E-rosette formation by human lymphocytes incubated with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) is inhibited by morphine. We studied the ability of the opiate antagonists naloxone and Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) to block this action. Active E-rosette formation by lymphocytes incubated with morphine was reduced from the control of 35.7±1.7% to 23.7±1.5% (p<0.001). Similarly, total E-rosette formation was reduced by morphine from the control of 65.8±1.3% to 53.2±2.9% (p<0.001). These effects were blocked by co-incubation of the lymphocytes with either Tyr-MIF-1 or naloxone (p<0.05). Tyr-MIF-1 was active (p<0.05) at concentrations as dilute as 10-13M. These results indicate that the neuropeptide Tyr-MIF-1 exerts an antiopiate effect at the human T-lymphocyte.

Le nombre de lymphocytes T (LT) présents dans l’organisme est contrôlé de manière étroite et maintenu constant. En réponse à une chute de ce nombre, par exemple suite à une infection, un traitement de chimiothérapie ou lors d’une greffe de moelle osseuse, les LT résiduels ou transférés se divisent activement et repeuplent les compartiments lymphoïdes, rétablissant ainsi un nombre «normal» de cellules immunes périphériques. Ce processus, appelé prolifération homéostatique, est soutenu par l’IL-7 ainsi que les signaux TCR et mène à la génération de LT effecteurs/mémoire. Ces cellules effectrices/mémoire peuvent favoriser le développement d’une réponse anti-tumorale mais sont aussi impliquées dans le développement de maladies auto-immunes et inflammatoires.Des changements métaboliques sont étroitement liés à la différenciation et aux fonctions des LT. De plus, un nombre grandissant de données suggère qu’une modulation du métabolisme permet d’influencer le cours d’une réponse immune. L’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) est un senseurmajeur du stress métabolique qui régule l’homéostasie des mitochondries, la glycolyse et l’équilibre rédox. Si l’AMPK est activée lors de la stimulation du TCR, son implication dans la biologie des LT reste confuse.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons entrepris une série d’expériences afin d’évaluer le rôle de l’AMPK sur la biologie des LT et plus particulièrement au cours de leur prolifération homéostatique. Grâce à différents modèles in vivo et in vitro, nous avons montré que l’AMPK, bien que dispensable pour les étapes précoces de l’activation du TCR, est requise pour soutenir la viabilité et l’expansion des LT au cours de proliférations de longues durées. L’AMPK promeut l’accumulation de LT effecteurs/ mémoire au cours d’une prolifération homéostatique. En accord avec ces données, la transplantation de LT AMPK-KO dans un hôte allogénique conduit au développement d’une réaction du greffon contre l’hôte de moindre gravité.D’un point de vue métabolique, l’AMPK soutient le potentiel de membrane mitochondrial, permet une plus grande flexibilité métabolique, limite la production de dérivés toxiques de l’oxygène (ROS) et protège les LT contre le stress oxydant. En outre, la neutralisation des ROS par un traitement antioxydant restaure partiellement la prolifération des LT AMPK-KO.Nos données suggèrent qu’en limitant l’accumulation de dégâts mitochondriaux et oxydatifs au cours de cycles de divisions prolongées, l’AMPK soutient la viabilité, la prolifération et les fonctions effectrices des LT. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare and unique subtype of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), accounting for approximately 5% of HL. On histology, NLPHL presents with “popcorn cells” composed of lymphocytic and histiocytic cells that express CD20 and CD45, unlike the pathognomonic Reed-Sternberg cells in classic HL (cHL) that express CD15 and CD30. Such differences in histopathology may require alternative treatment approaches. We present a rare case of NLPHL with atypical features at presentation with excellent response to treatment regimen used in Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL). A 36-year-old male presented with acute onset back pain. He also noted multiple gradually enlarging lumps in his neck, axilla, and anterior chest wall for a few months. He mentioned significant constitutional symptoms including fatigue, weight loss, and drenching night sweats. No evidence of end-organ damage was present, except significant hypercalcemia suggestive of hypercalcemia of malignancy. An excisional biopsy of his axillary lymph node confirmed the diagnosis of NLPHL with immuno-stains that were positive for CD20, CD45 and negative for CD15 and CD30. PET scan demonstrated extensive tumor burden in the skeletal system, including the sternum, and multi-stationary lymphadenopathy. Splenomegaly with lymphomatous infiltration was also present. He was assigned stage IV based on the Ann Arbor staging system. R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) was initiated with a goal of 6 cycles, differing from ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) regimen that is used for cHL. Interval PET scan post 4 cycles of R-CHOP showed no evidence of residual disease. PET scan after 6 cycles demonstrated a complete response (CR), including resolution of hypermetabolic uptake in the spleen, lymph nodes and bones. NLPHL is often considered indolent in clinical courses but with a tendency for multiple late relapses compared to cHL. It still maintains a favorable prognosis. In contrast to cHL, NLPHL less frequently presents with constitutional symptoms, increased tumor burden, or at an advanced stage, which is associated with a worse prognosis. Our patient had multiple features that are unusual in NLPHL such as hypercalcemia, extensive bony involvement with hypermetabolic lytic lesions and significant constitutional symptoms. The clinical conundrum with this rare subtype is whether to treat with HL vs NHL regimens. Literature and the guidelines recommend a conservative approach for low stage NLPHL with observation vs radiation vs single agent rituximab (used in NHL!). Advanced stages require multi-agent regimens ranging from one end of the spectrum with ABVD (used in cHL) to the other end with R-CHOP and its variants (used in NHL). Our patient with a rare subtype of HL had a very unusual and aggressive presentation with CR to R-CHOP demonstrating that rituximab based regimens should be the mainstay of treatment.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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Yes / Our previous case-control study observed isolated lymphocytes from 208 individuals and determined the differences in the sensitivity to genomic damage of lymphocytes derived from cancer patients, pre/suspect cancer patients and healthy volunteers using the Comet assay (Anderson et al, 2014). We adapted the LGS technique using a slightly different method and examined 700 more blood samples from 598 patients with cancer or suspected cancer and 102 healthy individuals. To help increase the sensitivity of the test and detect cancer at the level of each individual, we joined with the IMSTAR team who analysed our cells with their fully automated Pathfinder™ cell reader-analyser system. With this reading and analysis system 4,000 to 10,000 cells were able to be read per slide. The new test which is called TumorScan is a highly sensitive test to detect any cancer at an early stage through the response of the white blood cells to UV treatment. These patient blood samples have also been collected at the stage before confirming diagnosis and treatment. There were four of these individuals with cancer who had received anti-cancer treatment. The results from these patients showed a reverse pattern compared to non-treated cancer patients and followed the pattern seen in healthy individuals. The results are consistent with the early results as reported in the above 2014 paper. Given the results from these samples were in a particularly challenging subgroup, whose cancer status was difficult to distinguish, the data suggest that the technique using the TumorScan system could exceed the area under the ROC curve >93% obtained in the earlier study on a group basis, whereas this present study was to detect cancer at an early stage in each individual. / Department of Research and Knowledge Transfer at the University of Bradford, Bradford, UK

No / Lymphocyte responses from 208 individuals: 20 with melanoma, 34 with colon cancer, and 4 with lung cancer (58), 18 with suspected melanoma, 28 with polyposis, and 10 with COPD (56), and 94 healthy volunteers were examined. The natural logarithm of the Olive tail moment (OTM) was plotted for exposure to UVA through 5 different agar depths (100 cell measurements/depth) and analyzed using a repeated measures regression model. Responses of patients with cancer plateaued after treatment with different UVA intensities, but returned toward control values for healthy volunteers. For precancerous conditions and suspected cancers, intermediate responses occurred. ROC analysis of mean log OTMs, for cancers plus precancerous/suspect conditions vs. controls, cancer vs. precancerous/suspect conditions plus controls, and cancer vs. controls, gave areas under the curve of 0.87, 0.89, and 0.93, respectively (P<0.001). Optimization allowed test sensitivity or specificity to approach 100% with acceptable complementary measures. This modified comet assay could represent a stand-alone test or an adjunct to other investigative procedures for detecting cancer.

Les lymphocytes T (LT) doivent analyser efficacement un nombre important de cellules présentatrices d'antigène (CPA) afin de détecter un antigène spécifique et d'initier une réponse immunitaire adaptée. La reconnaissance par le récepteur des cellules T (TCR) d'un peptide spécifique associé au complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité (pMHC) doit donc être extrêmement sensible et rapide. Alors que les voies de signalisation en aval du TCR sont largement étudiées, la cinétique de la discrimination des ligands par le TCR et de l'activation initiale du LT reste mal connue. Des surfaces solides recouvertes de ligands du TCR nous ont permis d'étudier les événements cellulaires initiés par la détection d'un antigène. L'utilisation de la microscopie a fluorescence par réflexion totale interne (TIRFM) et la microscopie interférentielle (IRM) nous a permis de montrer que l'interaction initiale entre surface et LT est attribuable à des microvillosités mobiles. La stimulation du TCR active en quelques secondes un mouvement de rétraction de ces microvillosités. Ces mouvements actifs sont régulés par l'activation de la PLC- γ1 et sont dépendants des myosines (IIA, Ic et Ig), de la cofiline et de l'ezrine. Après cette phase d'analyse de l'environnement extracellulaire, la stimulation du TCR entraîne l'étalement rapide et actif de la cellule. L'amplitude et la vitesse d'étalement reflètent l'efficacité activatrice du ligand reconnu par le TCR. En moins de 5 minutes différents pMHC, ayant des propriétés biophysiques proches, sont donc discriminés par les LT et capables d'induire une première réponse cellulaire spécifique. / T lymphocytes need to efficiently probe a large number of antigen-presenting cell (APC) in order to detect an agonist antigen and to initiate an effective immune response. Therefore, engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) by peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is a highly sensitive and rapid process. While signaling pathways downstream the TCR are extensively studied, little is known about antigen discrimination kinetic and initial T-cell response.Model planar surfaces coated with TCR ligand allowed us to study cellular events initiated by antigen detection. Using TIRFM (total internal reflexion microscopy) and IRM (interference reflexion microscopy) we showed that T-cell initial contacts with the surface were mediated by mobile microvilli. TCR engagement triggers a pulling motion of T cell surface microvilli within seconds. Active microvilli movements are dependent on PLC-γ1 activation and on the presence of myosins (IIA, Ic and Ig) as well as cofilin and ezrin. After this extracellular environment probing period, TCR stimulation triggered a rapid and active cell spreading. Cell spreading amplitude and speed reflect the ligand activating efficacity. In less than 5 minutes pMHC with different biophysical properties were discriminated by T-cells and triggered a first specific cellular response.

L’expression de ZAP-70 dans la leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) est associée à une hypersignalisation du BCR et à la survenue de cytopénies auto-immunes (CAI). Les LB non tumoraux expriment aussi ZAP-70, expression corrélée à celle dans les LB tumoraux et aux CAI. Nous avons montré que ces LB non tumoraux ZAP-70+ sont polyclonaux, sans lien moléculaire entre eux ni avec le clone tumoral et qu’il n’existe pas de stéréotypie de leur BCR. Ces LB présentent par contre un enrichissement en BCR autoréactifs. Notre modèle murin knock in Zap-70+/- // Mb1-Cre+/- a montré qu’une forte expression précoce de ZAP-70 dans les LB est associée à un avantage sélectif médullaire, un enrichissement en cellules potentiellement autoréactives de type zone marginale, à un blocage partiel de la maturation et de la différentiation périphérique, ainsi qu’au développement de caractéristiques de la LLC : hypogammaglobulinémie, enrichissement en auto-anticorps circulants, hyperactivation et prolifération cellulaires augmentées. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives impliquant ZAP-70 dans la compréhension du développement B et de la physiopathologie de la rupture de tolérance et de la transformation néoplasique. / ZAP-70 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with BCR hypersignalling and autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) occurrence. Non tumoral B cells also express ZAP-70, which is correlated with those in tumoral B cells and AIC. We have shown that these non tumoral B cells ZAP-70+ are polyclonal, without molecular link between each other and tumoral B cells, and without BCR stereotypy. These cells are however enriched in autoreactive BCR. Our mouse model knock in Zap-70+/- // Mb1-Cre+/- revealed that a high and early ZAP-70 expression is associated with medullar selective advantage, enrichment in potential autoreactive B cells of marginal zone subtype, partial block for peripheral maturation and differentiation, along with some LLC characteristics: hypogammaglobulinemia, enrichment in circulating auto-antibodies, increase in cellular activation and proliferation. These results open new opportunities involving ZAP-70 in the understanding of B cell development and physiopathology of tolerance breakdown and neoplastic transformation.