genomförts.  Kostnadspost                               Kostnad (kr) Transport                                     286 949 Lagerföring                                   18 348 Lagerhållning/hantering                  22 748 Orderkvantitet                              165 100 Totalt                                           493 145 / Company A is thinking of implementing a logistical change to achieve increased profitability. Company A currently has its own warehouse in Stockholm where two different types of liquids form part of the product range. Most of these liquids are purchased by the company from supplier B, which is a supplier located in Germany. From company A’s warehouse, the liquids are then delivered to the company’s customers by transport company C. When implementing the change, the liquids will no longer be stored by company A. Instead, they will be delivered directly to the company’s customers from the logistics center from which supplier B purchases its warehousing and transport services.  The purpose of this study is to begin a total cost analysis that company A can complete when the now unknown parts of the change’s material and information flow have been determined. The aim of the study is thus to investigate which cost items will be affected by the change and to calculate the total cost for the current situation. To achieve the purpose and goal, the study answers the following questions:  • Which cost items will be changed by the alternative delivery method for the liquids?  • What is the cost of each produced cost item for the current situation?  The methods that have been applied to be able to answer the questions are literature study, interviews, flow mapping and secondary data. The literature study forms the basis for the study’s adapted total cost model containing the cost items that have been used. Three different interviews were conducted with the CEO and the warehouse worker at company A for flow mapping of the current situation respectively the change. The studied total cost models were used together with the flow charts to identify the cost items that are affected by the change. Secondary data has been collected through company A for calculation of the respective cost item for the current situation.  The result of the study shows that transportation, warehousing, stockholding/handling, information systems and order quantity are the cost items that will be affected by the change. The costs for these and the total cost for the current situation are presented in the table below, information systems are not included as the cost only arises in the change. As there is some uncertainty regarding the input data used for the calculations of the cost items, a sensitivity analysis has also been performed.  Cost item                                  Cost (kr)   Transportation                            286 949               Warehousing                              18 348 Stockholding/handling                 22 748 Order quantity                           165 100 Total                                         493 145 / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

<p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

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It has long been well-known that economic variables such as GDP and fuel price as well as socio-demographic characteristics and spatial distribution are key factors in explaining car use trends. However, due to the recently observed plateau of total car travel in many high income countries, it has been argued that other factors, such as changes in preferences, attitudes and life-styles, have become more important drivers of car use.    This thesis shows that the two variables GDP per capita and fuel price explain most of the aggregate trends in car distances driven per adult in Sweden: as much as 80% over the years 2002 to 2012. The estimated elasticities are well in line with previous literature and can reasonably well reproduce the trend in car distances driven per adult back to 1980. We find, however, a substantial variation in elasticities between municipalities depending on public transport supply, population density, share of foreign-born inhabitants and the average income level.   Swedish National Travel Survey data from 1978 to 2011 reveals that reductions in per adult driving mainly occurred among urban men. Urban men of all income groups reduced their driving for both commuting and non-commuting trips in conjunction with rising gasoline prices, which may have contributed to this development. We find that driving among those socio-demographic groups, who have better opportunities to reduce their driving, and driving for discretionary rather than commute purposes is being reduced over time. Sweden is ranked among the most gender-equal countries in the world; yet we find a substantial remaining gender gap in the share of adults driving a car on an average day, even when controlling for other socio-economic differences.

It is expected that the number of drones used in both commercial and leisure operations will grow significantly in the coming years, which raises the need for a solid framework for management of this traffic. Unmanned traffic management (UTM) is a system for handling autonomous drone flights over urban areas. This thesis addresses the central questions in UTM: how much traffic is sustainable in a city scenario and what are the possible ways of managing the flights. We consider both horizontal-maneuver collision avoidance and vertical deconfliction strategies, including risk management solutions inspired by performance-based navigation (PBN) - a unifying theme for ongoing airspace modernization efforts (we also consider traffic management for the conventional, manned aviation). We use mathematical modeling and conduct numerical simulations to obtain capacity estimations for a geographical area and present algorithms for airspace management. To our knowledge this is the first thesis on UTM, and several directions for future research are also identified.

The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency has been assigned by the government to prepare for potential crises and catastrophes. In order to be able to act quickly during such events, the agency has acquired a warehouse to support the EU´s civilian efforts with equipment. The warehouse is located in Kristinehamn and provides the EU with logistic services. The services include such as packaging, coordination, storage of products, transport and authorizations. The purpose of the study is to develop a method for MSB to calculate the lead time for orders against the EU. Based on this method, calculations should also be made based on the available data. The study should also provide an indication of their lead times, activities and any variations in time associated with the orders. The method proposal involves a data collection of quantitative data in the form of previously documented dates, qualitative interviews and a literature study. The proposal also involves an analysis of current lead times for the orders, which was conducted using the quantitated data for the study. A mapping was also made of the process that MSB conducts after receiving an order from the EU. An analysis of the current situation was preformed using this information including statistical calculations of the mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient and was later complemented with a questionnaire to the employees involved in the orders to EU. These were carried out to determine the difference in lead time for both the process and the respective steps. The results and recommendations are based on how the routines could improve and concludes an increased documentation of their activities. Due to the increased documentation the method proposal becomes more reliable for analysis and conclusions. / Myndighet för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) har fått i uppdrag från regeringen att stödja samhällets beredskap för potentiella kriser och katastrofer. För att agera snabbt mot händelser har MSB ett lager för att stödja EU:s civila insatser med utrustning. Lagret är baserat i Kristinehamn och förser EU med logistisktjänster. Tjänsterna innebär bland annat packning, koordinering, lagring av produkter, transporter samt tillståndshantering. Syftet med studien är att utveckla en metod till MSB för att beräkna ledtiderna för beställningarna mot EU. Detta metodförslag ska även baseras på tillgängliga data. Studiens metodförslag ska ge en bättre insikt i de ledtider, aktiviteter och eventuella variationer i tid som finns i samband med ordrarna. Metodförslaget innebär en datainsamling av kvantitativa data i form av tidigare dokumenterade slutdatum samt kvalitativa intervjuer och en litteraturstudie. Utifrån dessa data redovisades en nulägesbeskrivning över de ledtider som fanns på ordrarna. Nulägesbeskrivningen innehåller en kartläggning över den process som MSB utför efter mottagande av beställning från EU. Efter nulägesbeskrivningen utförs sedan en nulägesanalys som bland annat innehåller statistiska beräkningar i form av medelvärde, standardavvikelse och variationskoefficienten samt en enkät för att samla ytterligare åsikter från de som är involverade i processen från MSB. Slutsatserna och rekommendationerna baserades på hur rutinerna skulle kunna bli bättre och innebar bland annat en utökad dokumentering av aktiviteter. I och med en utökad dokumentation blir metodförslaget användbart för analyser och slutsatser.