M.A. (Latin) / I found the doctoral thesis of Pauw, "Karaktertekening by Ammianus Marcellinus", an interesting study. In particular I was fascinated by the table given in the appendix, in which the number of times both the positive and the negative characteristics in Ammianus 1's portrayal of four emperors, who reigned for a reasonable time, and four of the more important minor characters are indicated in the various devices of character portrayal open to the author. I wondered if such a wide variety and frequency of these direct and indirect methods of character depiction could be identified in the work of an historian like Livy, who is the first historiographer of the old annalistic tradition, whose work is extant in significant quantity (Lintott, p. 234)...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第21042号 / 人健博第58号 / 新制||人健||4(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 坪山 直生, 教授 黒木 裕士, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Objective: To examine the influence of a 6-week training program on the electromechanical delay (EMD) and reaction time of the peroneus longus muscle. Design and Setting: The study was guided by a 2 x 2 factorial design with repeated measures on the time factor. The independent variables for this study were group (training and control) and time (pre- and post-training). Dependent variables for this study were muscle reaction time and electromechanical delay of the peroneus longus muscle. Subjects: Thirty-six healthy, physically active, college-age (21.8 ± 2.3 yr) male and female (M = 14, F = 28, height = 173.7 ± 11.2 cm, weight = 69.1 ± 18.4 kg) subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects had experienced no more than one ankle sprain to either ankle in their life, and had not sprained either ankle in the last year. Subjects were not currently experiencing any lower extremity pathology and had no history of serious injury to either lower extremity. Measurements: The EMD of the peroneus longus was determined by the onset of force contribution after a percutaneous electrical stimulation was administered, as measured by EMG and force plate data. Reaction time was measured after a perturbation during walking. Data was analyzed using two 2 X 2 X 2 ANOVAs. Group (treatment and control) and gender were between treatments factors, and time was a within treatments factor. Results: Upon initial examination, there was a trend in the EMD measurements to show an increase in EMD in the treatment group. However, this lacked statistical significance (F = 2.96, p = 0.0983). Reaction time demonstrated a trend towards a decrease in reaction time in the treatment group, but again, this lacked statistical significance (F = 2.88, p = 0.1025). Effect size for this reaction time was 1.2. Conclusions: The 6-week training program used in this study did not have a significant effect on the reaction time and electromechanical delay of the peroneus longus muscle.

An estimated 23,000 ankle injuries occur every day in the U.S. Ankle sprains account for 85% of all ankle injuries and inversion ankle sprains account for 85% of all ankle sprains. There is growing evidence that suggests gender and fatigue may increase the risk for inversion ankle sprains. Investigating the effects of fatigue and gender on peroneal reflex response after ankle inversion may help explain the differences in sprain rates with fatigue and gender. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue and gender on peroneus brevis and peroneus longus reflexes after ankle inversion. A "trap-door" platform was used to elicit peroneal reflexes from sixteen males and fifteen females by suddenly inverting the ankle to 20°. Five unfatigued peroneal reflex measurements were performed before and after a fatigue protocol that attempted to fatigue the ankle evertors over 12 minutes to 75% of the unfatigued MVC torque. Results showed that reflex delay was not affected by fatigue, gender, or their interaction. PL reflex amplitude was not affected by fatigue or gender but was affected by their interaction. Results showed that PL reflex amplitude decreased by 11.3% in males and increased 22.1% in females with fatigue. A secondary analysis attempted to rule out extraneous factors that could have contributed to the differences in reflex response, but no experimental explanations were found. The differences in PL reflex amplitude were attributed to biomechanical, physiological, and anatomical differences between males and females. / Master of Science

Cette étude s’attache à l’observation et l’analyse du fait religieux dans les romans grecs. Les romans de Chariton, Xénophon d’Éphèse, Longus, Achille Tatius et Héliodore forment un corpus étonnamment cohérent, au vu de la distance temporelle qui les sépare. Ils se refusent pourtant à toute tentative de généralisation en matière religieuse. Prenant le contre-pied des études symbolistes, ce travail présente un relevé exhaustif de la religion observable dans les romans. Sont ainsi étudiés les lieux de culte et leur personnel, ansi que les actes rituels effectués par les personnages. La mise en rapport des cultes romanesques avec l'archéologie et les conceptions religieuses des époques classique et impériale se révèle un moyen de prendre la mesure d’une reconstruction romanesque de la réalité, passée ou contemporaine. Le rapport de valeur établi dans les romans entre sacrifice et prière ainsi qu’entre cultes collectif et personnel permet d'apercevoir certains aspects de la religion propres à l'époque impériale. Mis en relation avec l'usage rhétorique et romanesque du fait religieux, il permet également de définir le projet de chacun des romanciers, en matière religieuse et politique, mais aussi esthétique. / This thesis concentrates on the observation and analysis of places, people and acts of religion in Greek fiction. Charito, Xenophon Ephesius, Longus, Achilles Tatius and Heliodorus have produced suprisingly similar novels given that they were written at quite different times, although they still resist every attempt at religious generalisation. Traditionnal studies on the subject are symbolistic, on the contrary, here we will analyse the concrete aspects of religion, as they actually appear in these novels. So we will study the sacred places, the priests, and the rituals performed out by the novel's characters. The comparison of these fictionnal cults with archeological findings and religious conceptions from Imperial and Classical times will allow us to mesure the novelist's reconstruction of a reality, pertaining to their present or their past. The respective value given in these novels to sacrifice and prayer, to collective and individual cults shows some modern aspects of Greek religion in the Imperial era. If put in relation with the rhetorical and dramatic use of religion, this will also provide elements to define each novelist's religious, political but also esthetic project.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / South Africa is recognised worldwide for its rich diversity of plants, many of which have been used in ethno-medicine. However, the use of wetland plant species in ethno-medicine required further investigations. This research is aimed at investigating three wetland medicinal, plant species, Centella asiatica, Cyperus longus and Typha capensis based on their geographical, seasonal, mineral nutrient (Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, K and Na) and secondary metabolite characteristics. Samples of each species were collected from Grabouw, Kelderhoff, Kenilworth, Pringle Bay, University of the Western Cape (UWC) and Worcester within the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Specimen and soil collections were carried out during autumn, spring, summer and winter of 2014. Both plant and soil samples were acid digested and mineral nutrient concentrations in the samples were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Secondary metabolites were determined using analytical TLC on normal phase Merck-Silva gel coated aluminium plates as well as by using HPLC separation from crude extracts of C. asiatica, C. longus and T. capensis using LC-MS hardware from Agilent. The elemental analysis of soil samples showed that Ca, K, Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations were predominantly low. Soil mineral concentrations increased progressively from inland (Worcester) towards the coastland in the south (Pringle Bay). Calcium and sodium concentrations, in particular, were higher in soil samples obtained from Grabouw (inland south) and decreased northward towards Worcester. Comparatively, plant mineral concentrations were generally higher than soil concentrations. The high concentration of some of these essential elements, in selected plants is an indication that these plant species could be a good source of essential elements. High concentrations of phytochemicals were found in Centella asiatica during winter, while Cyperus longus and Typha capensis exhibited high concentrations during autumn indicating variation in respect of season. Consequently, harvesting of the studied plants should be done at the season with a relatively high phytochemical concentration. Studies are needed to investigate the extent of pesticide or herbicide contamination in wetland plants to protect the health of users. The LC-MS analyses of the three study species showed that seasonal variation affects metabolite constituents and moreover that these metabolite constituents differ from one locality to another. The seasonal variation of the elements in the studied medicinal plants justified the importance of harvesting seasons in the optimal utilization of the studied plants for medicinal purpose. s, for C. asiatica, anti-bacterial treatments for C. longus and fertility enhancement and birth control for T. capensis.

Problemas relacionados a lesões de nervos periféricos com consequentes perdas sensitivas e motoras tornaram-se frequentes no dia a dia da prática clínica e hospitalar, em consequência do aumento da violência urbana, dos acidentes de trânsito, acidentes profissionais e domésticos. Por esta razão, a busca por estratégias e técnicas que possam reparar a lesão nervosa e restabelecer a função do tecido lesado é importante e de grande valia no âmbito da saúde. Para reparar lesões nervosas com perda de tecido nervoso, várias técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido utilizadas, uma das técnicas mais comum é o uso do enxerto autógeno, mas técnicas alternativas têm sido propostas a fim de evitar as complicações ao local doador e acelerar o processo de regeneração nervosa como, por exemplo, a da tubulização. O uso desta técnica tem sido mais utilizado para o preenchimento dos tubos com substâncias que acelerem ou induzam o crescimento axonal. Baseado no exposto anteriormente pensou-se na realização desta pesquisa com o objetivo de verificar se uso de tubo de polietileno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo na técnica de tubulização alteraria a recuperação dos músculos sóleo (de contração lenta) e Extensor longo dos dedos (de contração rápida). Para isso foram utilizados 45 ratos (Rattus norvegicus),Wistar, machos, que foram divididos em cinco grupos, sendo, três controles, e dois experimentais. Nos grupos experimentais foram realizados a tubulização de polietilieno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo (GECP e GESP, respectivamente). Os tubos foram testados para avaliar a eficácia em reduzir a lacuna crítica de 10 mm do nervo isquiático. Os animais dos grupos experimentais foram sacrificados 150 dias após a cirurgia. Dos três grupos controles, dois não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e receberam o nome de inicial (GCI) e final (GCF) e foram sacrificados com 80 e 230 dias de vida respectivamente. E no outro grupo controle, denominado desnervado (GCD) os animais foram submetidos à secção do nervo isquiático. Antes do sacrifício os animais foram submetidos à análise funcional da marcha. Durante o sacrifício foram retiradas amostras dos músculos sóleo e Extensor longo dos dedos, que foram submetidas à coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Tricrômico de Masson, e também a reações de m-ATPase e NADH-Tr. Imunomarcações foi utilizada para a expressão de Myod e miogenina. Os dados foram submetidos ao tratamento estatístico. Os resultados mostraram que nos animais dos grupos experimentais tiveram melhor recuperação muscular do que os dos animais desnervados e foi inferior quando comparado com o grupo controle final (GCF). Baseado nestes dados pode-se concluir que o uso do tubo de polietileno poroso com preenchimento de tecido adiposo interferiu positivamente na recuperação tanto do músculo sóleo quanto o extensor longo dos dedos. / Problems related to injuries of peripheral nerves with consequent sensory and motor losses are seen more frequently in daily clinical and hospital practice due to an increase in urban violence, traffic accidents, domestic and labour accidents. For this reason, the search for strategies and techniques that can repair nerve damage and restore function of damaged tissue is important and of great value in health care. To repair nerve damage with loss of nerve tissue, several surgical techniques have been used, one of the common techniques is the use of the autograft, but alternative techniques have been proposed to avoid complications to the donor site and accelerate the process of nerve regeneration, such as tubulization. The use of this technique has been further utilized by filling the tubes with substances that speed up or induce axonal growth. Based on the previous work, in this research we wanted to see whether tubilization with the help of porous polyethylene tube filled with and without adipose tissue alter the recovery of the soleus (slow twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (fast twitch) muscles. For this we used 45 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), who were divided into five groups, three control and two experimental. In the experimental groups, tubulization was performed using porous polyethylene filled with (GECP) and without adipose tissue (GESP). The conduits were tested for efficacy in bridging the critical gap length of 10 mm in sciatic nerves.The animals of experimental groups were sacrificed 150 days after surgery. Of the three control groups, two did not undergo surgery, and were named as (GCI) for Initial and (GCF) for final group in which the animals were sacrificed at 80 and 230 days old respectively. And another control group, called denervated (GCD), the animals were subjected to sciatic nerve section. Prior to sacrifice the animals were subjected to functional analysis of gait. During the sacrifice, samples were taken from soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, which were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson\'s trichrome and were also subjected to reactions of m-ATPase and NADH Tr. Immunostaining was also utilised for the expression of MyoD and myogenin. The data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that animals of experimental groups have better muscle recovery than those of denervated animals however the recovery was inferior when compared with the final control group (GCF).Based on these data we can conclude that the use of porous polyethylene tube filled with adipose tissue had a positive influence on the recovery of both the soleus and extensor digitorum longus.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leslie Jeronimo.pdf: 1310262 bytes, checksum: 31b9beed076ffaa86c2f666ef6e3d8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / Protein energy malnutrition causes changes in several organs and systems and the earlier malnutrition occurs, more intense and permanent will be its effects. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological and morphometric aspects of the muscle fibers and neuromuscular junctions (end-plates) of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of rats subjected to maternal protein restriction during the periods of gestation and lactation. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) control group 21 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation a normal protein diet (17 %); 2) restricted group 21 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation with a low protein diet (6 %); 3) control group 365 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation on a normal protein diet (17 %) until the day of weaning, and after this period the diet was standard diet until age 365 days; and 4) restricted group 365 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation with a low protein diet (6 %) until the day of weaning, and after this period the diet was standard diet until age 365 days. After the periods of 21 and 365 days, the male rats of each group were weighed and euthanized for the removal of the EDL muscle. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) technique was performed for the histological analysis of the muscle fibers and histoenzymological analysis was performed using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH - TR). The ultrastructural study of the EDL muscle fibers was conducted using a transmission electron microscope. For the end-plates staining, muscle samples were subjected to nonspecific esterase reaction. Restricted animals with 21 or 365 days old showed a significant decrease in body weight. Histological analysis of the fibers in the restricted animals aged 21 days showed an increased amount of fetal fibers, myotubes and centered nuclei, compared with the respective control group. Histoenzymological analysis revealed a significant decrease in the area of type IIa fibers in the animals of the restricted group aged 365 days compared with the control group of the same age. Regarding the ultrastructural study, the EDL muscle of restricted animals with 21 days old showed dissolution of the Z line, the presence of lipid droplets in the midst of myofibrils, myelin figures in the subsarcolemmal and intramiofibrilar regions and nuclei in the central position in the muscle fiber line were frequent. Disorganization of the Z line and the myofibrils was also found in animals from the restricted group aged 365 days. The analysis of the end-plates showed a significant decrease in the area, and in the major and minor diameters of the restricted animals aged 21 days compared to their respective controls. These results suggest that maternal protein restriction during gestation and lactation alters the development and morphology of the offspring skeletal muscle / A desnutrição energético proteica (DEP) causa alterações em diversos sistemas e órgãos, sendo seus efeitos mais intensos e permanentes quanto mais precocemente ocorrer a desnutrição. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos das fibras musculares e junções neuromusculares (JNMs) do músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL) de ratos submetidos à restrição proteica materna, durante os períodos de gestação e lactação. Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo controle 21 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração normoproteica (17%); Grupo restrito 21 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração hipoproteica (6%); Grupo controle 365 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração normoproteica (17%) até o dia do desmame e, após este período, a dieta fornecida para a prole foi ração normoproteica até a idade de 365 dias e Grupo restrito 365 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração hipoproteica (6%) até o dia do desmame e, após este período, a dieta fornecida foi ração normoproteica até a idade de 365 dias. Após os períodos 21 e 365 dias, os ratos machos de cada grupo foram pesados e eutanasiados para a retirada do músculo EDL. Para o estudo histológico das fibras musculares foi realizado a técnica Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e para análise histoenzimológica foi feita a marcação com o Nicotinamida Adenina Dinucleotídeo - Tetrazolium Reductase - (NADH-TR). O estudo ultraestrutural das fibras musculares do EDL foi conduzido no microscópio eletrônico de transmissão. Para a marcação das JNMs, amostras do músculo foram submetidas à reação Esterase Inespecífica. Os resultados mostraram diminuição do peso corpóreo nos animais restritos com 21 e 365 dias de idade. A análise histológica das fibras musculares nos animais restrito com 21 dias mostrou maior quantidade de fibras fetais, miotubos e núcleos centralizados, quando comparado com seu respectivo grupo controle. O estudo histoenzimológico revelou uma diminuição significativa da área das fibras tipo IIa nos animais do grupo restrito 365 dias de idade em relação ao grupo controle de mesma idade. Quanto ao estudo ultraestrutural, o músculo EDL nos animais do grupo restrito 21 dias apresentou dissolução da linha Z, presença de gotículas de lipídios em meio às miofibrilas e figuras de mielina nas regiões subsarcolemal e intramiofibrilar e núcleos em posição central na fibra muscular foram frequentes. No grupo restrito 365 dias também foi verificado uma desorganização da linha Z e das miofibrilas. A análise das JNMs mostrou que houve diminuição significativa da área e dos diâmetros maior e menor nos animais restritos com 21 dias quando comparado com seu respectivo grupo controle. Esses resultados sugerem que restrição proteica materna durante a gestação e lactação altera o desenvolvimento e morfologia do músculo estriado esquelético da prole

Problemas relacionados a lesões de nervos periféricos com consequentes perdas sensitivas e motoras tornaram-se frequentes no dia a dia da prática clínica e hospitalar, em consequência do aumento da violência urbana, dos acidentes de trânsito, acidentes profissionais e domésticos. Por esta razão, a busca por estratégias e técnicas que possam reparar a lesão nervosa e restabelecer a função do tecido lesado é importante e de grande valia no âmbito da saúde. Para reparar lesões nervosas com perda de tecido nervoso, várias técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido utilizadas, uma das técnicas mais comum é o uso do enxerto autógeno, mas técnicas alternativas têm sido propostas a fim de evitar as complicações ao local doador e acelerar o processo de regeneração nervosa como, por exemplo, a da tubulização. O uso desta técnica tem sido mais utilizado para o preenchimento dos tubos com substâncias que acelerem ou induzam o crescimento axonal. Baseado no exposto anteriormente pensou-se na realização desta pesquisa com o objetivo de verificar se uso de tubo de polietileno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo na técnica de tubulização alteraria a recuperação dos músculos sóleo (de contração lenta) e Extensor longo dos dedos (de contração rápida). Para isso foram utilizados 45 ratos (Rattus norvegicus),Wistar, machos, que foram divididos em cinco grupos, sendo, três controles, e dois experimentais. Nos grupos experimentais foram realizados a tubulização de polietilieno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo (GECP e GESP, respectivamente). Os tubos foram testados para avaliar a eficácia em reduzir a lacuna crítica de 10 mm do nervo isquiático. Os animais dos grupos experimentais foram sacrificados 150 dias após a cirurgia. Dos três grupos controles, dois não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e receberam o nome de inicial (GCI) e final (GCF) e foram sacrificados com 80 e 230 dias de vida respectivamente. E no outro grupo controle, denominado desnervado (GCD) os animais foram submetidos à secção do nervo isquiático. Antes do sacrifício os animais foram submetidos à análise funcional da marcha. Durante o sacrifício foram retiradas amostras dos músculos sóleo e Extensor longo dos dedos, que foram submetidas à coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Tricrômico de Masson, e também a reações de m-ATPase e NADH-Tr. Imunomarcações foi utilizada para a expressão de Myod e miogenina. Os dados foram submetidos ao tratamento estatístico. Os resultados mostraram que nos animais dos grupos experimentais tiveram melhor recuperação muscular do que os dos animais desnervados e foi inferior quando comparado com o grupo controle final (GCF). Baseado nestes dados pode-se concluir que o uso do tubo de polietileno poroso com preenchimento de tecido adiposo interferiu positivamente na recuperação tanto do músculo sóleo quanto o extensor longo dos dedos. / Problems related to injuries of peripheral nerves with consequent sensory and motor losses are seen more frequently in daily clinical and hospital practice due to an increase in urban violence, traffic accidents, domestic and labour accidents. For this reason, the search for strategies and techniques that can repair nerve damage and restore function of damaged tissue is important and of great value in health care. To repair nerve damage with loss of nerve tissue, several surgical techniques have been used, one of the common techniques is the use of the autograft, but alternative techniques have been proposed to avoid complications to the donor site and accelerate the process of nerve regeneration, such as tubulization. The use of this technique has been further utilized by filling the tubes with substances that speed up or induce axonal growth. Based on the previous work, in this research we wanted to see whether tubilization with the help of porous polyethylene tube filled with and without adipose tissue alter the recovery of the soleus (slow twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (fast twitch) muscles. For this we used 45 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), who were divided into five groups, three control and two experimental. In the experimental groups, tubulization was performed using porous polyethylene filled with (GECP) and without adipose tissue (GESP). The conduits were tested for efficacy in bridging the critical gap length of 10 mm in sciatic nerves.The animals of experimental groups were sacrificed 150 days after surgery. Of the three control groups, two did not undergo surgery, and were named as (GCI) for Initial and (GCF) for final group in which the animals were sacrificed at 80 and 230 days old respectively. And another control group, called denervated (GCD), the animals were subjected to sciatic nerve section. Prior to sacrifice the animals were subjected to functional analysis of gait. During the sacrifice, samples were taken from soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, which were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson\'s trichrome and were also subjected to reactions of m-ATPase and NADH Tr. Immunostaining was also utilised for the expression of MyoD and myogenin. The data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that animals of experimental groups have better muscle recovery than those of denervated animals however the recovery was inferior when compared with the final control group (GCF).Based on these data we can conclude that the use of porous polyethylene tube filled with adipose tissue had a positive influence on the recovery of both the soleus and extensor digitorum longus.

Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi Dolder / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_JulianaCastro_D.pdf: 3195959 bytes, checksum: df90aa1ceb6206d4b8d1a040083df0c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos da infusão de Heteropterys aphrodisiaca no músculo esquelético, tendão e osso de ratos submetidos ao treinamento de endurance. Ratos Wistar machos foram agrupados da seguinte maneira: CS-controle sedentário, HS-H. aphrodisiaca sedentário, CT-controle treinado, HT-H. aphrodisiaca treinado. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu de corrida em esteira motorizada, cinco vezes por semana, com aumento semanal de velocidade e duração. Os animais dos grupos controle receberam água, enquanto HS e HT receberam infusão de H. aphrodisiaca, diariamente, por gavagem durante 8 semanas, correspondente ao período de treinamento. O sangue foi coletado para dosagem de testosterona. O músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL), tendão calcanear e a tíbia foram congelados para análises histoquímicas, bioquímicas, biomecânicas e para Western Blot, ou preservados em fixador Karnovsky, sendo posteriormente processados para análises morfométricas e estereológicas utilizando microscopia de luz e eletrônica. O conteúdo de hidroxiprolina, a tensão máxima e o módulo de elasticidade aumentaram (p<0,05) nos tendões dos animais do grupo HT. A atividade da metalopeptidase-2 foi reduzida significativamente nos tendões dos animais do grupo HT. A região de compressão dos tendões dos animais do grupo HT apresentou intensa metacromasia, o que sugere aumento na concentração de glicosaminoglicanos nessa região tendão. Foi observada intensa birrefringência nas regiões de tensão e compressão dos tendões dos animais do grupo HT, o que pode indicar maior nível de organização dos feixes de colágeno. Os níveis de testosterona plasmáticos e a concentração de receptores de andrógeno no músculo esquelético aumentaram significativamente nos animais do grupo HS. A área média de secção transversa das fibras musculares dos animais do grupo HT foi semelhante à área das fibras dos animais sedentários, e aumentou significativamente quando comparados com os animais do grupo CT. A vascularização intramuscular e a densidade volumétrica de mitocôndria foram significativamente maiores nos animais do grupo HT. Nenhuma alteração foi observada nos tipos de fibras musculares para todos os grupos. Os animais do grupo HT mostraram significativo aumento de força e tensão no limite elástico durante o teste biomecânico da tíbia. O conteúdo de colágeno e os dados morfométricos da tíbia não foram alterados nos diferentes grupos. A força e tensão máxima, rigidez e módulo de elasticidade da tíbia foram semelhantes em todos os grupos experimentais. As microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou aumento de lacunas e canais de Havers nos ossos dos animais treinados, além disso, os ósteons estavam mais desorganizados quando comparados com os ossos dos animais sedentários. Essas alterações podem indicar que os ossos dos animais treinados estavam sendo remodelados. Portanto, com oito semanas de treinamento não foi possível verificar alterações nas medidas morfométricas, composição e nas propriedades mecânicas (rigidez e módulo de elasticidade) dos ossos dos animais treinados e/ou tratados com a infusão da planta. Por outro lado, a associação do treinamento de endurance com H. aphorodisiaca resultou em tendões mais resistentes para suportar as altas cargas geradas pelas contradições musculares repetidas, aumentou a área de secção transversa das fibras musculares, a densidade volumétrica de mitocôndrias e a vascularização do músculo, assim, sugerindo um aumento da capacidade de endurance dos animais. / Abstract: This study investigated the effects of Heteropterys aphrodisiaca infusion on the skeletal muscle, tendon and bone of rats under endurance training. Male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: CS- control sedentary, HS- H. aphrodisiaca sedentary , CT-control trained, HT- H. aphrodisiaca trained. The training protocol consisted in running on a motorized treadmill, five times a week, with weekly increase in treadmill velocity and duration. Control groups received water while the HS and HT groups received H. aphrodisiaca infusion, daily, by gavage for the 8 weeks of training. The blood was collected for testosterone dosage. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, Achilles tendons and tibiae were frozen for histochemical, Western Blotting, biochemical and biomechanical analylis or preserved in Karnovsky's fixative, then processed for morphological analysis by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Biomechanical analysis showed significant increase (p<0.05) in maximum stress and modulus of elasticity of the tendons of the HT animal. The metalloproteinase-2 activity was reduced in the HT tendons. The compression region of tendons of HT animals had a stronger and more intense metachromasy, which suggests increase in glycosaminoglycan concentration in this region of the tendon. The most intense birefringence was observed in both compression and tesion regions of the tendon of HT animals, which may indicate a higher organizational level of collagen bundles. The tendon hidroxyproline content increased significantly is HS animals. The EDL mean cross-section area of HT group was similar to sedentary groups and increased significantly when compared with CT group. The intramuscular vascularization and mitochondria volume density were significantly greater in the HT group compared with other groups. No alterations were observed in the muscle fiber composition for all groups. The HT group showed significantly higher yield load and yield stress in the tibiae three-point bending test. The tibiae collagen content, morphometrical data were not significantly different for the four groups. The maximum load, stiffness, maximum stress and elastic modulus were statistically similar for all for the experimental groups. Scanning electron microscopy showed more lacunae and Havers canals in the bone of trained animals, moreover the osteons were more disorganized, when compared with sedentary groups. These alterations may indicate that the bone of trained animals was being remodeled. Possibly, the duration of training in this study was not sufficient to alter the bone morphometrical measurements, composition and mechanical properties (stiffness and modulus of elasticity) of the trained and treated animals. On the other hand, the association of endurance training with H. aphrodisiaca resulted in more resistant tendons to support high loads from repeated muscle contraction. Also, the association of H. aphrodisiacaI and the exercise protocol increased the mean area of muscle fiber, mitochondrial volume density and muscular vascularization , suggesting an increase of the endurance capacity of these animals. / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural