This thesis examines convicts who were tried for the crime of 'returning from transportation' at London's Old Bailey courthouse between 1720 and 1780. While there is plenty of historical scholarship on the tens of thousands of people who endured penal transportation to the American colonies, relatively little attention has been paid to convicts who migrated illegally back to Britain or those who avoided banishment altogether. By examining these convicts, we can gain a better understanding of how transportation worked, how convicts managed to return to Britain, and most importantly, what happened to them there. This thesis argues that convicts resisted transportation by either avoiding it or returning from banishment after obtaining their freedom. However, regardless of how they arrived back in Britain, many failed to reintegrate successfully back into British society, which led to their apprehension and trial. I claim that most convicts avoided the death penalty upon returning and that this encouraged more convicts to resist transportation and return home. The thesis examines the court cases of 132 convicts charged with returning from transportation at the Old Bailey and examines this migration home through the eyes of those who experienced it. First, the thesis focuses on convicts in Britain and demonstrates how negative perceptions of transportation encouraged them to resist banishment. The thesis then highlights how convicts obtained their freedom in the colonies, which gave them the opportunity to return illegally. Finally, the thesis shows that returned felons tried to reintegrate into society by relocating to new cities, leading quiet honest lives, or by returning to a life of crime.

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<p>Mathematical modelling has become a powerful tool used to predict the spread of infectious diseases in populations. Successful analysis and modeling of historical infectious disease data can explain changes in the pattern of past epidemics and lead to a better understanding of epidemiological processes. The lessons learned can be used to predict future epidemics and help to improve public healthstrategies for control and eradication.</p> <p>This thesis is focused on the analysis and modelling of smallpox dynamics based on the weekly smallpox mortality records in London, England, 1664-1930. Statistical analysis of these records is presented. A timeline of significant historical events related to changes in variolation and vaccination uptake levels and demographics was established. These events were correlated with transitions observed in smallpox dynamics. Seasonality of the smallpox time series was investigated and the contact rate between susceptible and infectious individuals was found to be seasonally forced. Seasonal variations in smallpox transmission and changes in their seasonality over long time scale were estimated. The method of transition analysis, which is used to predict qualitative changes in epidemiological patterns, was used to explain the transitions observed in the smallpox time series. We found that the standard SIR model exhibits dynamics similar to the more realistic Gamma distributed SEIR model if the mean serial interval is chosen the same, so we used the standard SIR model for our analysis. We conclude that transitions observed in the temporal pattern of smallpox dynamics can be explained by the changes in birth, immigration and intervention uptake levels.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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No / This was to study an archaeological population of subadult teeth in 17th and 18th century skeletal material from a London (England) cemetery for enamel defects including molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH).Methods: Dentitions of 45 sub-adults were examined using standard macroscopic methods and systematically recorded. A total of 557 teeth were examined with a *5 lens and photographed. Ages of the individuals were estimated from their dental crown and root development stages and not from charts that combine tooth eruption with development stages. The dental age of the individual and the approximate age of onset of enamel defects was then calculated on the basis of the chronological sequence of incremental deposition and calcification of the enamel matrix. Affected enamel was graded macroscopically as: - Mild: <30% of the tooth¿s enamel surface area visibly disrupted (this encompasses the entire range reported in most other studies), Moderate: 31-49% of the tooth's enamel surface area visibly disrupted and Severe: >50% of the tooth's enamel surface area visibly disrupted. Results: Of the total number of individuals 41 (93.2%) showed signs of enamel developmental dysplasia or MIH, 28 of them showing moderate or severe lesions of molars, primary or permanent (63.6% of the sample). Incisors and canines, though surviving much less often, showed episodes of linear hypoplasia. Conclusion:The extensive lesions seen on many of the molars displayed cuspal enamel hypoplasia (CEH). Many of these teeth also exhibited Molar Incisal Hypomineralisation (MIH).

No / Incremental dentine analysis utilizes tissue that does not remodel and that permits comparison, at the same age, of those who survived infancy with those who did not at high temporal resolution. Here, we present a pilot study of teeth from a 19th-century cemetery in London, comparing the merits of two methods of obtaining dentine increments for subsequent isotope determination. Covariation in ¿13C and ¿15N values suggests that even small variations have a physiological basis. We show that high-resolution intra-dentine isotope profiles can pinpoint short-duration events such as dietary change or nutritional deprivation in the juvenile years of life.

No / I have been eagerly awaiting the publication of this book since 2000, when, as a PhD student, I was lucky enough to be able to visit the St Mary Spital excavations where I knew quite a few of the excavators and osteologists. It was apparent at that early stage in the research of St Mary Spital that this was a very exciting and important excavation and skeletal assemblage. This book does not disappoint.

This dissertation is a political and intellectual history of educational thought in Britain and the British empire told through the Institute of Education in London. It explores how and why children’s education became central to the late British imperial project. It argues that contemporary ideas about the social and political aims of education were deeply shaped by a growing sense of democracy’s fragility and contingency in the early twentieth century, and by reformers’ view of the British empire as democracy’s guardian on the world stage. It draws on the archives of staff, students and influential supporters of the Institute, tracing its institutional transformation from provincial Edwardian teacher-training college to an outward-looking imperial center for educational reform and research in Britain’s colonial empire and in the British Commonwealth. It argues that Britain’s leading educators tried to position themselves as experts in making citizens fit for democracy. It shows how these pedagogues pursued reforms to metropolitan and colonial education to project an outward image of the British empire as a progressive pedagogical project preparing members of political communities for self-government.