Urbanization increases runoff during storm events due to a reduction in vegetation and an increase in impervious surfaces, which limits the land's capacity to absorb and slow down water. This increase in runoff contributes to channel erosion. While extensive research exists on the hydrologic benefits of various types of stormwater control measures (SCMs), the relationship between urbanization, widespread SCM implementation, and channel stability in headwater streams remains less explored. Additionally, the impact of climate change (CC) on SCMs, with its growing focus due to improved global and regional CC models and data, is a critical area of study. However, most existing studies rely on simplified design storm analyses and unit-area runoff models, and there is a lack of comprehensive research evaluating the long-term, continuous hydrologic response of SCMs under future CC scenarios. This study presents an in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of SCMs in maintaining channel stability in urbanized headwater streams, with a particular focus on the challenges posed by urbanization and CC. Conducted in a small catchment in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA, the study employs a sequential hierarchical modeling approach integrating the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). First, the impact of a stormwater management system design following Maryland's Unified Stormwater Sizing Criteria (USSC) on channel stability was investigated. Simulation over 16 years (2004-2020) demonstrated that the majority of storm events were short in duration, with the greatest peak flows resulting from storm events with durations less than 24 hours. However, results indicated that despite the use of multiple SCMs, channel changes, including both degradation and aggradation up to 1.2 m, are likely over a period of 16 years. Study results indicate SCMs should be designed using continuous simulation models to simulate pre- and post-development sediment transport. Secondly, the impact of SCMs and CC on flow regime and channel stability was examined, challenging the previous simplified analyses. The findings highlight that future CC scenarios, characterized by decreased total rainfall but increased intensity, will likely shift watershed hydrology towards a flashier regime, exacerbating channel erosion. To address these shortcomings, a multicriteria design approach for SCMs is required, considering local sediment transport capacity and the complexities of urban catchments under changing climatic conditions. Lastly, evaluation of the impact of proposed stormwater regulations on channel stability using a novel three-step methodology revealed that SCM design goals focused on maintaining pre-development sediment transport or excess shear stress could reduce channel disturbance. Overall, this study illustrates the need for more nuanced and holistic approaches to stormwater management to ensure channel stability, especially in the face of the challenges posed by climatic changes. / Doctor of Philosophy / As cities grow, with more buildings and roads replacing green spaces, managing stormwater becomes a crucial challenge. Without enough soil and plants to absorb it, stormwater rushes over these hard surfaces, contributing to stream erosion. This urban scenario sets the stage for my research, which investigated effective ways to handle stormwater in cities to protect small, local streams. The focus of this study was to understand the performance of stormwater control measures (SCMs), which are engineered structures designed to manage this excessive runoff in urban environments. The key question is: Are SCMs effective, especially as we face the impacts of climate change? This research was conducted in a small watershed in Montgomery County, Maryland, using computer simulations to replicate water flow and stream conditions over a 16-year period. The findings reveal that, despite using SCMs, streams can still experience significant changes. This is especially true during intense, short-duration storms that can rapidly increase stream flow and cause channel erosion. With climate change, these problems may increase. Future weather patterns could lead to less frequent but more intense rainstorms. This study suggests that our approach to designing SCMs needs to be more sophisticated, taking into account not only the amount of water running into streams, but also the amount of coarse sediment moving during floods. In summary, this research highlights the need for comprehensive strategies in urban water management to ensure the stability and health of urban streams amidst the challenges of increasing urban development and climatic changes.

Cities are facing environmental crises like never before, with problems of excess water runoff, degraded water quality, air pollution, and energy use reaching critical levels. The development of urban areas and the built environment is the primary cause of these problems and the built environment needs to be a part of the solution. This design thesis project produces a prototype design for the Urban EcoHousing development on a city block in Alexandria, Virginia. Design goals for the project connect the "Ecological Services of the Urban Landscape" to the "Rights of the Urban EcoHousing Resident" to create livable green spaces that can serve ecological functions and give the residents spaces to use. A comparison study with a conventional housing development at the same location illustrates that ecohousing can meet the requirements of the conventional development while providing superior results for the residents and the environment. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / Porous concrete pavements have been used in the eastern United States to effectively manage storm water when used as an alternative to impervious surfaces. This paper reviewed a wide body of available literature and research to examine their potential to reduce runoff at the University of Arizona. This study found that their unique structural properties enable them to infiltrate and detain large volumes of water in a stone sub-base below the slab, filtering out many street related contaminants without the need to install additional infrastructure. Porous concrete surfaces may support green development in the southwest where water is both a sensitive and valuable resource. However, long-term structural durability, clogging potential due to dust, and maintenance requirements have yet to be fully understood in this region. This paper then summarizes critical factors that affect the performance of porous concrete and proposes a framework for future study to be conducted by the University of Arizona in a way that would reduce runoff to major campus roads, contribute to a better understanding of sustainable storm water management in the southwest, and demonstrate leadership in environmental stewardship.

Partial-infiltration permeable pavement (PP) systems provide environmental benefits by increasing infiltration, attenuating storm flows and improving stormwater quality. This thesis focuses on the performance and operation of partial-infiltration PP systems over low permeability soil in Ontario. Three PP, AquaPave®, Eco-Optiloc® and Hydromedia® Pervious Concrete were monitored over two years and their performance was evaluated relative to an impermeable Asphalt control. Field data was collected from the Kortright PP pilot parking lot in Vaughan, Ontario. Through the use of restrictor valves on underdrains the PP systems were shown to provide substantial hydrologic benefits by eliminating stormwater outflow for rain events less than 7mm, reducing peak flows by 91% and reducing total stormwater volume by 43%. Stormwater quality was analyzed for winter and non-winter seasons. The PP were shown to greatly reduce the concentration and total loading of suspended solids, nutrients, hydrocarbons and most heavy metals. Some water quality data, such as pH, K, or Sr levels, indicate that the quality of PP effluent will change as the system ages. Study of PP sample boxes at the University of Guelph highlighted the role that construction materials have on effluent quality and showed that pollutants introduced by the pavement and aggregate are almost entirely in a dissolved form and decline very rapidly after a season of exposure to rainfall. Benefits to water quality were sustained during winter months. The partial-infiltration PP systems were shown to provide buffering of Na and Cl concentrations. Small and large-scale maintenance practices for PP systems were investigated. Small-sized equipment testing found that vacuum cleaning and pressure-washing have good potential to improve infiltration capacity. Testing of full-sized streetsweeping trucks demonstrated that permeability can be partially restored on PICP by suction-based sweeping. Vacuum-sweeping was beneficial on a PC pavement which had experienced large permeability losses. Results of this study indicate that partial-infiltration PP systems can be effective measures for maintaining or restoring infiltration functions on parking lots and other low volume traffic areas, even in areas with low permeability soils.

Centralized infrastructure (CI) is difficult to sustain with limited water and fossil fuel resources because CI withdraws 100% of water demand from the environment as an open-loop system and electricity is consumed to transport and treat water and wastewater while demand is increasing. Hybrid infrastructure (HI) is proposed to combine CI with decentralized alternatives such as low impact development (LID) technologies (i.e., xeriscaping, rain gardens, and rainwater harvesting) or greywater reclamation systems with membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Water, wastewater, and stormwater systems in the City of Atlanta (COA) were regarded as CI. HI was compared to CI using life cycle environmental impacts measured by water reuse index (WRI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) scores. WRI is a ratio of water withdrawal to sustainable water resources of wastewater (i.e., return flow) and stormwater discharge, which presents water stress level (e.g., 0.2 ~ 0.4: medium-high level). LCA score is determined as % of annual world average environmental damage per capita. As stormwater runoff, water demand, greywater generation, rainwater harvesting, etc. vary depending on land use and population density, feasibility of decentralized alternatives was evaluated in eleven residential communities. Five single-family residential communities were designated as between R-1 of 16 people/10 acres and R-5 of 169 people/10 acres and six multi-family residential communities were designated as between RG-1 of 148 people/10 acres and RG-6 of 5,808 people/10 acres. HI with LID technologies reduced WRI of COA that relies on CI from 0.45 to 0.12. HI reduced the LCA scores of CI with combined sewer system (CSS) by between 1% for RG-6 and 68% for R-1 and the LCA scores of CI with separate sewer system (SSS) by between 0% for RG-6 and 18% for R-1. As population density increases for the multi-family residential communities, harvested rainwater decreases and a small amount of water demand is satisfied. Consequently, it has a negligible impact on the LCA scores in RG-6. HI with greywater reclamation system reduced WRI of COA from 0.45 to 0.35. HI resulted in the LCA scores greater as compared to CI in the five single-family communities and RG-1, RG-2, and RG-3 because of the electricity consumption of small-scale MBR. However, the electricity consumption per kgal decreases with increasing MBR treatment capacity and the LCA scores were reduced by 5% for RG-4, 15% for RG-5, and 21% for RG-6. The MBR treatment capacity of RG-4 is 15.6 kgal/day.

Essa Tese apresenta um framework para implementação de redesenho urbanístico de assentamentos informais no contexto da corrente atual do planejamento urbano integrado aos dos recursos hídricos, focado na conservação da água e na sustentabilidade ambiental. Entre outros, sugere-se a implantação do desenho urbanístico de forma participativa e colaborativa. Apresenta-se, de forma ilustrativa proposta de redesenho para a comunidade da Vila Cascatinha localizada na Baixada de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, região de expansão da cidade, que serviu como objeto de estudo. A área do assentamento é de indefinição fundiária e atualmente é ocupada por aproximadamente 900 famílias. O framework baseia-se na corrente do urbanismo de baixo impacto, sobretudo do Low Impact Urban Design and Devolopment (LIUDD). Os dispositivos são implantados na escala local, de forma descentralizada para a conservação e manejo das águas pluviais no meio urbano. A pesquisa está inserida no Projeto HIDROCIDADES, desenvolvido dentro dos princícpios da metodologia de pesquisa-ação proposta por Thiollent. Foi realizado trabalho de campo e entrevistas guiadas, tendo sido identificado um percentual expressivo de moradores descendentes de antigos pequenos produtores agrícolas. Na pesquisa, moradores elencaram os principais problemas do assentamento. Além disso, foram diagnosticadas potencialidades dos moradores, dentro do conceito de Tecnologia Social. A prospecção entre os moradores também procurou verificar, em um contexto de colaboração, o conhecimento e a aderência dos moradores às estruturas urbanísticas praticadas no contexto da corrente Desenho Urbano de Baixo Impacto. Ao final deste processo foi gerada proposta de reurbanização sustentável do assentamento estudado, bem como proposta de moradias coletivas sustentáveis. Guardando as devidas especificidades, espera-se que a proposta apresentada possa ser aplicada a outros assentamentos de paisagem similar. / This thesis, associated to HIDROCIDADES Project, is also part of the FINEP Maplu-2 network research. It presents a framework for the implementation of the urban redesign of informal settlements, in accordance with present day urban planning tendency that integrates water resources into urban planning, focusing on water conservation, environmental sustainability and environmental education. This framework is based on the principles of Low Impact Urban Design and Devolopment (LIUDD New Zealand), Low Impact Design (LID EUA), Water Sustainable Urban Design (WSUD- Australia) and Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS UK). The LIUDD puts forward the application of local and decentralized devices for urban drainage and superficial outflow, such as harvesting and profiting from rainwater, green roofs, park implantations and rainwater beds infiltration, adoption of permeable areas in the public sidewalks and roads, among others. The Community of Vila Cascatinha, situated in the lowland grounds of Jacarepaguá, in Rio de Janeiro, was adopted as a case study. In 2006 the Community had 900 inhabitants, who through field work and guided interviews were identified as descendants of small agricultural producers. Nowadays, the area, which is part of the expansion of the city, will be developed to locate important sports infrastructure for the 2016 Olympic Games, (therefore the relevance of this urban redesign proposal). During the interviews several problems were mentioned by the locals and among the most serious ones were the presence of rats and the occurrence of recurring floods. It was also possible to identify how familiar and sensitive the dwellers were to the some of the practices presented in the LIUDD context. The ultimate aim of the interviews was to elaborate an action plan, as described by Thiollent, for the sustainable urban redesign of the settlement under study, as well as a proposal for sustainable community dwellings, so as to minimize the effects of floods derived from the excessive waterproofed soil. Despite the specificities of the proposal, it is believed that it can be applied to other settlements in similar conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3523.pdf: 12073466 bytes, checksum: 878f935338c5beb08fa768751f31d082 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-15 / Urbans areas even biggens are becoming impermeabilized reducing the soil`s infiltration rate and increasing the velocity and volume of runoff, changing meaningly the hydrological cycle and causing floods. A set of techniques able to create hydrologically functional landscape can be found at Low Impact Development (LID) that works just similar to the natural, becoming possible the development of projects adapted to the natural topography, maintaining the yield of the lot and the local hydrological function; aiming at esthetics valorization and stormwater control management with low cost. This study makes use of this methodology since the beginning of the planning process, working at the some time with urban, environmental and hydrological aspects, intending to recuperate or even to keep the pre-development behavior of the area. To support the local hydrology, reduce sealing, keeping time to concentrate, to keep Fingerprinting, enhance infiltration, among others. It compares the predevelopment conditions, the conventional urbanization and that with LID techniques related to aspects mentioned to a specifc area at UFSCar Campus, São Paulo. This search revealed that is possible to have an urban planning using LID, with urban, environmental and hydrological advantages in the opposite to the conventional development systems, such as the increase of permeable areas, vegetation areas and the reduction of peak discharge and stormwater runoff. Low impact development makes these interventions in a simultaneous way just to re-establish the pre-existents conditions, and then to make use of integrated management`s practice. / Áreas urbanas cada vez maiores são impermeabilizadas, reduzindo a capacidade de infiltração do solo e acelerando a velocidade do escoamento superficial, alterando significativamente o ciclo hidrológico, e gerando inundações. Encontra-se no Desenvolvimento de Baixo Impacto (Low Impact Development, LID), um conjunto de técnicas capazes de criar paisagens hidrologicamente funcionais, com comportamento similar ao natural, facilitando o desenvolvimento de planos adaptados a topografia natural, mantendo o rendimento do lote e as funções hidrológicas do local; visando a valorização estética e a gestão de controle de águas pluviais menos custosas. Este trabalho utiliza-se desta metodologia desde o início do processo de planejamento, trabalhando concomitantemente os aspectos urbanísticos, ambientais e hidrológicos, de modo a recuperar e/ou manter o comportamento hidrológico de pré-ocupação da área. Os recursos são, manter hidrologia local, reduzir impermeabilização, manter o tempo de concentração, manter as digitais locais, potencializar infiltração, dentre outros. Comparam-se as condições de pré-ocupação, urbanização convencional e urbanização com técnicas de LID, quanto aos aspectos mencionados para uma área do Campus da UFSCar, em São Carlos/SP. Como resultado essa pesquisa revelou que o planejamento urbano utilizando-se de técnicas de baixo impacto é possível, apresentando vantagens urbanísticas, ambientais e hidrológicas sob os sistemas de desenvolvimento convencionais, tais como aumento das áreas permeáveis, das áreas de cobertura vegetal, redução da vazão de pico e do volume de escoamento superficial. O desenvolvimento de baixo impacto realiza estas intervenções de forma simultânea para restabelecer as condições pré-existentes, e só então, empregar práticas de gerenciamento integrado.

Essa Tese apresenta um framework para implementação de redesenho urbanístico de assentamentos informais no contexto da corrente atual do planejamento urbano integrado aos dos recursos hídricos, focado na conservação da água e na sustentabilidade ambiental. Entre outros, sugere-se a implantação do desenho urbanístico de forma participativa e colaborativa. Apresenta-se, de forma ilustrativa proposta de redesenho para a comunidade da Vila Cascatinha localizada na Baixada de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, região de expansão da cidade, que serviu como objeto de estudo. A área do assentamento é de indefinição fundiária e atualmente é ocupada por aproximadamente 900 famílias. O framework baseia-se na corrente do urbanismo de baixo impacto, sobretudo do Low Impact Urban Design and Devolopment (LIUDD). Os dispositivos são implantados na escala local, de forma descentralizada para a conservação e manejo das águas pluviais no meio urbano. A pesquisa está inserida no Projeto HIDROCIDADES, desenvolvido dentro dos princícpios da metodologia de pesquisa-ação proposta por Thiollent. Foi realizado trabalho de campo e entrevistas guiadas, tendo sido identificado um percentual expressivo de moradores descendentes de antigos pequenos produtores agrícolas. Na pesquisa, moradores elencaram os principais problemas do assentamento. Além disso, foram diagnosticadas potencialidades dos moradores, dentro do conceito de Tecnologia Social. A prospecção entre os moradores também procurou verificar, em um contexto de colaboração, o conhecimento e a aderência dos moradores às estruturas urbanísticas praticadas no contexto da corrente Desenho Urbano de Baixo Impacto. Ao final deste processo foi gerada proposta de reurbanização sustentável do assentamento estudado, bem como proposta de moradias coletivas sustentáveis. Guardando as devidas especificidades, espera-se que a proposta apresentada possa ser aplicada a outros assentamentos de paisagem similar. / This thesis, associated to HIDROCIDADES Project, is also part of the FINEP Maplu-2 network research. It presents a framework for the implementation of the urban redesign of informal settlements, in accordance with present day urban planning tendency that integrates water resources into urban planning, focusing on water conservation, environmental sustainability and environmental education. This framework is based on the principles of Low Impact Urban Design and Devolopment (LIUDD New Zealand), Low Impact Design (LID EUA), Water Sustainable Urban Design (WSUD- Australia) and Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS UK). The LIUDD puts forward the application of local and decentralized devices for urban drainage and superficial outflow, such as harvesting and profiting from rainwater, green roofs, park implantations and rainwater beds infiltration, adoption of permeable areas in the public sidewalks and roads, among others. The Community of Vila Cascatinha, situated in the lowland grounds of Jacarepaguá, in Rio de Janeiro, was adopted as a case study. In 2006 the Community had 900 inhabitants, who through field work and guided interviews were identified as descendants of small agricultural producers. Nowadays, the area, which is part of the expansion of the city, will be developed to locate important sports infrastructure for the 2016 Olympic Games, (therefore the relevance of this urban redesign proposal). During the interviews several problems were mentioned by the locals and among the most serious ones were the presence of rats and the occurrence of recurring floods. It was also possible to identify how familiar and sensitive the dwellers were to the some of the practices presented in the LIUDD context. The ultimate aim of the interviews was to elaborate an action plan, as described by Thiollent, for the sustainable urban redesign of the settlement under study, as well as a proposal for sustainable community dwellings, so as to minimize the effects of floods derived from the excessive waterproofed soil. Despite the specificities of the proposal, it is believed that it can be applied to other settlements in similar conditions.

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No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 1.pdf: 14003895 bytes, checksum: 1deef8b843839e931401fd2687855c7a (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 2.pdf: 11378546 bytes, checksum: d119c2bfab445495905e8a4e315c0fb7 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 3.pdf: 19840456 bytes, checksum: 7cb224299c4954791ef2b6e2ec860633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Conventional urban drainage, defined as a system based on rapid flow of rainwater, has been proven unsustainable. Due to increase in waterproof surfaces resulting from urban sprawl, repeated floods and flooding have been occurring, especially in more densely populated areas. In order to restore the hydrological functions of the place, the development of low impact in urban water management, in this study called low impact development (LID), aims at achieving efficiency in the protection of natural resources and meet environmental regulations in urban planning. To apply LID to Campus Samambaia, of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), since the initial urban planning and also in areas previously consolidated, compensatory techniques in urban drainage were studied based on the concept of LID. This campus was chosen as a case study because of the great densification that has been taking place there, due to the large injection of funds from the Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (Reuni) in the country, from 2008 to 2013, with increased impervious surfaces, reaching 45.5% of its area. To perform this study, a broad literature review on the topic, field visits, and a case study were carried out. This research sought to initially understand the relationship between urban planning and stormwater drainage. The documentary research revealed the grounds of the laws and regulations governing urban planning, drainage within the sanitation context, as well as the master plans of federal institutions of higher education (IFES) in an interface with urban stormwater drainage. Furthermore, based on the review of guides, technical manuals, articles, theses, and dissertations on the subject, the operation of compensatory techniques was detailed, subject to the limitations regarding environmental, sanitary, landscape, and technical aspects. Field visits were made to the Campus Samambaia and a field visit to the Campus São Carlos, of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), in its experimental watershed, where several compensatory techniques are implemented in full scale, as a result of research trials. After confirming the feasibility of using structural and non-structural compensatory techniques at the Campus Samambaia, at the end of this study proposal guidelines were systematized for implementation in two scenarios, with 45.5% and 85.5% of impervious surfaces, the latter representing the limit allowed by the master plan of Goiânia. These recommendations were intended as a reference to the actions of both the physical expansion of UFG and future studies and similar applications. / A drenagem urbana convencional, conceituada como um sistema baseado no rápido escoamento das águas pluviais, tem se mostrado insustentável. Por conta da crescente impermeabilização resultante da expansão urbana, tem havido repetidas ocorrências de inundações e alagamentos, em especial nos espaços mais adensados. Com o intuito de restaurar as funções hidrológicas do lugar, o desenvolvimento de baixo impacto na gestão das águas urbanas, tratado neste trabalho como low impact development (LID), visa atingir a eficiência na proteção dos recursos naturais e atender às regulamentações ambientais no planejamento urbano. Com o objetivo de aplicar o LID ao Campus Samambaia, da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), no município de Goiânia, GO, desde o planejamento urbano inicial e também em espaços já consolidados, foram estudadas técnicas compensatórias em drenagem urbana dentro do conceito LID. Esse campus foi escolhido como estudo de caso por ter ali ocorrido grande adensamento, fruto da ampla injeção de recursos oriundos do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (Reuni) no país, no período de 2008 a 2013, com incremento de áreas impermeáveis, alcançando 45,5% de sua área de ocupação. Para a consecução deste trabalho, foram realizados ampla revisão de literatura sobre o tema, visitas de campo e estudo de caso. Nesta pesquisa, inicialmente buscou-se compreender a relação existente entre planejamento urbano e drenagem de águas pluviais. Por meio de pesquisa documental, evidenciou-se a fundamentação das leis e normativas que regulamentam o planejamento urbano, a drenagem dentro do saneamento básico, bem como os planos diretores de instituições federais de ensino superior (IFES) em interface com a drenagem urbana de águas pluviais. Para além disso, com base na revisão de guias, manuais técnicos, artigos, teses e dissertações sobre o tema, detalhou-se o funcionamento das técnicas compensatórias, observando-se as limitações em aspectos ambientais, sanitários, paisagísticos e técnicos. Foram realizadas visitas de campo ao Campus Samambaia e uma visita de campo ao Campus São Carlos, da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), em sua bacia hidrográfica experimental, na qual várias técnicas compensatórias estão implantadas em escala real como resultado de pesquisas científicas. Confirmada a viabilidade do uso de técnicas compensatórias estruturais e não estruturais no Campus Samambaia, ao final deste estudo foram sistematizadas proposições de diretrizes, com orientações para a sua implantação em dois cenários, com 45,5% e 85,5% de área impermeável, sendo este último o limite permitido pelo plano diretor de Goiânia. Tais recomendações visaram servir de referência para as ações tanto de expansão física da UFG quanto para estudos futuros e aplicações semelhantes.

In this scientific essay I examine three situations in which the common difficulty is how I, as an educator, should respond to a child with challenging behavior. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how different approaches affect children with externalising behavior. My scientific questions relate to the thoughts about working methods, relationships and knowledge that I was challenged with during the time I worked with the child in my portrayals. Additionally, how similar situations, that may occur in the future, should be handled in a professional way in my future role as a preschool teacher. For this essay, I have used theories and working methods in low arousal approaches by Andrew McDonnell and David Edfelt's, as well as Jonas Aspelin and Annelie Frelin´s description of relationship skills and the process of creating a relationship. I have also focused on Ross W. Greene and J. Stuart Ablon's theories regarding the collaborative method CPS. Through these theories, I have been able to look at my actions from a critical perspective as I discuss how my approach in relation to my knowledge has affected children with externalised behaviors and what consequences my actions have resulted in. Furthermore, through writing this essay, I have gained an increased understanding on what triggers children into a disruptive behavior and how in my future work, with the use of these methods and approaches, I can prevent and curb the effects of aggressive character. / I denna vetenskapliga essä utgår jag ifrån tre situationer där det gemensamma dilemmat är, hur jag som pedagog ska kunna bemöta ett barn med utmanande beteenden. Syftet med essän är att undersöka hur olika förhållningssätt påverkar barn med utagerande beteenden. Mina vetenskapliga frågeställningar berör de funderingar kring arbetssätt, relationer och kunskap jag utmanades i under den tid jag arbetade med barnet i mina gestaltningar. Men även hur jag på ett professionellt sätt ska kunna hantera liknande situationer i min blivande roll som förskollärare. De teorier och metoder jag använder för att reflektera kring mina frågeställningar är Andrew McDonnell och David Edfelts teorier och arbetssätt i lågaffektivt bemötande, Jonas Aspelin och Annelie Frelins beskrivning av relationskompetens och relationsskapande samt Ross W. Greene och J. Stuart Ablons teorier om samarbetsmetoden CPS. Genom dessa teorier har jag kunnat se på mitt handlande ur ett kritiskt perspektiv då jag diskuterar hur mitt förhållningssätt i relation till min kunskap påverkar barn med utagerande beteenden och vilka konsekvenser mitt agerande medfört. Vidare har jag genom detta essäskrivande fått en ökad förståelse för vad det är som gör att barn hamnar i problemskapande beteenden, och hur jag i mitt framtida arbete med metoder och förhållningssätt kan förebygga och stävja affekter av aggressiv karaktär.