The purpose of this study is to explore the differences and characteristics between first time felony probationer and recidivist felony probation offender. The importance of said studies grows significantly, given current trends of sentencing offenders to probation. Using archived data on random sample of felony offenders in 2000 and based on information acquired and maintained by the Denton County Community Supervision and Corrections Department (CSCD), the study consists of 40 first time felony offenders and 40 recidivist felony offender placed on probation during the year 2000. The method consists of a longitudinal comparison model. To examine the research question, descriptive statistics are used to compare basic demographics. Then, in order to answer the research question bi-variate significant tests, Chi-square and Independent Sample T-tests were employed when appropriate. Results indicate differences between first time felony probation offenders and recidivist felony probationers.

Li Yee Ching, Magdalene. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-160). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Overview --- p.1 / Research Objective --- p.5 / Conceptualization --- p.7 / Organization of the paper --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Communication and Collective Memory / Overview --- p.13 / Collective Memory and Social Changes --- p.20 / Collective Memory and Political Changes --- p.22 / Mass Media and Collective Memory --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Research Design / Discourse Analysis of the Representation of June4 --- p.31 / Data Analysis --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Initial Frames of Remembrance of the Tiananmen Incident in1989 / The Structure of the Available Past --- p.38 / The 1989 Pro-Democracy Movement in Beijing --- p.40 / Framing the June 4 Incident in the Hong Kong Context --- p.45 / Contextualizing the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement --- p.56 / June 4 and the Hong Kong Media --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The First Anniversary of the Crackdown in1990 / Commemoration and Collective Memory --- p.66 / The Commemoration Project of June4 --- p.67 / The Media as a Field of Memory --- p.68 / Cultivating Collective Memory --- p.70 / Interpreting the Changes in Memory --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- The 5th Anniversary of June 4 in1994 / The Script of the June 4 Anniversary --- p.80 / The Commemoration Project in1994 --- p.81 / Shifting Media Representations of Key Players --- p.83 / Subdued Commemoration of the Media --- p.91 / The Context of Changes in the June 4 Memory --- p.93 / The Role of the Media --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- The June 4 Incident Commemoration on the Eve of the1997 Handover / Contradictions in the Memory of June4 --- p.101 / Media's Coverage and the June 4 Commemoration --- p.103 / Representation of Major Actors in1997 --- p.104 / Media's Interpretation of the Meaning of June4 --- p.113 / Interpreting the Changes --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Commemorating the June 4 Incident in a Chinese City The 10th Anniversary of June4 / Ambiguous Definition of the June 4 Incident --- p.120 / The Media and the Mnemonic Dispute --- p.124 / The Wider Context of the 10th Anniversary --- p.128 / Remembering to Forget: Interpreting the Changes in1999 --- p.131 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- Conclusions: The People Will Not Forget --- p.136 / Bibliography --- p.154 / Appendix 1: Survey on People's Opinion on the June Fourth Incident --- p.161 / Appendix 2: Protocol for Textual Analysis --- p.163 / Appendix 3: Interview Protocol --- p.164 / Appendix 4:Interviewee Profile --- p.165

Raymond See-Kit Lo. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 260-279). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Background Over the past three decades, social relationships have been shown to have important effects upon health. However, many different definitions and aspects of social relationships have been considered in the various studies, making comparison of findings difficult. Furthermore, the effects of social relationships upon different health outcomes have rarely been investigated within the same cohort of older people. In addition, there is a paucity of information concerning the effects of social relationships upon health of older Australians. Aim This thesis aims to investigate the effects of the structural aspects of social relationships – that is, social networks – on health among older Australians. The three specific health outcomes considered in this thesis were disability, residential care use and death. The specific aims of the thesis were to: 1. Develop a measurement model of social networks. 2. Examine the effects of total and specific social networks upon disability. 3. Determine the effects of total and specific social networks upon use of residential care. 4. Investigate the effects of total and specific social networks upon survival. An additional aim was to determine if there were threshold effects of social networks on the three specific health outcomes. Methods The study drew on six waves of data from 1477 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing. A range of statistical techniques, including binary and multinomial logistic regression and survival analysis, were used in the analysis of the data. Propensity score adjustment was used to control for the effects of a broad range of covariates that encompassed sociodemographic, health, psychological and lifestyle characteristics of participants. Results A measurement model with social networks for children, relatives, friends and confidants was validated using confirmatory factor analysis. A variable that measured total social networks was also derived. Better social networks with relatives were protective against developing mobility disability over the nine year follow-up period (odds ratio (OR) 0.77; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.62 – 0.96). A similar result was found for Nagi disability (OR 0.76; 95%CI 0.62 – 0.93). Other specific social networks did not have significant effects on either measure of disability. There were no significant effects of social networks on use of low-level residential care overall. There was a significant effect of social networks with confidants and total social networks, such that participants in the upper category of social networks with confidants appeared to be protected against use of high-level residential care (OR 0.53; 95%CI 0.35 – 0.81) compared to participants in the lower category of confidants social networks. Similarly, participants in the upper category for total social networks appeared to be protected against use of high-level residential care (OR 0.68; 95%CI 0.46 – 0.99). In terms of mortality, better social networks with confidants and with friends appeared to be protective against death during the decade following the Wave 1 interview. The hazard ratio (HR) for participants in the upper category for confidants was 0.74 (95%CI 0.63-0.88) compared to participants in the lower category. For friends networks, the analogous HR was 0.75 (95%CI 0.63-0.89). Better total social networks also appeared to be protective against death over the 10 years of follow-up (HR 0.83; 95%CI 0.70- 0.99). There were few significant effects of social networks with children on the three health outcomes considered. There was little evidence of threshold effects of the specific social networks on the health outcomes. Discussion There are important and differing effects of specific social networks on the three health outcomes of disability, residential care and mortality that were considered in this thesis. Policymakers may need to reconsider whether specific kinds of social relationships, beyond spouses and children, have been given adequate weight in current policy frameworks that address the health of older people. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1321011 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, 2008

Thesis (Ph.D. in Analytic Health Sciences, Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

The present study was undertaken to explore the relationship of cellular immunity to total serum ICE in an unselected sample of 278 healthy infants. Statistical analyses of infant history profiles and cellular immune and serum IgE determinations from cord blood and 10 month samples were performed using SPSSx. During the first year of life, the percent CD3, CD4, CD8, ERFC, and B-cell counts significantly increased and the CD4/CD8 ratio and responses to ConA and PW mitogens significantly decreased. Boys had lower percent CD8 cell counts and decreased responses to ConA and PW mitogens in cord blood. Cellular immune variable values were not associated with total serum ICE in any analysis. Early feeding method had no effect on 10 month serum IgE levels or cellular immune variables. Cord blood percent CD3 and CD4 cell counts were significantly decreased in infants with parental histories of asthma. In summary, (1) boys had a lower percent of suppressor T-cells and lower mitogen responses in cord blood (2) boys and girls reached similar levels for all variables by 10 months of age (3) infants with familial histories of asthma had fewer total and helper T-cells in cord blood.

The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in maximal oxygen consumption and cardiorespiratory responses to maximal treadmill exercise of men, who engaged in intense physical training for more than 35-years. Thirteen men were first studied in 1969 and were re-examined in 1992 as a 25-year follow-up. The men were divided into two groups, group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). G1 (current age = 54.6 years) consisted of seven men who were Division I cross country runners in the late 1960's, and G2 (current age = 67.5 years) were highly active at the initial testing and were 14 years older than the men of G1 at all test dates. A maximal exercise test revealed a significant decrease in absolute and realtiveVO2ma, over the 35-years for both G1 and G2. G2 experienced a significant decline in VO2max when expressed in relative and absolute terms after the age of 56.5 years which occurred after the 25-year test. Maximal heat rate decreased over the 35-year period for both G1 (187.7 to 165.8 bpm) and G2 (181 to 164.7bpm), however only GI revealed a trend between the 25-and 35-year tests. O2pulse significantly decreased from the initial testing to the 35-year period in G2 (23.1 to 19.5 ml/beat). Body composition changes were evident with aging in that both GI and G2 had a significant increase in percent body fat over the 35-years however, only Gl had a significant increase in body weight at both the 25-and 35-year follow-up.These data suggest that aging and a reduced training regimen may have a significant effect upon VO2m and cardiorespiratory and body composition measures. It appears that after the age of 56 years, a greater reduction in VO2max occurs, which is accompanied by greater changes in stroke volume. Although the aerobic capacity of these men declined over the 35-year period, the values obtained by all men far exceeded the values reported for sedentary and less active men in other studies. Therefore, as previously reported, aging is associated with a reduction in aerobic capacity, however continued endurance training can reduce the rate at which aerobic capacity declines. / Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o rápido envelhecimento populacional e o aumento no número absoluto de pessoas com demência, a identificação de fatores protetores que retardem o início do quadro clínico da doença é essencial para o planejamento de medidas preventivas efetivas. Estudos observacionais longitudinais com idosos em países desenvolvidos sugerem que a participação em atividades de lazer preserva a capacidade cognitiva, reduzindo o risco de demência e declínio cognitivo. No Brasil não existem estudos epidemiológicos que investigam a associação entre participação em atividades e cognição. OBJETIVO: Avaliar de forma padronizada a participação em atividades entre idosos; investigar a associação entre participação em atividades e funcionamento cognitivo; investigar a associação entre participação em atividades e incidência de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência; e examinar a associação entre participação em diferentes tipos de atividade (social, física, cognitiva e cotidiana) e funcionamento cognitivo, comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência. MÉTODO: O presente estudo é parte do estudo epidemiológico Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH), uma coorte prospectiva de idosos, com 65 anos e mais, moradores de áreas pobres do Distrito do Butantã, São Paulo. Participantes do presente estudo não tinham demência na inclusão da coorte e foram reavaliados após 24 meses da avaliação inicial. A participação em atividades foi avaliada na inclusão da coorte com um questionário desenvolvido para um estudo transcultural, o Indianapolis-Ibadan Dementia Project. O registro da participação em atividades foi realizado com uma escala de 7 pontos do tipo Likert, com extremos entre 0 (nunca) e 6 (mais de 6 vezes por semana). As atividades foram agrupadas em quatro categorias (social, física, cognitiva e cotidiana). Um escore total de participação em atividades foi obtido por meio da soma das pontuações para cada uma das 42 atividades avaliadas. Um escore parcial também foi obtido para cada categoria de atividade. O funcionamento cognitivo foi avaliado com o Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID). O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico seguiu o critério estabelecido pela Academia Americana de Neurologia para comprometimento objetivo de memória. O diagnóstico de demência seguiu os critérios da quarta edição revisada do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) e utilizou informações do protocolo padronizado para o diagnóstico de demência, desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Demência 10/66. Regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para estimar mudanças no escore do funcionamento cognitivo, com intervalo de 95% de confiança e controle dos possíveis efeitos de confusão para estado cognitivo, características sociodemográficas e estado funcional. Regressão logística foi utilizada para estimar o risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência, com intervalo de 95% de confiança e controle dos possíveis efeitos de confusão para estado cognitivo, características sociodemográficas e estado funcional. RESULTADOS: 1.520 participantes foram incluídos na coorte e 1.243 foram reavaliados no seguimento. Participação em atividades sociais foi a mais frequente, relatada por 99,0% dos idosos, seguida por participação em atividades cotidianas (95,0%), cognitivas (63,0%) e físicas (49,0%). Foram encontradas associações positivas entre participação em atividades e funcionamento cognitivo (1,0; IC95% 0,4-1,5) e entre participação em atividades cognitivas e funcionamento cognitivo (3,1; IC95% 1,4-4,7). Participação em atividades cotidianas esteve associada com redução do risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico (OR 0,9; IC95% 0,84-0,99). Participação em atividades esteve associada com redução do risco de demência (OR 0,9; IC95% 0,92-0,99) e participação em atividades cotidianas também se mostrou associada com redução do risco de demência (OR 0,9; IC95% 0,83-0,98). CONCLUSÃO: Participação em atividades possivelmente preserva a capacidade cognitiva e reduz o risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência em idosos brasileiros. Diferentemente dos países desenvolvidos, na população idosa brasileira as atividades mais frequentes são aquelas que não requerem escolaridade e poder aquisitivo. Apesar disso, foram encontradas associações positivas entre participação em atividades e cognição. Políticas públicas devem enfatizar a participação em atividades como medida preventiva para comprometimento cognitivo e demência / Participation in activities and cognitive functioning: a cohort study with older adults residents in low income area in Sao Paulo functioning, with 95% confidence interval and controlling possible confounding effects of cognitive status, sociodemographic characteristics and functional status. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of amnesic mild cognitive impairment and dementia, with 95% confidence interval and controlling possible confounding effects of cognitive status, sociodemographic characteristics and functional status. RESULTS: 1520 participants were included in the cohort and 1243 were reassessed in follow up assessment. Participation in social activities was the most frequent, reported by 99.0% of the elderly, followed by participation in daily activities (95.0%), cognitive activities (63.0%) and physical activities (49.0%). We found positive associations between participation in activities and cognitive functioning ( 1.0; 95% CI 0.4-1.5) and between participation in cognitive activities and cognitive functioning ( 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-4.7). Participation in daily activities was associated with reduced risk of amnesic mild cognitive impairment (OR 0.9; CI 95% 0.84-0.99). Participation in activities was associated with reduced risk of dementia (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.92-0.99) and participation in daily activities also shown to be associated with reduced risk of dementia (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.83-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Participation in activities possibly preserves the cognitive capacity and reduces the risk of amnesic mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Brazilian older adults. Unlike developed countries, Brazilian elderly population the most frequent activities are those that do not require education and purchasing power. Nevertheless, we found positive associations between participation in activities and cognition. We suggest that public policies should emphasize the participation in such activities as a preventive measure for cognitive impairment and dementia .

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o rápido envelhecimento populacional e o aumento no número absoluto de pessoas com demência, a identificação de fatores protetores que retardem o início do quadro clínico da doença é essencial para o planejamento de medidas preventivas efetivas. Estudos observacionais longitudinais com idosos em países desenvolvidos sugerem que a participação em atividades de lazer preserva a capacidade cognitiva, reduzindo o risco de demência e declínio cognitivo. No Brasil não existem estudos epidemiológicos que investigam a associação entre participação em atividades e cognição. OBJETIVO: Avaliar de forma padronizada a participação em atividades entre idosos; investigar a associação entre participação em atividades e funcionamento cognitivo; investigar a associação entre participação em atividades e incidência de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência; e examinar a associação entre participação em diferentes tipos de atividade (social, física, cognitiva e cotidiana) e funcionamento cognitivo, comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência. MÉTODO: O presente estudo é parte do estudo epidemiológico Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH), uma coorte prospectiva de idosos, com 65 anos e mais, moradores de áreas pobres do Distrito do Butantã, São Paulo. Participantes do presente estudo não tinham demência na inclusão da coorte e foram reavaliados após 24 meses da avaliação inicial. A participação em atividades foi avaliada na inclusão da coorte com um questionário desenvolvido para um estudo transcultural, o Indianapolis-Ibadan Dementia Project. O registro da participação em atividades foi realizado com uma escala de 7 pontos do tipo Likert, com extremos entre 0 (nunca) e 6 (mais de 6 vezes por semana). As atividades foram agrupadas em quatro categorias (social, física, cognitiva e cotidiana). Um escore total de participação em atividades foi obtido por meio da soma das pontuações para cada uma das 42 atividades avaliadas. Um escore parcial também foi obtido para cada categoria de atividade. O funcionamento cognitivo foi avaliado com o Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID). O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico seguiu o critério estabelecido pela Academia Americana de Neurologia para comprometimento objetivo de memória. O diagnóstico de demência seguiu os critérios da quarta edição revisada do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) e utilizou informações do protocolo padronizado para o diagnóstico de demência, desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Demência 10/66. Regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para estimar mudanças no escore do funcionamento cognitivo, com intervalo de 95% de confiança e controle dos possíveis efeitos de confusão para estado cognitivo, características sociodemográficas e estado funcional. Regressão logística foi utilizada para estimar o risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência, com intervalo de 95% de confiança e controle dos possíveis efeitos de confusão para estado cognitivo, características sociodemográficas e estado funcional. RESULTADOS: 1.520 participantes foram incluídos na coorte e 1.243 foram reavaliados no seguimento. Participação em atividades sociais foi a mais frequente, relatada por 99,0% dos idosos, seguida por participação em atividades cotidianas (95,0%), cognitivas (63,0%) e físicas (49,0%). Foram encontradas associações positivas entre participação em atividades e funcionamento cognitivo (1,0; IC95% 0,4-1,5) e entre participação em atividades cognitivas e funcionamento cognitivo (3,1; IC95% 1,4-4,7). Participação em atividades cotidianas esteve associada com redução do risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico (OR 0,9; IC95% 0,84-0,99). Participação em atividades esteve associada com redução do risco de demência (OR 0,9; IC95% 0,92-0,99) e participação em atividades cotidianas também se mostrou associada com redução do risco de demência (OR 0,9; IC95% 0,83-0,98). CONCLUSÃO: Participação em atividades possivelmente preserva a capacidade cognitiva e reduz o risco de comprometimento cognitivo leve amnésico e demência em idosos brasileiros. Diferentemente dos países desenvolvidos, na população idosa brasileira as atividades mais frequentes são aquelas que não requerem escolaridade e poder aquisitivo. Apesar disso, foram encontradas associações positivas entre participação em atividades e cognição. Políticas públicas devem enfatizar a participação em atividades como medida preventiva para comprometimento cognitivo e demência / Participation in activities and cognitive functioning: a cohort study with older adults residents in low income area in Sao Paulo functioning, with 95% confidence interval and controlling possible confounding effects of cognitive status, sociodemographic characteristics and functional status. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of amnesic mild cognitive impairment and dementia, with 95% confidence interval and controlling possible confounding effects of cognitive status, sociodemographic characteristics and functional status. RESULTS: 1520 participants were included in the cohort and 1243 were reassessed in follow up assessment. Participation in social activities was the most frequent, reported by 99.0% of the elderly, followed by participation in daily activities (95.0%), cognitive activities (63.0%) and physical activities (49.0%). We found positive associations between participation in activities and cognitive functioning ( 1.0; 95% CI 0.4-1.5) and between participation in cognitive activities and cognitive functioning ( 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-4.7). Participation in daily activities was associated with reduced risk of amnesic mild cognitive impairment (OR 0.9; CI 95% 0.84-0.99). Participation in activities was associated with reduced risk of dementia (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.92-0.99) and participation in daily activities also shown to be associated with reduced risk of dementia (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.83-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Participation in activities possibly preserves the cognitive capacity and reduces the risk of amnesic mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Brazilian older adults. Unlike developed countries, Brazilian elderly population the most frequent activities are those that do not require education and purchasing power. Nevertheless, we found positive associations between participation in activities and cognition. We suggest that public policies should emphasize the participation in such activities as a preventive measure for cognitive impairment and dementia .