Borehole induced structures seen in image logs from the Coso Geothermal Field, CA record variation in the azimuth of principal stress. Image logs of these structures from five boreholes were analyzed to quantify the stress heterogeneity for three geologically distinct locations: two boreholes within the Coso Geothermal Field (one in an actively produced volume), two on the margin of the Coso Geothermal Field and outside the production area, and a control borehole several tens of kilometers south of the Coso Geothermal Field. Average directions of Shmin and its standard deviation are similar along the eastern portion of the geothermal field at ~107 ± 28°; this is distinct from the western portion which has an azimuth of 081 ± 18° and also distinct from outside the geothermal field where the average azimuth is 092 ± 47°. These relationships suggest a correlation of stress orientation and heterogeneity with slip on the Coso Wash fault, suggesting that ~20 years of production has not affected the Shmin.orientation. The slope of power spectrum quantifies the length-scale dependence of stress rotations for the volume of the brittle crust penetrated by each borehole. Spectral analysis was applied to the depth variation of stress direction and it demonstrates that: (1) the data set contains distinct wavelengths of stress rotation, (2) that the relative power of these wavelengths in the total scaling of stress directions demonstrates a fractal distribution and (3) in a manner consistent with earthquakes causing the stress rotations. While the vertically averaged Shmin orientation for the three eastern boreholes varied by as little as 1°, the spectral slopes varied by 0.4 log (deg2 *m)(m) from the inside to the margin unproduced areas of the Coso Geothermal Field. The two boreholes inside the field had spectral slopes within one standard deviation, even though Shmin orientations were not parallel. These results suggest that at the kilometer length scale, the source of stress heterogeneity is dominated by proximity to recent fault slip, whereas the centimeter to meter stress heterogeneity is dominated by earthquake activity. / Geology

[pt] Este trabalho investiga o desempenho de modelos inteligentes na previsão de permeabilidade de reservatórios heterogêneos. Perfis de produção são utilizados para computar funções-objetivo para regressão no processo de otimização dos algoritmos. Um método de interpretação de perfil de produção é usado para remover efeitos de skin das medições de vazão. Adicionalmente, uma técnica de segmentação é aplicada a perfis de imagem acústica de alta resolução que fornecem, não apenas a imagem do sistema de mega e giga poros, mas também identifica fácies permeáveis ao longo do reservatório. A segmentação da imagem junto com outros perfis a poço aberto fornece os atributos necessários para o processo de treinamento do modelo. As estimativas apresentadas neste trabalho demonstram a habilidade dos algoritmos em aprender relações não lineares entre as variáveis geológicas e os dados dinâmicos de reservatório, mesmo quando a própria relação física é complexa e desconhecida à priori. Apesar das etapas de pré-processamento envolverem experiência em interpretação de dados, os algoritmos podem ser facilmente implementados em qualquer linguagem de programação, não assumindo qualquer premissa física de antemão. O procedimento proposto fornece curvas de permeabilidades mais acuradas que aquelas obtidas a partir de métodos convencionais que muitas vezes falham em prever a permeabilidade medida em testes de formação (TFR) realizados em reservatórios de dupla-porosidade. A contribuição deste trabalho é incorporar os dados dinâmicos oriundos dos perfis de produção (PP) ao processo de estimativa de permeabilidade usando algoritmos de Machine Learning. / [en] This work investigates the performance of intelligent models on the forecasting of permeability in heterogeneous reservoirs. Production logs are used to compute loss functions for regression in the algorithms optimization process. A flow profile interpretation method is used to remove wellbore skin effects from the measured flow rate. Additionally, a segmentation technique is applied to high-resolution ultrasonic image logs which provide not only the image of mega and giga pore systems but also identify the permeable facies along the reservoir. The image segmentation jointly with other borehole logs provides the necessary input data for the models training process. The estimations presented herein demonstrate the algorithms ability to learn non-linear relationships between geological input variables and a reservoir dynamic data even if the actual physical relationship is complex and not known a priori. Though the preprocessing stages of the procedure involve some data interpretation expertise, the algorithms can easily be coded in any programming language, requiring no assumptions on physics in advance. The proposed procedure provides more accurate permeability curves than those obtained from conventional methods, which may fail to predict the permeability measured on drill stem tests (DSTs) conducted in dual-porosity reservoirs. The novelty of this work is to incorporate dynamic production logging (PL) data into the permeability estimation workflow using machine learning algorithms.

This thesis presents two new algorithms for doing constrained Magnetotelluric (MT) inversion based on an existing Occam 2D inversion program. The first algorithm includes borehole resistivity logs as prior information to constrain resistivity directly in the vicinity of boreholes. The second algorithm uses reflection seismic data as prior constraints to transfer structural information from seismic images to 2D resistivity models. These two algorithms are efficient (proved through tests of synthetic examples) and widely applicable. In this thesis, they have been successfully applied to the COSC (Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides) MT data. The COSC project aims to study the mountain belt dynamics in central Sweden by drilling two 2.5 km deep boreholes. MT data were collected to locate the main décollement that separates the overlying Caledonian allochthons and the underlying Precambrian basement, as the main décollement is associated with very conductive Alum shale. The previous interpretation based on part of the COSC seismic profile (CSP) was that the main décollement was located along a reflection with depth of 4.5 km underneath Åre and ~3 km underneath Mörsil, in central Jämtland. The MT resistivity model reveals a very conductive layer in the central and western parts of the profile, the top of which coincides with the first seismic reflection. This means that the first conductive alum shale layer occurs at less than 1 km depth, supporting a new interpretation of the main décollement at shallower depth. In a re-interpretation of the CSP data based on the MT model, the main décollement occurs a few hundred metres below the top of the conductor and is coincident with a laterally continuous seismic reflection. Further, the overlying seismic reflections resemble imbricated alum shale of the Lower Allochthon. MT inversion using seismic constraints from CSP gives further support to the new interpretation. Moreover, MT investigations were conducted in the Alnö alkaline and carbonatite ring-intrusion complex in Sweden. 2D and 3D resistivity models inverted from MT data together with resistivity and porosity laboratory measurements delineate a fossil magma chamber as a resistive anomaly surrounded by electrically conductive up-doming and ring-shaped faults and fractures.

Resumo: A interpretação de perfis geofísicos e dados de poços constituiu importante ferramenta para o entendimento do arcabouço hidrogeológico da área do assentamento Margarida Alves, região oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Foram reconhecidas as formações Santo Anastácio e Caiuá, separadas por superfície de discordância regional evidenciada nos perfis geofísicos. As referidas formações constituem unidades aquíferas homônimas que representam o Sistema Aquífero Bauru, caracterizado na área como livre e multi-camadas. Essas unidades litoestratigráficas são constituídas por intercalações de camadas arenosas interdigitadas a camadas areno-siltosas e silto-arenosas, compondo corpos lenticulares de espessuras métrica a decamétrica de pequenas extensões laterais. Esses corpos estão arranjados em padrão de fining upward, sugerindo um ambiente deposicional fluvial. O fluxo regional é em direção SW e tem o ribeirão Nhancá como área de descarga. Na porção ocidental da área, foi identificado um aquífero freático suspenso com águas pouco mineralizadas e baixos teores de sólidos totais dissolvidos. As águas do Sistema Aquífero Bauru apresentam constituição química distintas. No Aquífero Santo Anastácio foram classificadas como bicarbonatadas magnesianas e no Aquífero Caiuá classificadas como bicarbonatadas cálcicas / Abstract: Geophysical logs and water well data constitute important tool for understanding the hydrogeologic framework of the Margarida Alves settlement, located in western Sao Paulo State. Two lithostratigraphic formations - Santo Anastácio and Caiuá - were recognized and they are separed by an unconformity surface. These formations are water-bearing units of the multi-layered Bauru Aquifer System (SAB). These lithostratigraphic units are composed of sandy layers intercalated with sandy-silty and silty-sand layers, forming lenticular bodies of metric to decametric thickeness with small lateral continuity. These bodies, as evidenced in well logs, are arranged in fining upward pattern, typical of fluvial depositional environment. The regional flow is directed SW and it discharge in the ribeirão Nhancá. In the western portion of the area a perched aquifer has been identified, bearing waters with low levels of total dissolved solids. Two distinct type of groundwater have been identified in the SAB, the Santo Anastácio aquifer is classified as bicarbonated-magnesian water and that of Caiuá Aquifer as bicarbonated-calcium rich waters / Orientador: Chang Hung Kiang / Coorientador: Flávio de Paula e Silva / Banca: Maria Antonieta Alcântara Mourão / Banca: Didier Gastmans / Mestre

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Informática e Computação. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2010

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) produces an edible mushroom that has been cultivated for centuries in China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand and other Asian countries. Shiitake mushrooms grow naturally on decaying wood of hardwood trees and have traditionally been grown on short lengths of freshly-cut logs. Until now, there has been no serious exploration of the potential for Australian forest owners to utilise small logs of native or plantation forest species for shiitake mushroom production, such as eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.). / Logs of six tree species were harvested from farm forestry plantations in Victoria and inoculated with shiitake infected dowels imported from the United States. Over the course of the next 18 months the logs were soaked four times to initiate fruiting. The fresh mushrooms were harvested and weighed to allow a comparison between log species and size. A sample of the mushrooms from each log species produced in the 2nd and 3rd fruiting were tested for their protein and fibre content. / Quercus robur was the most productive species. Over the course of the trial (four frutings) the oak logs produced almost 1 kilogram of fresh mushrooms per log which was significantly more than E. cladocalyx (527 g/log) and Alnus glutinosa (465 g/log) and Eucalyptus nitens (389 g/log) which were all, in turn, significantly more productive than Populus sp. (140 g/log) and Acacia melanoxyon (98 g/log). Larger logs produced more fruit although this may have been related to the greater number of inoculations. The protein and fibre content of mushrooms produced from shining gum logs was slightly lower than that from the oak logs but greater than that from alder. Sugar gum mushrooms had the lowest protein content. / The research suggests that there is potential to use eucalypt logs thinned from young fast-grown farm plantations as the basis for a log-based shiitake industry although more work is required to test the marketability of eucalypt grown shiitake and the economic viability of small scale production units.

<p>Sandstone and shale samples were selected within the systems tracts for laboratory analyses. The sidewall and core samples were subjected to petrographic thin section analysis, mineralogical analyses which include x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes geochemistry to determine the diagenetic alteration at deposition and post deposition in the basin. The shale samples were subjected to Rock-Eval pyrolysis and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) prior to gas chromatographic (GC) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses of the rock extracts, in order to determine the provenance, type and thermal maturity of organic matter present in sediments of the Orange Basin. The results revealed a complex diagenetic history of sandstones in this basin, which includes compaction, cementation/micritization, dissolution, silicification/overgrowth of quartz, and fracturing. The Eh-pH shows that the cements in the area of the basin under investigation were precipitated under weak acidic and slightly alkaline conditions. The &delta / 18O isotope values range from -1.648 to 10.054 %, -1.574 to 13.134 %, and -2.644 to 16.180 % in the LST, TST, and HST, respectively. While &delta / 13C isotope values range from -25.667 to -12.44 %, -27.862 to -6.954% and -27.407 to -19.935 % in the LST, TST, and HST, respectively. The plot of &delta / 18O versus &delta / 13C shows that the sediments were deposited in shallow marine temperate conditions.</p>

The benefits gained by the presentation of environmental enrichment (EE) to captive animals are widely recognized. Few studies have, however, studied how to maximize the effect of EE. Repeated presentations of EE may cause a reduced interest towards the EE device, called habituation. To study the effect of habituation towards EE, behavioural data from 14 captive Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) were collected during two different EE treatments. In treatment one, honey logs were presented for five consecutive days (ConsEE). In treatment two, the logs were presented every alternative day for five days (AltEE). The different treatments both showed a significant effect on responsiveness toward the EE, however, leaving gap days inbetween presentations in AltEE showed no reliable reduction in habituation. Both treatments significantly reduced stereotypies, however, only ConsEE reduced levels of stereotypies long term. Explorative behaviours, which are the most prominent behaviours in the wild, increased during both treatments. This is consistent with previous findings (Fischbacher &amp; Schmid 1999, Grandia et al. 2001) that EE increases natural behaviours, which has been desribed as an indication of improved welfare (Carlstead et al. 1991 etc.). Other behavioural categories such as social and passiva behaviours were unaffected by the EE presentations. THe results show that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of EE by simple means in order to ensure animal welfare.

Malgré les progrès importants effectués en matière de conception de logiciels et l'existence de méthodes de développement éprouvées, il faut reconnaître que les défaillances de systèmes causées par des logiciels restent fréquentes. Il arrive même que ces défaillances concernent des logiciels critiques et provoquent des dommages significatifs. Considérant l'importance des intérêts en jeu, et le fait que la garantie de logiciel "zéro défaut" est hors d'atteinte, il est donc important de pouvoir déterminer en cas de dommages causés par des logiciels les responsabilités des différentes parties. Pour établir ces responsabilités, un certain nombre de conditions doivent être réunies: (1) on doit pouvoir disposer d'éléments de preuve fiables, (2) les comportements attendus des composants doivent avoir été définis préalablement et (3) les parties doivent avoir précisé leurs intentions en matière de répartition des responsabilités. Dans cette thèse, nous apportons des éléments de réponse à ces questions en proposant un cadre formel pour spécifier et établir les responsabilités en cas de dysfonctionnement d'un logiciel. Ce cadre formel peut être utilisé par les parties dans la phase de rédaction du contrat et pour concevoir l'architecture de logs du système. Notre première contribution est une méthode permettant d'intégrer les définitions formelles de responsabilité et d'éléments de preuves dans le contrat juridique. Les éléments de preuves sont fournis par une architecture de logs dite ''acceptable'' qui dépend des types de griefs considérés par les parties. La seconde contribution importante est la définition d'une procédure incrémentale, qui est mise en oeuvre dans l'outil LAPRO, pour l'analyse incrémentale de logs distribués.

Abstract This study is based on my work as a secondary school teacher of literature and the Swedish language and rooted in my interest in developing knowledge about the importance of teaching literature in order to both cultivate young people’s reading habits and their view of themselves as readers. The more concrete purpose of this study is to examine a reading project that focuses on theories of literary perception and teaching literature. I examine four pupils who, in 2003, participated in the reading project as readers and compare this description with their view of themselves as readers seven years later. I complete the study by examining how they discuss reading and the teaching of literature. The method is qualitative and the empirics include materiel collected in two different time periods: first in 2003, in a class I taught in a secondary school; and second in 2010, when I examined four of the former pupils who participated in the project from 2003. The material contains documentation of the reading project, teacher’s notes and observations during the reading project, transcribed recordings of interviews, the pupils’ written reading logs and written inquiries about reading habits. The study shows a variety in literary perception among the pupils and attitudes towards reading. The study also shows that enlightened teaching can contribute to pupils’ motivation to read literature. One of the didactic challenges concerning these findings is that the teacher — before planning and executing the lesson — should be aware of the pupils’ reading habits and attitudes towards reading in order to be able to adjust the teaching process to the pupils’ conditions. The teacher should also be aware of the societal context of which pupils are a part and try to integrate the use of media other than literature. Finally, the teacher should be both skillful at utilizing different literature teaching methods and at choosing literature.