As early as 1994, and with transformation in mind, the African National Congress (ANC) identified the development of the previously disadvantaged communities in South Africa as a national priority. In so doing, sport, among others, was used in this strategy as a medium to improve and change the circumstances of people in disadvantaged communities. Sports development in disadvantaged communities is essential, if taken into consideration that without such further support of the sport talent of some of these children, the needs of these talented children cannot be met and their potential will remain undeveloped. Talent identification (TID), which is based on scientific principles and forms the first step in sports development, still is relatively new in South Africa. Historically, coaches used their own knowledge and experience of the characteristics, which should lead to success in sport as well as participation in competitions in order to do TID. To date, very little research has been done on talent identification and development in sprints and long-jump, especially pertaining to young boy and girl athletes, and in particular concerning athletes from disadvantaged communities. The first and second objectives of this study were to implement sport specific athletics development programmes aimed at improving sprinting and long-jump ability and to determine its effect on the abilities and skills of talented 10 to 15 year-old girls and boys with talent for sprints and long-jump. The third and fourth objectives of this study were to establish which kinanthropometric, physical and motor components will play such a role in 10 to 15 year-olds that it can predict performance ability in sprints and long-jump in girls and boys at this age. The "Australian Talent Search" protocol was used to identify general sport talent in the children (66 girls and 62 boys) who were identified for the study. The talented children (19 girls and 21 boys) from the initial group of were then subjected to a sport specific test battery for sprints and long-jump. The maturation level of the boys was determined by means of a maturity questionnaire, based on the 5 Tanner stages. By using the Statistica and SAS computer programmes, independent t-testing, covariance analyses, correlation coefficients, effect sizes, descriptive statistics as well as a stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data with regard to the above-mentioned objectives. A p-value smaller than or equal to 0.05 was accepted as significant. From the results of the study it is evident that the development programmes contributed to the improvement of physical and motor abilities and skills important for performance in both sprints and long-jump in girls (n=19) and boys (n=21) respectively. Among the girls, flexibility, explosive power, muscle endurance, reaction time, speed, speed endurance, acceleration and long-jump showed statistically significant improvement, while abdominal muscle strength and stride length showed no improvement. Secondly, it was established that the development programme contributed statistically significantly to an improvement in flexibility, muscle endurance, 0-40 metres speed and long-jump ability in boys. However, some components did not show improvement, among them explosive power, reaction time, speed endurance, acceleration and stride length. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the third and fourth objectives. It indicated that, in respect to the 100 metres sprint, 7 variables, namely long-jump, push-ups to the point of exhaustion, 7-level abdominal strength, 0-5 metres speed, ankle dorsiflexion, body length and age contributed 84.0% to the total variance in girls. As for long-jump, 7 variables, namely 0-100 metres speed, body length, 7-level abdominal strength, push-ups, ankle dorsiflexion, standing long-jump and body mass proved to be the most important contributors to performance in these items with a total contribution of 79% to the total variance. The fourth objective indicated that average anaerobic power output, acceleration and body mass contributed statistically significantly to performance in the 100 metres sprint in boys with a contribution of 86.5% to the total variance. Horizontal jump, age and acceleration contributed statistically significantly to long-jump performance with a contribution of 81 5% to the total variance. It is evident from this study that sport specific development programmes can successfully be implemented on girls and boys at ages 10-15 in order to improve sprinting and long-jump ability, regardless of poverty-stricken circumstances and poor infrastructure. Furthermore, the study brought to light that specific kinanthropometric, physical and motor abilities exist which can be used to predict performance in sprints and long-jump in girls and boys separately at ages 10 to 15. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

This study is concerned with the usage of new methods for the training of long jump. The goal of this study is to suggest the methodics of training the long jump, which would be gradually included in the lessons for the attenders of the first year of the Study teaching for elementary school. This study is based on an assumption that by the usage of this programme, that I suggested, we will be seeing a significant improvement in the performance of the children of older pupilage. Most improvement will be seen in the jump using the hang technique, for which is this programme designed.

Constrained optimization is used to derive human postures and movements. In the first study a static 3D model with 30 muscle groups is used to analyse postures. The activation levels of these muscles are minimized in order to represent the individual's choice of posture. Subject specific data in terms of anthropometry, strength and orthopedic aids serve as input. The aim is to study effects from orthopedic treatment and altered abilities of the subject. Initial validation shows qualitative agreement of posture strategies but further details about passive stiffness and anthropometry are needed, especially to predict pelvis orientation. In the second application, the athletic long jump, a problem formulation is developed to find optimal movements of a multibody system when subjected to contact. The model was based on rigid links, joint actuators and a wobbling mass. The contact to the ground was modelled as a spring-damper system with tuned properties. The movement in the degrees of freedom representing physical joints was described over contact time through two fifth-order polynomials, with a variable transition time, while the motion in the degrees of freedom of contact and wobbling mass was integrated forwards in time, as a consequence. Muscle activation variables were then optimized in order to maximize ballistic flight distance. The optimization determined contact time, end configuration, activation and interaction with the ground from an initial configuration. The results from optimization show a reasonable agreement with experimentally recorded jumps, but individual recordings and measurements are needed for more precise conclusions.

Introduction: The National Hockey League Entry Draft Combine (NHLED Combine) is considered one of the toughest physical fitness tests an ice hockey player has to go through. The NHLED Combine consists of several fitness tests evaluating the athlete’s aerobic- and anaerobic capacity; lower body power, upper body strength and power, flexibility and anthropometrics; no lower body strength test are employed. Squats are the only exercise used by all National Hockey League (NHL) strength and conditioning coaches yet it is not included in the NHLED Combine. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine which off-ice test correlates best with on-ice performance measured as forward skating speed. We hypothesised that squat one repetition maximum (squat 1RM) would be a better or equal predictor of on-ice performance compared to the current NHLED Combine tests standing long jump (SLJ) and Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Method: Eleven male subjects, aged 17.8 ± 0.8 years, performed an on-ice sprint followed by the off-ice tests SLJ, WAnT and squat 1RM. Results: A correlation was found between sprint time on-ice and SLJ (r= -0,727, p= 0.006), Wingate anaerobic test mean power/ body weight (WAnT MP/BW) (r= -0,607, p= 0,024), squat 1RM (r= -0,600, p= 0.026) and squat 1 repetition maximum/body weight (squat 1RM/BW) (r= -0,609, p= 0.023). Conclusion: The results indicate that squat 1RM and squat 1RM/BW are equally good predictors of hockey performance as SLJ and WAnT MP/BW. / knäböj, hockey, is, nhl, skridskoåkning, skridskoskär, sprint, horisontalhopp, wingate, styrka, kraftutveckling, fystest

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Nordic hamstring strength training (NHST) program on (1) leg power, (2) vertical jump, (3) and knee proprioception measurements of 10-12 years old male basketball players. Nordic Hamstring Strength Training (NHST) group (N=16), participated in basketball training plus in Nordic hamstring strength training, while the control group (N=11) participated in basketball training only. Subjects were tested before and after 5-week training program for, vertical jump, isokinetic leg strength and knee proprioception. Each subject who agreed to participate in this investigation signed a consent form along their parent. Pre and post test differences between experimental and control group was investigated by MANOVA and paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the differences between pre and post tests of both groups. There was no significant difference in pre and post test results of NHST and control group. There were statistically significant increase in concentric quadriceps and hamstring strength, eccentric quadriceps strength, conventional H:Q strength ratio, and vertical jumping measurements in experimental group between the pre and post tests. It can be concluded that NHST program combine with basketball training has beneficial effects on the leg strength and H:Q strength ratio. These findings also suggest that hamstring exercise may be beneficial or helpful for preventing the hamstring injury occurrence and improving the physical performances such as jumping ability.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a organização espaço-temporal dos segmentos da perna e da coxa no saltar à horizontal, verificando as infiuências do organismo e do ambiente (dois tipos de piso: concreto e areia). Participaram do estudo 21 sujeitos, 3 de cada faixa etária: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e adulta (X = 19 anos de idade). Os sujeitos foram filmados realizando o saltar à horizontal com marcas desenhadas no centro das articulações do tornozelo, joelho e quadril. Estes pontos foram digitalizados e processados obtendo a posição e velocidade angular dos segmentos da perna e da coxa. A partir da posição e velocidade angular foi possível delinear os gráficos dos atratores (retratos de fase) e calcular os valores dos ângulos de fase para cada segmento, durante a realização da tarefa. Duas reversões para cada segmento, na posição angular, foram identificadas e nestes momentos os valores dos ângulos de fase foram capturados. Analisando as trajetórias dos retratos de fase verificou-se que os segmentos da perna e da coxa apresentaram um conjunto específico de características topológicas, na realização do saltar à horizontal. A análise dos valores dos ângulos de fase, nas duas reversões, indicou que ao longo das faixas etárias e nos dois tipos de piso os segmentos da perna e da coxa apresentaram organização espaço-temporal semelhante, indicando coordenação invariante. / The aim of this investigation was to identify the space-temporal organization of the thigh and shank segments in the standlng long jump, and to verify the organlsmic and environmental (two kinds of pavement: concrete and sand) inlluences on performance. Twenty one subjects, three of each age 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and adults (X = 19 years old), were recorded performing the standlng long jump with marks on the joint centers of the ankle, knee and hip. Tliese points were digitalized and processed Io obtain angular position and velocity of the shank and of the thigh. From angular position and velocity were delineated and phase angle values were calciilalcd for cach scgment during task performance Two reversals for each segment, in the position angular, were identified and phase angle values were captured. The analysis of phase portrait trajectories showed that shank and thigh have a specific topological set. Based on the analysis of angle phase values, in two reversal monients, it was verified that, across ages and in two kinds of surfaces, shank and thigh segments have the same space-temporal organization, showing invariant coordination. / El objetivo de este estúdio fue investigar Ia organización espacio temporal de los segmentos de Ia perna y de Ia coxa al saltar horizontalmente verificando Ias influencias dei organismo y dei ambiente (dos tipos de piso; cemento y arena). Paticiparon dei estúdio 21 sujetos, 3 de cada clase de edad: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 y adulta (X = 19 anos de edad). Los sujetos fueron filmados realizando el salto horizontal con marcas dibujadas en el centro de Ias articulaciones dei tobillo, rodilla e anca. Estos puntos fueron digitalizados y procesados obteniendo Ia posición y velocidad angular de los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa. A partir de Ia posición y velocidad angular fue posible delinear los gráficos de ios atratores (retratos de fase) y calcular los valores de los ângulos de fase para cada segmento, durante Ia realización de Ia tarefa. Dos reverciones para cada segmento, en Ia posición angular, fueron identificadas y en estos momentos los valores de los ângulos de fase fueron registrados. Analisando Ias trayectorias de los retratos de fase se verifico que los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa presentaron un conjunto específico de características topologicas, en Ia ejecución dei salto horizontal. El análisis de los valores de los ângulos de fase, en Ias dos reversiones, indico que a Io largo de ias classes de edad y en los dos tipos de piso los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa presentaron organización espacio-temporal semejante, indicando coordinación invariante.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a organização espaço-temporal dos segmentos da perna e da coxa no saltar à horizontal, verificando as infiuências do organismo e do ambiente (dois tipos de piso: concreto e areia). Participaram do estudo 21 sujeitos, 3 de cada faixa etária: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e adulta (X = 19 anos de idade). Os sujeitos foram filmados realizando o saltar à horizontal com marcas desenhadas no centro das articulações do tornozelo, joelho e quadril. Estes pontos foram digitalizados e processados obtendo a posição e velocidade angular dos segmentos da perna e da coxa. A partir da posição e velocidade angular foi possível delinear os gráficos dos atratores (retratos de fase) e calcular os valores dos ângulos de fase para cada segmento, durante a realização da tarefa. Duas reversões para cada segmento, na posição angular, foram identificadas e nestes momentos os valores dos ângulos de fase foram capturados. Analisando as trajetórias dos retratos de fase verificou-se que os segmentos da perna e da coxa apresentaram um conjunto específico de características topológicas, na realização do saltar à horizontal. A análise dos valores dos ângulos de fase, nas duas reversões, indicou que ao longo das faixas etárias e nos dois tipos de piso os segmentos da perna e da coxa apresentaram organização espaço-temporal semelhante, indicando coordenação invariante. / The aim of this investigation was to identify the space-temporal organization of the thigh and shank segments in the standlng long jump, and to verify the organlsmic and environmental (two kinds of pavement: concrete and sand) inlluences on performance. Twenty one subjects, three of each age 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and adults (X = 19 years old), were recorded performing the standlng long jump with marks on the joint centers of the ankle, knee and hip. Tliese points were digitalized and processed Io obtain angular position and velocity of the shank and of the thigh. From angular position and velocity were delineated and phase angle values were calciilalcd for cach scgment during task performance Two reversals for each segment, in the position angular, were identified and phase angle values were captured. The analysis of phase portrait trajectories showed that shank and thigh have a specific topological set. Based on the analysis of angle phase values, in two reversal monients, it was verified that, across ages and in two kinds of surfaces, shank and thigh segments have the same space-temporal organization, showing invariant coordination. / El objetivo de este estúdio fue investigar Ia organización espacio temporal de los segmentos de Ia perna y de Ia coxa al saltar horizontalmente verificando Ias influencias dei organismo y dei ambiente (dos tipos de piso; cemento y arena). Paticiparon dei estúdio 21 sujetos, 3 de cada clase de edad: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 y adulta (X = 19 anos de edad). Los sujetos fueron filmados realizando el salto horizontal con marcas dibujadas en el centro de Ias articulaciones dei tobillo, rodilla e anca. Estos puntos fueron digitalizados y procesados obteniendo Ia posición y velocidad angular de los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa. A partir de Ia posición y velocidad angular fue posible delinear los gráficos de ios atratores (retratos de fase) y calcular los valores de los ângulos de fase para cada segmento, durante Ia realización de Ia tarefa. Dos reverciones para cada segmento, en Ia posición angular, fueron identificadas y en estos momentos los valores de los ângulos de fase fueron registrados. Analisando Ias trayectorias de los retratos de fase se verifico que los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa presentaron un conjunto específico de características topologicas, en Ia ejecución dei salto horizontal. El análisis de los valores de los ângulos de fase, en Ias dos reversiones, indico que a Io largo de ias classes de edad y en los dos tipos de piso los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa presentaron organización espacio-temporal semejante, indicando coordinación invariante.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Castilhos.pdf: 2584152 bytes, checksum: cac31b324bf86034d356041746b8ff53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this descriptive exploratory study was to evaluate kinematic characteristics of the long jump of children in different motor development stages according to the Gallahue s analytical matrix. Specifically it aimed to verify the motor development stage of children regarding body segment and the different phases of the long jump; to identify and compare the inter-segmental angles of the long jump; to verify the contribution of angle parameters to the long jump performance in the different motor development stages. The sample was composed of 90 male and female children ranging in age from 5 to 13 years old (average age of 8,52±2,36 years old), whose parents consented to their participation in the study through the presentation of the correct fulfilling and signature of the assent term. The study was submitted and approved by the UDESC s Research Ethics Committee. For data collection a video camera and Gallahue s analytical matrix for the long jump, which allows classifying children in three maturation stages (initial, elementary and mature) were used as instruments. The knee, trunk, hip and upper limb angle in the propulsive, flight and landing phases and the reached distance were the selected variables. After receiving authorization from the parents and school, the children were conducted to the UDESC s Biomechanics Laboratory, where they had a time to get used to the environment and the equipments. After the fulfilling of children`s identification form and anatomical markers set up the acquisition of anthropometric and kinematic data to a sampling frequency of 60 Hz were carried out. Before the acquisition the task was demonstrated through a video and then the children performed 3 valid horizontal jumps. Data were filtered by a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency varying between 6 and 10 Hz. Data analysis was composed of two parts: (1) a qualitative evaluation through the corporal segment`s classification; and (2) a quantitative analysis of the variables through the caption of angle parameters. For both analysis it was considered the specifically instants of the propulsive, flight and landing phases of the jump, according to Estrázulas (2006) procedure. Data were characterized and analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, minimum and maximum, superior and inferior limits of the 95% confidence interval for mean and box-plot graphics). To compare the mean among the three stages ANOVA One Way followed by Scheffé s post hoc tests were used. To verify the contribution of the different angle parameters the Multiple Linear Regression was used. The confidence level of 95% was adopted for all the tests. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the segmental angles between all the stages in the three jump phases. In synthesis the corporal segments showed different maturation time and the lower limb were the most delayed ones. The knee, trunk, hip and upper limb angles showed to be good indicators of the motor development stages. Only the upper limb angle in the flight phase significantly contributed to the jump performance and it could be explained by the major importance of the arm movement in the horizontal jump execution. / O objetivo deste estudo descritivo exploratório foi avaliar as características cinemáticas do salto horizontal de crianças em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento motor. Especificamente: verificar o estágio de desenvolvimento motor das crianças por segmento corporal e nas diferentes fases do salto horizontal; identificar e comparar os ângulos inter segmentares do salto horizontal de crianças entre diferentes estágios; verificar a contribuição dos parâmetros angulares no desempenho do salto horizontal nos diferentes estágios. Participaram 90 crianças da Grande Florianópolis-SC, ambos os sexos, idade entre 5 e 13 anos (8,52±2,36 anos), cujos pais consentiram a participação na pesquisa, mediante apresentação da autorização e termo de consentimento preenchidos e assinados. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UDESC. Utilizou-se como instrumentos uma câmera de vídeo e a matriz de análise qualitativa do salto horizontal de Gallahue. Selecionouse as variáveis: ângulo de joelho, ângulo de quadril, ângulo de tronco e ângulo de membro superiores nas fases de propulsão, de vôo e de aterrissagem do salto horizontal e distância alcançada. Após devidamente autorizadas as crianças foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Biomecânica da UDESC. As crianças passaram por um período de familiarização com o ambiente e equipamentos. Após o preenchimento da ficha de identificação e a demarcação dos pontos anatômicos foi realizada a aquisição dos dados antropométricos e cinemáticos, esses a uma freqüência de 60 Hz. Previamente à coleta fez-se a demonstração da tarefa através de um vídeo e em seguida as crianças executaram 3 saltos horizontais válidos. Os dados cinemáticos foram filtrados com Butterworth 4ª ordem, passa baixa com freqüência de corte variando entre 6 e 10 Hz. A análise dos dados constituiu-se de uma parte qualitativa e uma quantitativa: a primeira composta pela classificação dos segmentos corporais em estágios inicial, elementar e maduro; a segunda, a captura dos ângulos, ambas em instantes específicos das fases de propulsão, vôo e aterrissagem do salto, conforme sistemática de Estrázulas (2006), baseada na matriz analítica de Gallahue. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva: distribuição de freqüências, média, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação, mínimo e máximo, limites inferior e superior do intervalo de 95% de confiança para a média e gráficos Box-plot. Para comparação entre as médias dos três estágios aplicou-se a ANOVA One way e para verificar entre quais estágios estas diferenças se encontravam, o post hoc de Scheffé; para verificar a contribuição dos parâmetros angulares na performance do salto, a Regressão Linear Múltipla - Stepwise. Adotou-se p 0,05. Na comparação dos ângulos segmentares encontraram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre todos os estágios em todas as fases do salto. Conclui-se que os segmentos corporais apresentaram diferentes tempos de maturação, tendo os membros inferiores maturação mais tardia. Os ângulos de joelho, quadril, tronco e membros superiores mostraram-se bons indicadores do estágio de desenvolvimento motor. Apenas o ângulo de membro superior na fase de vôo apresentou contribuição significativa para o desempenho do salto, que pode ser decorrente da grande importância da utilização dos braços na execução do salto horizontal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo.pdf: 1211522 bytes, checksum: aa86db81256836d9c07703990806ba5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This descriptive study of technological development it had as objective main to validate a biomechanic framework for quantitative analysis of the motor pattern of children s horizontal jump, using kinematics variables. Specifically: to identify and to compare the intersegmental angles of children s horizontal jump between differents stages of motor development; to determine the corresponding angular intervals to each stage of motor development; to test the quantitative framework s validate for evaluation of motor pattern of children. 90 school children participated of this study, of both sex, with age between 5 and 15 years, pertaining to the net of education of Florianópolis-SC whose parents will assent the participation. The 3 jumps data of each child carried through were used in this study, whenever possible. The datas collection had been carried through in UDESC s Biomechanics Laboratory, using a video camera, with a sampling frequency of 60Hz, the Gallahue s analytical framework for the horizontal jump and the procedures proposal for Estrázulas (2006). The knee, the hip, the trunk and the superior member, in the phases of propulsion, flight and landing, were used as variables in this study. After the collection all the jumps had been classified in agreement the Gallahue s analytical framework, using the procedures of Estrázulas (2006), in the same instants where the angles had been measured. From these data the corresponding angular intervals to each angles in each phase of the jump had been stipulated. Again, the jumps again had been classified according to the stage of motor development, using it new framework proposal. Data was characterized and analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, minimum and maximum, superior and inferior limits of the 95% confidence interval for mean). To compare the mean among the three stages ANOVA One Way followed by Scheffé s post hoc tests were used. An analysis of curve ROC and the index of Youden had been used for the angular intervals cut points identification in each one of the angles measure. Finally, a Student t test had been used to compare the results gotten between the two classifications of motor development stage. The confidence level of 95% was adopted for all the tests. In the comparison of the segmentary angles, statistical differences between all had met the motor development s stage in all phases of the jump. Values for area under curve ROC above of the 0,85 in all comparisons had been observed. The difference enters the observed angular averages between the evaluation s forms the motor stage, when they had existed, they had been very small. It is concluded that the corporal segments had presented different stages of motor development and that knee, hip, trunk and superior member angles had shown to be good pointers of the corporal segments positioning, discriminating the motor development of the children of this study. Finally, the proposal framework allows to classify children in the different motor development s stages. / Este estudo descritivo de desenvolvimento tecnológico teve como objetivo principal validar uma matriz biomecânica para análise quantitativa dos padrões motores do salto horizontal de crianças, com base em indicadores cinemáticos. Especificamente: identificar e comparar os ângulos intersegmentares do salto horizontal de crianças entre diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento; determinar os intervalos angulares correspondentes a cada estágio de desenvolvimento motor; testar a validade da matriz quantitativa para avaliação de padrões motores de crianças. Participaram deste estudo 90 escolares, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 5 e 15 anos, pertencentes à rede de ensino de Florianópolis SC cujos pais consentirem a participação. Foram utilizados os dados referentes a 3 saltos realizados por cada criança, sempre que possível. As coletas de dados foram realizadas no Laboratório de Biomecânica da UDESC, utilizando-se uma câmera de vídeo, com freqüência de aquisição de 60Hz, a matriz de análise qualitativa do salto horizontal de Gallahue e a sistemática proposta por Estrázulas (2006). As variáveis utilizadas foram os ângulos do joelho, do quadril, do tronco e do membro superior, nas fases de propulsão, vôo e aterrissagem. Após a coleta todos os saltos foram classificados conforme a matriz de Gallahue, utilizando-se a sistemática de Estrázulas (2006), nos mesmos instantes em que os ângulos foram medidos. A partir destes dados foram estipulados os intervalos angulares correspondentes a cada ângulo em cada fase do salto. Os saltos foram novamente classificados segundo seu estágio de desenvolvimento motor, utilizando-se a nova matriz proposta. Para a análise estatística foi utilizada a estatística descritiva: média, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação, mínimo, máximo, e limites inferior e superior do intervalo de 95% de confiança para a média. Para análise dos diferentes estágios, foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar-se a normalidade dos dados e após o teste ANOVA one way para comparação entre as médias dos três grupos estudados. Quando encontrado diferença estatisticamente significativa para um p≤0,05 foi aplicado o teste de post hoc de Sheffé. Utilizou-se uma análise de curva ROC e o índice de Youden para identificação dos pontos de corte entre os intervalos angulares em cada um dos ângulos medidos. Por último foram utilizados a correlação de Spearman e um teste t de Student para comparar os resultados obtidos entre as duas classificações por estágio de desenvolvimento. O nível de confiabilidade adotado foi de 95%. Na comparação dos ângulos segmentares verificou-se diferenças estatísticas entre todos os estágios de desenvolvimento motor em todas as fases do salto. Foram observados valores para área sob a curva ROC acima de 0,85 em todas as comparações. A diferença entre as médias angulares observadas entre as formas de avaliação do estágio motor, quando existiram, foram muito pequenas. Concluiu-se que os segmentos corporais apresentaram diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento motor e que ângulos de joelho, quadril, tronco e membro superior mostraram ser bons indicadores do posicionamento dos segmentos corporais, discriminando o estágio de desenvolvimento motor das crianças deste estudo. Por fim, a matriz proposta permite classificar crianças nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento motor.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a organização espaço-temporal dos segmentos da perna e da coxa no saltar à horizontal, verificando as infiuências do organismo e do ambiente (dois tipos de piso: concreto e areia). Participaram do estudo 21 sujeitos, 3 de cada faixa etária: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e adulta (X = 19 anos de idade). Os sujeitos foram filmados realizando o saltar à horizontal com marcas desenhadas no centro das articulações do tornozelo, joelho e quadril. Estes pontos foram digitalizados e processados obtendo a posição e velocidade angular dos segmentos da perna e da coxa. A partir da posição e velocidade angular foi possível delinear os gráficos dos atratores (retratos de fase) e calcular os valores dos ângulos de fase para cada segmento, durante a realização da tarefa. Duas reversões para cada segmento, na posição angular, foram identificadas e nestes momentos os valores dos ângulos de fase foram capturados. Analisando as trajetórias dos retratos de fase verificou-se que os segmentos da perna e da coxa apresentaram um conjunto específico de características topológicas, na realização do saltar à horizontal. A análise dos valores dos ângulos de fase, nas duas reversões, indicou que ao longo das faixas etárias e nos dois tipos de piso os segmentos da perna e da coxa apresentaram organização espaço-temporal semelhante, indicando coordenação invariante. / The aim of this investigation was to identify the space-temporal organization of the thigh and shank segments in the standlng long jump, and to verify the organlsmic and environmental (two kinds of pavement: concrete and sand) inlluences on performance. Twenty one subjects, three of each age 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and adults (X = 19 years old), were recorded performing the standlng long jump with marks on the joint centers of the ankle, knee and hip. Tliese points were digitalized and processed Io obtain angular position and velocity of the shank and of the thigh. From angular position and velocity were delineated and phase angle values were calciilalcd for cach scgment during task performance Two reversals for each segment, in the position angular, were identified and phase angle values were captured. The analysis of phase portrait trajectories showed that shank and thigh have a specific topological set. Based on the analysis of angle phase values, in two reversal monients, it was verified that, across ages and in two kinds of surfaces, shank and thigh segments have the same space-temporal organization, showing invariant coordination. / El objetivo de este estúdio fue investigar Ia organización espacio temporal de los segmentos de Ia perna y de Ia coxa al saltar horizontalmente verificando Ias influencias dei organismo y dei ambiente (dos tipos de piso; cemento y arena). Paticiparon dei estúdio 21 sujetos, 3 de cada clase de edad: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 y adulta (X = 19 anos de edad). Los sujetos fueron filmados realizando el salto horizontal con marcas dibujadas en el centro de Ias articulaciones dei tobillo, rodilla e anca. Estos puntos fueron digitalizados y procesados obteniendo Ia posición y velocidad angular de los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa. A partir de Ia posición y velocidad angular fue posible delinear los gráficos de ios atratores (retratos de fase) y calcular los valores de los ângulos de fase para cada segmento, durante Ia realización de Ia tarefa. Dos reverciones para cada segmento, en Ia posición angular, fueron identificadas y en estos momentos los valores de los ângulos de fase fueron registrados. Analisando Ias trayectorias de los retratos de fase se verifico que los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa presentaron un conjunto específico de características topologicas, en Ia ejecución dei salto horizontal. El análisis de los valores de los ângulos de fase, en Ias dos reversiones, indico que a Io largo de ias classes de edad y en los dos tipos de piso los segmentos de Ia pierna y de Ia coxa presentaron organización espacio-temporal semejante, indicando coordinación invariante.